Species that contain: Torpedo and torpedo [ 62 ] records

adenensis, Torpedo Carvalho [M. R. de], Stehmann [M. F. W.] & Manilo [L. G.] 2002:5, Figs. 1-7 [American Museum Novitates No. 3369; ref. 26091] Gulf of Aden, close to shore of Yemen, northwestern Indian Ocean, 15°15'03"N, 52°00'04"E, depth 125-140 meters. Holotype: NMNHU 5121. Paratypes: AMNH 231441 (1); ZMH 123432 [ex ISH 4-1993] (1); NMNHU 5121 (1), 5418 (1). Type catalog: Thiel et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30918], Manilo 2021:28 [ref. 39358]. •Valid as Torpedo adenensis Carvalho, Stehmann & Manilo 2002 -- (Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:194 [ref. 34999], Carvalho 2022:545 [ref. 39669], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:9 [ref. 40684]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo adenensis Carvalho, Stehmann & Manilo 2002. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden east to Pakistan. Habitat: marine.

alexandrinsis, Torpedo Mazhar [F. M. M.] 1987:113, Figs. 7-8 [Bulletin of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries v. 8 (no. 2) 1982; ref. 16257] Alexandria, Egypt, eastern Mediterranean Sea (probably erroneous, from northern Red Sea). Syntypes: (5) whereabouts unknown (possibly University College for Women, Ain Shams University, Egypt). •Valid as Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar 1987 -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Psomadakis et al. 2012:14 [ref. 33457], DiBattista et al. 2015:19 [ref. 35706], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo alexandrinsis Mazhar 1987. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic? Habitat: marine.

andersoni, Torpedo Bullis [H. R., Jr.] 1962:61, Figs. 1-2 [Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 5832] Along the western edge of the Great Bahama Bank, Florida Straits, 23°40'N, 79°06'W, Silver Bay station 2467, depth 25 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 196128. Paratypes: USNM 196129 (1). •Valid as Torpedo andersoni Bullis 1962 -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:517 [ref. 26985], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:100 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:195 [ref. 34999], Ehemann et al. 2018:26 [ref. 36194], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Page et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo andersoni Bullis 1962. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: including Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

atlantica, Torpedo torpedo forma Pietschmann [V.] 1906:88 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 21; ref. 15169] Coast of Morocco, eastern Atlantic. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

bancroftii, Torpedo Griffith [E.] & Smith [C. H.] 1834:649, Pl. 34 [The class Pisces, arranged by the Baron Cuvier; ref. 1908] Locality not stated [Jamaica]. No types preserved. Based on a drawing by Bancroft. •Valid as Narcine bancroftii (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Carvalho 2001:561 [ref. 25603], Gomes & Carvalho in Menezes et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27192] as bancrofti, McEachran & Carvalho 2003:521 [ref. 26985], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:15 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:54 [ref. 32708], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:101 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:73 [ref. 34211], Jones et al. 2016:249 [ref. 34818] as bancrofti, Carvalho & Last 2016:152 [ref. 34996], Ehemann et al. 2018:25 [ref. 36194], Ehemann et al. 2019:[6] [ref. 36861], Jones et al. 2020:285 [ref. 37610], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Carvalho-Filho 2023:314 [ref. 40480] as bancrofti, Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Page et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Narcine bancroftii (Griffith & Smith 1834). Narcinidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

bauchotae, Torpedo (Torpedo) Cadenat [J.], Capapé [C.] & Desoutter [M.] 1978:30, Fig. 1 [Cybium 3e série. Bulletin de la Société Française d'Ichtyologie No. 4; ref. 8952] Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo. Holotype: MNHN 1967-0739. Paratypes: MNHN 1969-288 (1). Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:27 [ref. 9312]. •Valid as Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat, Capapé & Desoutter 1978 -- (Capapé & Desoutter 1990:57 [ref. 19317], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], Tweddle & Anderson 2008:4 [ref. 29604], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1375 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:196 [ref. 34999], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:130 [ref. 37302], Fermon et al. 2022:102 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat, Capapé & Desoutter 1978. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola. Habitat: marine.

brasiliensis, Torpedo Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:19, Pl. 2 (fig. 4) [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Brazil. Syntypes: (2) ZMB 4577 (1). Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:171 [ref. 21041]. •Valid as Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers 1831) -- (Uyeno & Miyake in Uyeno et al. 1983:71 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:36 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:25 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:208 [ref. 23827], Bussing & López S. 1994:32 [ref. 23101], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:23 [ref. 22793], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:132 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:151 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:61 [ref. 24550], Compagno 1999:486 [ref. 25589], Menni & Stehmann 2000:75 [ref. 24909], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:146 [ref. 27754], Carvalho 2001:571 [ref. 25603], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Carvalho et al. 2002:135 [ref. 26196], Carvalho & Randall 2003:59 [ref. 26773], Gomes & Carvalho in Menezes et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27192], Menni et al. 2009:170 [ref. 30218], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:102 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:73 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Last 2016:153 [ref. 34996], Nión et al. 2016:22 [ref. 35565], Ehemann et al. 2018:25 [ref. 36194], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:344 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:5 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:9 [ref. 36717], Araujo & Gomes 2021:42 [ref. 39130], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Carvalho-Filho 2023:311, 313 [ref. 40480], Gadig et al. 2024:61 [ref. 40775]). Current status: Valid as Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers 1831). Narcinidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Pará (Brazil) south to Uruguay and northern Argentina. Habitat: marine.

californica, Torpedo Ayres [W. O.] 1855:70 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 159] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. No types known. •Valid as Torpedo californica Ayres 1855 -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:53 [ref. 9277], McAllister 1990:34 [ref. 14674], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:22 [ref. 22793], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:81 [ref. 24555], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:162 [ref. 25086], Neer & Cailliet 2001:842 [ref. 25474], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:90 [ref. 25968], Nakabo 2002:162 [ref. 26001], Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:10 [ref. 37547], Page et al. 2013:54 [ref. 32708], Pietsch & Orr 2015:17 [ref. 34694], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:101 [ref. 34398], Kells et al. 2016:76 [ref. 35888]). •Valid as Tetronarce californica (Ayres 1855) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:77 [ref. 34211] see remarks, Carvalho et al. 2016:186 [ref. 34999], Ebert et al. 2017:57 [ref. 35618], Ehemann et al. 2018:26 [ref. 36194], Burgos-Vázquez et al. 2019:[2] [ref. 36691], Burton & Lea 2019:31 [ref. 37205], González-Acosta et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38361], Love et al. 2021:22 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce californica (Ayres 1855). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan north to southern Kuril Islands; northern-central Pacific: Kinmei Seamount; eastern Pacific: northern British Columbia (Canada) south to Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico), including Guadalupe Island (Mexico) and southern Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

capensis, Torpedo Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:13 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Holotype: BMNH 1853.11.12.202 [Gronovius coll.] (skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:205 [ref. 13434]. •Synonym of Narke capensis (Gmelin 1789) -- (Wheeler 1958:205 [ref. 13434]). Current status: Synonym of Narke capensis (Gmelin 1789). Narkidae. Habitat: marine.

chilensis, Torpedo Guichenot [A.] 1848:368 [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Coquimbo and Valparaíso, Chile. No types known. •Synonym of Discopyge tschudii Heckel 1846 -- (Pequeño et al. 1988;43 [ref. 12550]). Current status: Synonym of Discopyge tschudii Heckel 1846. Narcinidae. Habitat: marine.

diversicolor, Torpedo Davy [J.] 1834:542 [Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London v. 124 (pt 1) (art. 24); ref. 19708] Unneeded new name for Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Capapé & Desoutter 1990:56 [ref. 19317]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

electricus, Silurus Bonnaterre [J. P.] 1788:156, Pl. 62 (fig. 245) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Nile River at Banhā, Egypt, 30°28'N 31°11'E. Neotype: BMNH 1907.12.2.2547. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:301 [ref. 29155]. Predates and is independent of, but based on the same source as, Silurus electricus Gmelin 1789. The ICZN established the type of Malapterus with authorship as Gmelin and placed it on the Official List, so that name/authorship probably should remain as the valid species. See Norris 2002:32 [ref. 27470]; Norris 2002:34 also designated the neotype for electricus Bonnaterre to agree with the neotype of electricus Gmelin. Based, though not explicitly stated, on Raja torpedo (non Linnaeus 1758) of Forsskål 1775:viii, 15 [ref. 1351] from River Nile. •In the synonymy of Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin 1789) -- (Norris 2002:32 [ref. 27470], Ferraris 2007:301 [ref. 29155]). Current status: Synonym of Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin 1789). Malapteruridae. Habitat: freshwater.

electricus, Silurus Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1354 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Nile River at Banhā, Egypt, 30°28'N 31°11'E. Neotype: BMNH 1907.12.2.2547. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:301 [ref. 29155]. Neotype designated by Poll & Gosse 1969:5 [ref. 19535]. Placed on the Official List as type of Malapterurus (ICZN Direction 57). Based on 'Silurus pinna dorsali unica adiposa, cirris sex' of Broussonet 1782 [ref. 17287], and on Raja torpedo (non Linnaeus 1758) of Forsskål 1775:viii, 15 [ref. 1351] from River Nile. •Valid as Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin 1789) -- (Gosse 1986:102 [ref. 6194], Burgess 1989:157 [ref. 12860], Lévêque et al. 1989:119 [ref. 26480], Paugy & Bénech 1989:303 [ref. 26478], Paugy et al. 1990:340 [ref. 26477], Teugels in Lévêque et al. 1992:497 [ref. 21590], Skelton 1993:238 [ref. 24071], Poll & Gosse 1995:89 [ref. 24781], Roberts 2000:5 [ref. 24300], De Vos et al. 2001:130, 131 [ref. 26059], Norris 2002:32 [ref. 27470], Seegers et al. 2003:38 [ref. 28087], Ferraris 2007:301 [ref. 29155], Ferraris 2007:301 [ref. 29155], Fricke 2008:18 [ref. 30182], Neumann et al. 2016:306 [ref. 35036], Akoth et al. 2023:13 [ref. 40069], Chan et al. 2023:140 [ref. 40365]). Current status: Valid as Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin 1789). Malapteruridae. Distribution: Africa: Nile River basin and western African rivers south of the Niger River basin. Introduced in Hong Kong (China). Habitat: freshwater.

emarginata, Torpedo McCoy [F.] 1841:407, Fig. [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (New Series) v. 6 (no. 39) (art. 46); ref. 17754] Dublin Bay, Ireland, northeastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:57 [ref. 7167]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

fairchildi, Torpedo Hutton [F. W.] 1872:83, Pl. 12 (fig. 134) [Fishes of New Zealand (Hutton); ref. 2287] Napier Harbor, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): presumed lost. Type catalog: Russell 1996:220 [ref. 22562]. •Synonym of Torpedo macneilli (Whitley 1932) -- (Gomon et al. 1994:157 [ref. 22532]). •Valid as Torpedo fairchildi Hutton 1872 -- (Paulin et al. 1989:26 [ref. 24556], Nishida in Amaoka et al. 1990:78 [ref. 16024], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091], Gomon 2008:101 [ref. 30616]). •Valid as Tetronarce fairchildi (Hutton 1972) -- (Duffy & Ahyong 2015:107 [ref. 36167], Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Last & Stewart 2015:170 [ref. 34224], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:189 [ref. 34999]). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: New Zealand, Kermadec Islands, possibly Norfolk Island [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

formosa, Torpedo Haas [D. L.] & Ebert [D. A.] 2006:2, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 1320; ref. 28818] Tashi Fish Market, Tashi [Daxi], northeastern Taiwan, 24°53'N, 122°01'E. Holotype: CAS 223471. Paratypes: CAS 223472 (1), 223473 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:19 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Torpedo formosa Haas & Ebert 2006 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:19 [ref. 31432]). •Valid as Tetronarce formosa (Haas & Ebert 2006) -- (Ebert et al. 2013:341 [ref. 33045], Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:188 [ref. 34999], White et al. 2017:214 [ref. 35860], White & Ko'ou 2018:51 [ref. 35922], Fricke et al. 2019:43 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:201 [ref. 37272] as cf. formosa). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce formosa (Haas & Ebert 2006). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan and Papua New Guinea, possibly Philippines. Habitat: marine.

fusca, Torpedo Parker [T. J.] 1884:283, Pl. 22 [Transactions of the New Zealand Institute v. 16 (art. 19); ref. 13764] Purakanui, near Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1886.11.18.119 (stuffed). •Synonym of Torpedo fairchildi Hutton 1872 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

fuscomaculata, Torpedo Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:466 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Angoxe [Angoche], Ibo, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Lectotype: ZMB 4573 (223 mm TL). Paralectotypes: ZMB 4573 (1). Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:172 [ref. 21041]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:278 [ref. 13448]. Lectotype selected by Carvalho el al. 2002:22 [ref. 26091]. •Valid as Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters 1855 -- (Capapé & Farrugio 1986:55 [ref. 38748] in subgenus Torpedo, Compagno 1986:112 [ref. 5648], Fricke 1999:29 [ref. 24106], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:22 [ref. 26091], Sujatha 2002:157 [ref. 26899], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:77 [ref. 28072], Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213], Caratini & Soriano 2011:112 [ref. 39915], Psomadakis et al. 2012:15 [ref. 33457], Ebert et al. 2015:237 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:197 [ref. 34999], Fricke et al. 2018:21 [ref. 35805], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:131 [ref. 37302], Roy et al. 2019:482 [ref. 37256], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802] as fuscomacula, Ebert et al. 2021:72 [ref. 38234], Carvalho 2022:545 [ref. 39669]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters 1855. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic, Indian Ocean: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa to Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes; Odisha (India). Habitat: brackish, marine.

galvani, Torpedo Risso [A.] 1810:21, Pl. 3 (fig. 5) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:35 [ref. 9312]. Name spelled Torpedo galvanii by Berthelot 1840:115 [ref. 30346]. •Valid as Torpedo galvanii Risso 1810 -- (Herrera 1896:12 [ref. 39336]). •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:56 [ref. 19317], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:20 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

glaucostictos, Rhinobatus Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:22 [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] No locality. •Synonym of Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum 1792). Rhinobatidae. Habitat: marine.

hebetans, Torpedo Lowe [R. T.] 1838:195 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: BMNH 1852.8.30.22 (1). •Synonym of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:57 [ref. 7167]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1935). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

immaculata, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:48, 60 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

japonica, Torpedo (Astrape) Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1850:307, Pl. 140 [Fauna Japonica Last part (15); ref. 4375] Japan. Lectotype: RMNH D2418 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: RMNH D2314 (1, stuffed), D2369 (1, stuffed), D2735 (1, stuffed). Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:224 [ref. 12876]. •Possibly a synonym of Crassinarke dormitor Takagi 1951 -- (Weigmann 2016:76 [ref. 34211]). •Valid as Narke japonica (Temminck & Schlegel 1850) -- (Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:12 [ref. 6441], Cheng & Zhou 1997:58 [ref. 26385], Senou & Masuda 1998:5 [ref. 24388], Compagno & Last 1999:1446 [ref. 24637], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:163 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:581 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:29 [ref. 25480], Shinohara et al. 2001:290 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:163 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:64, 480 [ref. 26218], Compagno & Heemstra 2007:43 [ref. 29194], Shinohara et al. 2011:38 [ref. 31715], Yamashita et al. 2012:129 [ref. 32408], Ebert et al. 2013:344 [ref. 33045], Shinohara et al. 2014:234 [ref. 33330], Dyldin 2015:58 [ref. 34524], Carvalho 2016:179 [ref. 34997], Kim et al. 2020:43 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Narke japonica (Temminck & Schlegel 1850). Narkidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

mackayana, Torpedo Metzelaar [J.] 1919:197, Fig. 57 [Report on the fishes; ref. 2982] Coast of Senegal. Holotype (unique): ZMA 100443. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:7 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar 1919 -- (Capapé & Desoutter 1990:58 [ref. 19317], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Capapé et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25352], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1376 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:198 [ref. 34999], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:131 [ref. 37302], Reiner 2019:42 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:102 [ref. 39448], Ratao et al. 2022:173 [ref. 40319]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar 1919. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

macneilli, Notastrape Whitley [G. P.] 1932:327 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] 9 miles east of Green Cape, New South Wales, Australia, depth 49 fathoms. Holotype (unique): AMS I.13838. Based on Torpedo fairchildi of McCulloch 1919:171, Pl. 25 [ref. 21655]. •Valid as Torpedo macneilli (Whitley 1932) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:61 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:156 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:370 [ref. 23873], Compagno & Last 1999:1451 [ref. 24637], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Hutchins 2001:15 [ref. 25847], Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091], Paxton et al. 2006:165 [ref. 28995], Gomon 2008:101 [ref. 30616]). •Valid as Tetronarce macneilli (Whitley 1932) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710] with question, Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:189 [ref. 34999]). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Australia or Indo-West Pacific [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:65 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied by Raja maculata Shaw 1804. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1884:140 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

marmorata, Torpedo Risso [A.] 1810:20, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:35 [ref. 9312]. Lectotype selected by Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101] as the illustration of Risso 1810, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [specimen not in existence]. •Valid as Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Herrera 1896:12 [ref. 39336], Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:161 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:56 [ref. 19317], Morón et al. 1999:154 [ref. 24253], Capapé et al. 1999:47 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:20 [ref. 26753], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Golani 2005:12 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:26 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:17 [ref. 29533], George 2009:56 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Goren & Galil 2015:520 [ref. 33910], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1377 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:199 [ref. 34999], Biscoito et al. 2018:475 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:130 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:41 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:42 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:28 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:60 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:10 [ref. 38303], Moreno Mendoza et al. 2021:[4] [ref. 38868], Kovačić et al. 2021:14 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:11 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:42 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:102 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Deval in Digenis et al. 2024:102 [ref. 40958]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to South Africa, including Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

mediterranea, Torpedo torpedo forma Pietschmann [V.] 1906:88 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 21; ref. 15169] Mediterranean Sea. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

microdiscus, Torpedo Parin [N. V.] & Kotlyar [A. N.] 1985:709, Figs. 1a, 2 [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 25 (no. 5); ref. 17260] Junction of Naska and Sala y Gomez ridges, southeastern Pacific, 25°39'S, 85°23'W, depth 180-280 meters. Holotype: ZIN 47251. Paratypes: ZMMU P-16300 (1). Type catalog: Vasil'eva et al. 2001:13 [ref. 25714]. •Valid as Torpedo microdiscus Parin & Kotlyar 1985 -- (Pequeño 1997:79 [ref. 23536], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589]). •Questionably a synonym of Torpedo tremens de Buen 1959 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091]). •Valid as Tetronarce microdiscus (Parin & Kotlyar 1985) -- (Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211]). •Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:193 [ref. 34999], Last & Yearsley 2016:4 [ref. 34940]). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

narke, Torpedo Risso [A.] 1810:18 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Spelled narce by early authors. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:55 [ref. 19317], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

nigra, Torpedo Guichenot [A.] 1850:131, Pl. 8 (figs. 1, 1a-1b) [Histoire naturelle des reptiles et poissons; ref. 1940] Algeria, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-1309. Type catalog: Bertin 1939:83 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:27 [ref. 9312]. •Synonym of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:57 [ref. 7167]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonabarte 1835). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

nobiliana, Torpedo Bonaparte [C. L.] 1835:fasc. 12, punt. 63, Pl. 154 [Iconografia della fauna italica; ref. 518] Italy, western Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: ANSP 426-430 and 461-469 (14), 16948 (1, jaw and dry skin, missing); NMW 76279 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:162 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Uyeno & Miyake in Uyeno et al. 1983:70 [ref. 14275], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:160 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1986:112 [ref. 5648], Robins & Ray 1986:36 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326] as mobiliana, Scott & Scott 1988:39 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:34 [ref. 14674], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:57 [ref. 19317], Compagno et al. 1991:89 [ref. 21083], Boschung 1992:25 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:208 [ref. 23827], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:90 [ref. 25472], Andrew et al. 1995:9 [ref. 38009], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:21 [ref. 22793], Golani 1996:21 [ref. 22271], Santos et al. 1997:14 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:22 [ref. 24952], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:134 [ref. 23897], Uiblein et al. 1999:60 [ref. 24045], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:155 [ref. 24490], Afonso et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25466], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:581 [ref. 25122] as cf. nobiliana, Capapé et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25352], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:19 [ref. 26753], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], McEachran in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:59 [ref. 26158], Gomes & Gadig in Menezes et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27192], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:517 [ref. 26985], Moore et al. 2003:170 [ref. 27076], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:77 [ref. 28072], Golani 2005:12 [ref. 37112], Trunov & Kuuyev 2005:705 [ref. 28420], Haas & Ebert 2006:11 [ref. 28818], Fricke et al. 2007:17 [ref. 29533], Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263], George 2009:56 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649], Naylor et al. 2012:92 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Page et al. 2013:54 [ref. 32708], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:101 [ref. 34398]). •Valid as Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:237 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1374 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:189 [ref. 34999], Biscoito et al. 2018:475 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:26 [ref. 36194], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:131 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:40 [ref. 37250], Ehemann et al. 2019:[6] [ref. 36861], Reiner 2019:41 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:28 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:64 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:10 [ref. 38303], Iglésias et al. 2021:170 [ref. 38818], Kovačić et al. 2021:14 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:12 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:42 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:101 [ref. 39448], Zava & Corsini-Foka in Kousteni et al. 2022:436 [ref. 39260], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Distribution: North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: English Channel south to South Africa, including Madeira, Canary Islands and São Tomé and Principe; ?western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canada) south to Brazil (including Caribbean Sea); southern central Atlantic: Tristan da Cunha. Habitat: marine.

occidentalis, Torpedo Storer [D. H.] 1843:166, Pl. 3 (figs. 1-2) [American Journal of Science and Arts v. 45 (no. 1) (art. 18); ref. 18832] Wellfleet, Massachusetts, U.S.A., eastern North Atlantic. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:57 [ref. 7167]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). •Valid as Tetronarce occidentalis (Storer 1843) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:190 [ref. 34999], Last & Yearsley 2016:4 [ref. 34940], Ehemann et al. 2019:[6] [ref. 36861], Jones et al. 2020:286 [ref. 37610], Page et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce occidentalis (Storer 1843). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to Venezuela, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

ocellata, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:48, 60 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:29 [ref. 9312] treated as a separate description with types at MNHN. Apparently a new name for Raja torpedo Linnaeus 1758 and taking the same type. •Objective synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:55 [ref. 19317], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:20 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649], Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

ocellata, Torpedo Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:199 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Table Bay, South Africa. Syntypes: MNHN A-7516 (1), A-7891 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:81 [ref. 20739]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Torpedo ocellata Rafinesque 1810. 1°Homonym. Narcinidae. Habitat: marine.

oculata, Torpedo Davy [J.] 1834:542 [Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London v. 124 (pt 1) (art. 24); ref. 19708] Malta, Mediterranean Sea. Unneeded new name for Torpedo ocellata Rafinesque 1810. Primary homonym of Torpedo oculata Duméril 1852. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:55 [ref. 19317]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

oculata, Torpedo Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Belon) 1852:234 [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 4; ref. 1148] Algeria and Mediterranean Sea. Based on literature sources, including pre-Linnaean author Belon. Subjectively invalid; secondarily preoccupied by Torpedo oculata Davy 1834. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). 2°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

panthera, Torpedo Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:15, 16 [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Red Sea. Lectotype: ZMB 4560. Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:172 [ref. 21041]. Types given by Klausewitz 1960:289 [ref. 21330] are not types of Torpedo panthera. Lectotype selected by Carvalho et al. 2002:16 [ref. 26091]. •Valid as Torpedo panthera Olfers 1831 -- (Dor 1984:16 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:5 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:40 [ref. 22896], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:15, 16 [ref. 26091], Sujatha 2002:157 [ref. 26899], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:44 [ref. 27735], Khalaf & Zajonz 2007:423 [ref. 31739], Psomadakis et al. 2015:96 [ref. 34104] as cf. panthera, Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:200 [ref. 34999] with author as von Olfers, Ali et al. 2018:303 [ref. 36183], Golani & Fricke 2018:14 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:16 [ref. 37020], Srinivasan et al. 2021:2 [ref. 38695], Carvalho 2022:546 [ref. 39669]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo panthera Olfers 1831. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Red Sea; northern Indian Ocean: Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf east to Bay of Bengal (India). Habitat: marine.

pardalis, Torpedo Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:15, 16 [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Listed as a variety of Torpedo marmorata but named Torpedo pardalis. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 by inference. Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

peruana, Torpedo tremens Chirichigno F. [N.] 1963:4, Fig. 1 [Serie de Divulgación Cientifica, Servicio de Pesquería, Ministerio de Agricultura, Lima, No. 20; ref. 4484] Paita Bay, Peru. Holotype: MHNJP [MUSM] P 1354. Paratypes: MHNJP P 1073 (1), ?MHNJP [SP 601] (1). •Valid as Torpedo peruana Chirichigno F. 1963 -- (Parin & Kotlyar 1985:716 [ref. 17260], Angula & Acero P. 1999:185 [ref. 25053], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957]). •Valid as Tetronarce peruana (Chirichigno F. 1963) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211]). •Synonym of Torpedo tremens de Buen 1959 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091] with question). •Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1859) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:193 [ref. 34999], Last & Yearsley 2016:4 [ref. 34940]). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

picta, Torpedo Lowe [R. T.] 1843:93 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1843 (pt 11); ref. 2832] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

pictus, Torpedo Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:13 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Antilles and American Ocean. No types known. Based on Gronow 1763:35, Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [ref. 1910]. •Synonym of Narcine bancroftii (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Jones et al. 2020:285 [ref. 37610]). Current status: Synonym of Narcine bancroftii (Griffith & Smith 1834). Narcinidae. Habitat: marine.

polleni, Narcacion Bleeker [P.] 1865:171 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 3; ref. 420] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7247. •Synonym of Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters 1855 -- (Fricke 1999:29 [ref. 24106], Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213]). •Questionably valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker 1865) -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589]). •Tentatively a synonym of Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers 1831 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:29 [ref. 26091]). •Questionably valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker 1865) -- (Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211] see remarks). •Valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker 1865) -- (Ravali et al. 2019:1338 [ref. 39435]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo polleni (Bleeker 1865). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Réunion (western Mascarenes); India. Habitat: marine.

puelcha, Torpedo Lahille [F.] 1926:408 [Physis (Buenos Aires) v. 8 (no. 28); ref. 24910] Off Buenos Aires, Argentina. No types known (cast possible present). Based first on the description of the brain in 1926. Appeared in more detail in Lahille 1928:330, Pl. 5 [ref. 17487]. •Valid as Torpedo puelcha Lahille 1926 -- (Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Menni & Stehmann 2000:72 [ref. 24909], Gomes & Gadig in Menezes et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27192], Nión et al. 2016:22 [ref. 35565]). •Valid as Tetronarce puelcha (Lahille 1926) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:237 [ref. 33710], Last & Yearsley 2016:4 [ref. 34940], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211], Petry et al. 2016:299 [ref. 34966], Carvalho et al. 2016:191 [ref. 34999], Carvalho-Filho 2023:314 [ref. 40480], Gadig et al. 2024:61 [ref. 40775]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce puelcha (Lahille 1926). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to Argentina. Habitat: marine.

punctata, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:48, 61 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] [Sicilia] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

semipelagica, Torpedo Parin [N. V.] & Kotlyar [A. N.] 1985:714, Figs. 1c, 5 [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 25 (no. 5); ref. 17260] Junction of Naska and Sala y Gomez ridges, southeastern Pacific, 25°27'[or 25°42']S, 85°27'W, depth 175-210 meters. Holotype: ZIN 47253. Paratypes: IOM uncat. (1); ZIN 47253a (1), 47254 (1); ZMMU P-16301-02 (1, 2). Type catalog: Vasil'eva et al. 2001:13 [ref. 25714]. •Valid as Torpedo semipelagica Parin & Kotlyar 1985 -- (Pequeño 1997:79 [ref. 23536], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589]). •Questionably a synonym of Torpedo tremens de Buen 1959 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091]). •Valid as Tetronarce semipelagica (Parin & Kotlyar 1985) -- (Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211] see remarks). •Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959) -- (Carvalho et al. 2016:193 [ref. 34999], Last & Yearsley 2016:4 [ref. 34940]). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

sinuspersici, Torpedo Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:15, 17 [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Persian Gulf. No types known. •Valid as Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers 1831 -- (Dor 1984:16 [ref. 29757], Compagno 1986:113 [ref. 5648], Baranes & Golani 1993:302 [ref. 22372], Goren & Dor 1994:5 [ref. 25356], Compagno 1995:114 [ref. 21955], Randall 1995:41 [ref. 22896], Vossoughi & Vosoughi 1999:302 [ref. 25467], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:21 [ref. 26091], Sujatha 2002:157 [ref. 26899], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:44 [ref. 27735], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:76 [ref. 28072], Psomadakis et al. 2012:15 [ref. 33457], Ebert et al. 2015:237 [ref. 33710], Psomadakis et al. 2015:97 [ref. 34104], Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:201 [ref. 34999] with author as von Olfers, Fricke et al. 2018:22 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:14 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:17 [ref. 37020], Roy et al. 2019:481 [ref. 37256], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Ebert et al. 2021:72 [ref. 38234], Barone et al. 2022:42 [ref. 39527], Carvalho 2022:546 [ref. 39669], Hsu et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39567]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers 1831. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indian Ocean: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf and Madagascar east to western India; Sri Lanka; Odisha (India). Habitat: marine.

smithii, Torpedo Günther [A.] 1870:451 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Probably South Africa. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1852.8.12.46. •Synonym of Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters 1855 -- (Compagno 1986:112 [ref. 5648], Carvalho et al. 2002:22 [ref. 26091], Weigmann 2016:79 [ref. 34211], Ebert et al. 2021:72 [ref. 38234]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters 1855. Torpedinidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

suessii, Torpedo Steindachner [F.] 1898:199 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 35 (no. 19) (for 14July 1898); ref. 20495] Perim Harbour, Perim Island, Yemen, Bab el Mandeb, Red Sea; Mocha, Yemen, Red Sea. Lectotype: NMW 88240. Paralectotypes: (2) NMW 78016 (1). Later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1898:784, pl. 2 [ref. 14693]. Lectotype selected by Carvalho et al. 2002:24 [ref. 36091]. •Synonym of Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers 1831 -- (Dor 1984:16 [ref. 29757]). •Questionably valid as Torpedo suissi [sic] Steindachner 1989 -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589]). •Valid as Torpedo suessii Steindachner 1898 -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:24 [ref. 26091] as suessi, Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:202 [ref. 34999], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:14 [ref. 36273], Carvalho 2022:547 [ref. 39669], Palandačić et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40494]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo suessii Steindachner 1898. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Southern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

tokionis, Tetronarce Tanaka [S.] 1908:2, Figured [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Tokyo fish market, Japan. Holotype: ZUMT 917 (lost). Paratypes: ZUMT (2, lost). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:203 [ref. 39648]. •Valid as Torpedo tokionis (Tanaka 1908) -- (Nakaya in Amaoka et al. 1983:51, 167 [ref. 8379], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:12 [ref. 6441], Nakaya in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:61, 305 [ref. 8057], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:162 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:581 [ref. 25122], Shinohara et al. 2001:290 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:162 [ref. 26001], Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091], Shinohara et al. 2005:397 [ref. 28370], Haas & Ebert 2006:2 [ref. 28818], Shinohara et al. 2014:234 [ref. 33330]). •Valid as Tetronarce tokionis Tanaka 1908 -- (Ebert et al. 2013:342 [ref. 33045], Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Last & Stewart 2015:171 [ref. 34224] as cf. tokionis, Dyldin 2015:59 [ref. 34524], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:192 [ref. 34999]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce tokionis Tanaka 1908. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific [Ebert 2014]. Japan to Taiwan [ref. 34999]. Habitat: marine.

torpedo, Dussumieria Hata [H.], Lavoué [S.] & Motomura [H.] 2021:991, Figs. 1-4 [Ichthyology & Herpetology v. 109 (no. 4); ref. 38727] Off Kama, Zanzibar Channel, Tanzania. Holotype: BMNH 1966.11.16.426. Paratypes: (17) BMNH, KAUM-I, MNHN, NSMT, SAIAB. •Valid as Dussumieria torpedo Hata, Lavoué & Motomura 2021 -- (Hata 2023:9 [ref. 40296]). Current status: Valid as Dussumieria torpedo Hata, Lavoué & Motomura 2021. Dussumieriidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: coast of Tanzania to South Africa and Madagascar, probably also coast of Kenya, East Africa. Habitat: marine.

torpedo, Raia Stephan [C. F.] 1779:20 [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kottelat 2010:65 [ref. 30995]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

torpedo, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:231 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf [original: "in Sinu Persico, M. Mediterraneo"]; localities include Lesbos Island, Greece; Genoa, Rome and Venice, Italy; Marseille, France; Nile River, Egypt; Iran, Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf). No types known. Lectotype or neotype fixation needed: the type locality should be restricted to Mediterranean Sea according to current usage. Originally based on multiple species and at least 52 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:73 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:102 [ref. 30349] as Raja tota lævis; Rondelet 1554:358 [ref. 30354] as Torpedo, Salviani 1558:143, Pl. 48 [ref. 30229] as Torpedo, Jonston 1649:30, Pl. 9 (fig. 4) [ref. 30579] as Torpedo maculosa and Torpedo, Charleton 1668:129 [ref. 30580] as Torpedo, Kempfer 1712:509, Pl. (p. 510) [ref. 30581] as Torpedo Sinûs Persici. •Valid as Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:55 [ref. 19317], Santos et al. 1997:119 [ref. 23531], Capapé et al. 1999:52 [ref. 25276], Afonso et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25466], Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:20 [ref. 26753], Carvalho et al. 2002:30 [ref. 26091], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:17 [ref. 29533], Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263], Fricke 2008:10 [ref. 30182], Welter-Schultes & Feuerstein 2008:141 [ref. 30327], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:12 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211], Carvalho & Séret 2016:1378 [ref. 34550], Carvalho et al. 2016:203 [ref. 34999], Biscoito et al. 2018:475 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:129 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:41 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:43 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:29 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:62 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:10 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:14 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:11 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:42 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:102 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Angola, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

tremens, Torpedo de Buen [F.] 1959:259, Fig. 1 [Revista de Biologia Marina, Valparaiso v. 9 (nos 1-3); ref. 11964] Near Valparaíso, Chile. Holotype (unique): EMBC?. •Valid as Torpedo tremens de Buen 1959 -- (Parin & Kotlyar 1985:712 [ref. 17260], Pequeño 1989:17 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:33 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:32 [ref. 23101], McEachran & Notarbartolo-di-Sciara in Fischer et al. 1995:784 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:78 [ref. 24555], Compagno 1999:487 [ref. 25589], Carvalho et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26091]). •Valid as Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959) -- (Ebert et al. 2015:245 [ref. 33710], Weigmann 2016:78 [ref. 34211], Carvalho et al. 2016:193 [ref. 34999], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:244 [ref. 37881], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:62 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Tetronarce tremens (de Buen 1959). Torpedinidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Chile, including Malpelo Island (Colombia) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

tremulus, Gymnotus Houttuyn [M.] 1764:111 [Natuurlyke historie; ref. 2219] North Sea [locality erroneous, should be South America]. No types known. Type catalog: Ferraris et al. 2017:[16] [ref. 35236]. Based on Gymnotus pinna ani ad extremum caudae latae truncatae continuata of Gronovius 1763:41 [ref. 1910]. Forgotten name which was not used as valid after 1999, therefore reversal of priority in favor of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 is followed (Art. 23.9). Not treated by Mago-Leccia 1994 [ref. 21320]; see Campos-da-Paz in Reis et al. 2003:483 [ref. 27061] for synonym as a nomen oblitum. •Synonym of Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Campos-da-Paz in Reis et al. 2003:483 [ref. 27061], Ferraris et al. 2017:[16] [ref. 35236]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus 1766). Gymnotidae: Electrophorinae. Habitat: freshwater.

trepidans, Torpedo Valenciennes [A.] 1843:[101], Pl. 23 (fig. 2) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands, eastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-8686. Type catalog: Bertin 1939:82 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:27 [ref. 9312]. Pl. 23 (fig. 2) is under the name Torpedo hebetans by error. Dates to Pl. 23 in 1843, p. 101 published in 1844. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167], Capapé & Desoutter 1990:56 [ref. 19317]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

undulatus, Rhinobatus Olfers [J. F. M. von] 1831:22 [Die Gattung Torpedo; ref. 18462] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. No types known. •Synonym of Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum 1792). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum 1792). Rhinobatidae. Habitat: marine.

unimaculata, Torpedo Risso [A.] 1810:19, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:35 [ref. 9312]. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:55 [ref. 7167]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

variegata, Torpedo Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:65 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. •Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Döderlein 1884:140 [ref. 17416], Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus 1758). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Torpedo Fleming [J.] 1828:169 [A history of British animals; ref. 1339] English and Irish coasts, northeastern Atlantic. •Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:56 [ref. 7167]). Current status: Synonym of Torpedo marmorata Risso 1810. Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

walshii, Torpedo Thompson [W.] 1856:256 [Fishes of Ireland; ref. 4390] Ireland, northeastern Atlantic. Original not seen. Description appeared first in Thompson 1840:292 [ref. 21146] without a Latinized specific name; apparently dates to Thompson 1856 as above. •Synonym of Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte 1835 -- (Krefft & Stehmann 1973:57 [ref. 7167]). •Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Current status: Synonym of Tetronarce nobiliana (Bonaparte 1835). Torpedinidae. Habitat: marine.

zugmayeri, Torpedo Engelhardt [R.] 1912:647 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 39 (nos 21/22); ref. 17459] Gwadar, Baluchistan Province, southwestern Pakistan. Holotype (unique): ZSM [old collection] destroyed in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:282 [ref. 28925]. •Questionably valid as Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt 1912 -- (Compagno 1999:488 [ref. 25589]). •Mention -- (Carvalho et al. 2002:29 [ref. 26091]). •Valid as Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt 1912 -- (Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S93 [ref. 27377], Weigmann 2016:80 [ref. 34211] see remarks). Current status: Valid as Torpedo zugmayeri Engelhardt 1912. Torpedinidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.