Species that contain: Stephanolepis and hispidus [ 8 ] records

auriga, Monacanthus Lowe [R. T.] 1852:253 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1850 (pt 18) (art. 5); ref. 2835] Off Madeira. Syntypes: (several) whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Tortonese 1973:643 [ref. 7192], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.

filamentosus, Monacanthus Valenciennes [A.] 1838:[95], Pl. 17 (fig. 1) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Holotype (unique): not at MNHN. Non-types: MNHN 0000-6326 (1, poor condition), Canary Is., B-1999 (1, poor condition) Bahia. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:521 [ref. 21538] with holotype from Canaries and paratype from Bahia; Beaunier et al. 2009:300, 303 [ref. 28887]. Dates to Pl. 17 in 1838, p. 95 published in 1843. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527], Beaunier et al. 2009:300 [ref. 28887]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.

gallinula, Monacanthus Valenciennes [A.] 1843:95 [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Syntypes: MNHN B-2003 (2, dry) Canary Is. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:521 [ref. 21538], Beaunier et al. 2009:292 [ref. 28887] •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527], Beaunier et al. 2009:292 [ref. 28887]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.

hispidus, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] (ex Seba) 1766:405 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] Carolinas, U.S.A. No types known (but see Wheeler 1985). Type catalog: Wheeler 1985:73 [ref. 20705]. Genera ending in lepis are feminine, so spelling of the adjective [= rough or hairy] should be hispida. Based on 'Balistes varius dorso monocantho' of Seba 1759:106, pl. 34, fig. 2 [ref. 18716]. •Valid as Monacanthus hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:301 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:565 [ref. 25518], Boschung 1992:181 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1996:103 [ref. 24489], Murdy et al. 1997:263 [ref. 23144]). •Valid as Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Berry & Vogele 1961:71 [ref. 19549], Tortonese 1973:643 [ref. 7192], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:468 [ref. 14275], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1339 [ref. 13677], McAllister 1990:226 [ref. 14674], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527], Cervigón 1992:360 [ref. 23827], Azevedo & Heemstra 1995:7 [ref. 22269], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204] in Stenophanolepis, Santos et al. 1997:114 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:122 [ref. 24952], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:505 [ref. 24550], Afonso et al. 1999:87 [ref. 25466], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:351 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:146 [ref. 27639], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:596 [ref. 26158], Matsuura 2003:1979 [ref. 27119], Menezes & Moura in Menezes et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:911 [ref. 28815], Wirtz et al. 2007:42 [ref. 30263], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265] as hispidus, Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503] as hispidus, Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Fabiano et al. 2014:9 [ref. 33530], Matsuura 2014:13 [ref. 33576], Costa et al. 2015:1061 [ref. 37495] as hispidus, Pinheiro et al. 2015:35 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3062 [ref. 34618], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Carneiro et al. 2019:226 [ref. 37250] as hispidus, Reiner 2019:307 [ref. 38139] as hispidus, Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:703 [ref. 38945] as hispidus, Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:280 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463] as hispidus). Current status: Valid as Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canada) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

oppositus, Monacantus Poey [F.] 1860:331 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. Misspelled oppositns on p. 331; spelled oppositus in conspectus (p. 361) and index (p. 436), and errata (p. 442), which were published in June 1861; oppositns regarded as a misprint. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.

sebae, Monacanthus Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52 [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Carolinas, U.S.A. No types known. Based on the Balistes hispidus of Gmelin 1789:1463 [ref. 18139], allegedly different from Balistes hispidus Linnaeus 1758 according to Billberg 1833; see Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147]. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.

setifer, Monacanthus Bennett [E. T.] 1831:112 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 16791] No locality. No types known. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1339 [ref. 13677], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527]). •Valid as Monacanthus setifer Bennett 1831 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:301 [ref. 23100], Robins et al. 1991:69 [ref. 14237], Boschung 1992:181 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1996:104 [ref. 24489], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:278 [ref. 25480]). •Valid as Stephanolepis setifer (Bennett 1831) -- (Berry & Vogele 1961:72 [ref. 19549], Cervigón 1992:360 [ref. 23827], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:505 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:351 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Matsuura 2003:1977 [ref. 27119], Smith et al. 2003:70 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:912 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:13 [ref. 33576], Moazzam & Osmany 2016:4 [ref. 39994] misidentified, Carneiro et al. 2019:227 [ref. 37250], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448] misidentified, Carvalho-Filho 2023:281 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Stephanolepis setifer (Bennett 1831). Monacanthidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to São Paulo (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

spilonotus, Monacanthus Cope [E. D.] 1871:476 [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Gulf of Mexico. Syntypes: (3, not found). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1065 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus 1766). Monacanthidae. Habitat: marine.