Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Acestrorhamphidae: [ 818 ] records

abathes, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2025:10, Figs. 2c, 4g-i, 9 [Journal of Fish Biology Early View; ref. 42420] Rio Preto, Rio Araguaia basin, municipality of Nova Crixa, Goiás State, Brazil, 14°22'18"S, 50°39'13"W. Holotype: MZUSP 130990. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Poptella abathes Garcia-Ayala, Oliveira & Benine 2025. Current status: Valid as Poptella abathes Garcia-Ayala, Oliveira & Benine 2025. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Araguaia basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

abramis, Tetragonopterus Jenyns [L.] 1842:123, Pl. 23 (figs. 1, 1a) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Río Paraná, up to Rosario, Argentina. No types known. •Valid as Astyanax abramis (Jenyns 1842) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Miquelarena et al. 1997:66 [ref. 23469], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Garutti 1998:120 [ref. 23797], Sverlij et al. 1998:19 [ref. 27632], Britski et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:86 [ref. 24769], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:244 [ref. 26608], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:519 [ref. 31006] as cf. abramis and as abramis, Soneira et al. 2010:784 [ref. 31078] , Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745] as cf. abramis, Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Lucena & Soares 2016:116 [ref. 34169], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:36 [ref. 35267], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:17 [ref. 42137], Loureiro et al. 2023:71 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax abramis (Jenyns 1842). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, ?Ecuador, Peru and Brazil. IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

abramoides, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:21 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Potaro River at Tumatumari, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52863 [ex CM 1028]. Paratypes: (169, CM and IU) ANSP 39088 (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.301-302 (2)/303-307 (5)/308-310 (3); CAS 38956-61 [ex IU 11727-11732] (9, 1, 5, 10, 1, 1); FMNH 6460-61 (5, 2), 52691-94 (10, 1, 1, 1), 52702 (3), 52963 (1), 53522-23 (10, 1), 69542 (19), 69620 (25); MCZ 30176-77 (2, 4); NMW 62781 (3); CAS-SU 21937-38 (5, 2); USNM 66272-73 (2, 5); 120395 (1); ZMA 101011 (2), 101036 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:21-22 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax abramoides Eigenmann 1909 -- (Géry et al. 1991:48 [ref. 21021], Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155], Planquette et al. 1996:246 [ref. 22818]). •Valid as Jupiaba abramoides (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Zanata 1997:120 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:514 [ref. 30674], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba abramoides (Eigenmann 1909). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin and coastal drainages of the Guianas (French Guiana, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

abyss, Moenkhausia Oliveira [G. D.] & Marinho [M. M. F.] 2016:567, Figs. 1-3, 6a [Zootaxa 4093 (no. 4); ref. 34342] Beach at Porto de Moz, rio Xingu, Pará, Brazil, 1°76’33.3"S, 52°23’91"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117077. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Moenkhausia abyss Oliveira & Marinho 2016 -- (Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia abyss Oliveira & Marinho 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin lowlands (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

acaciae, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Prada-Pedreros [S.] 2010:452, Figs. 5-7 [Caldasia v. 32 (no. 2); ref. 31066] Morichal del estero, Puerto López, Meta, ca. 4°04'N, 72°57'W, Colombia. Holotype: MPUJ 5683. Paratypes: many at IUQ, MPUJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010 -- (García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], Zarske 2016:114 [ref. 34774] as ariacae, García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon acaciae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

acanthogaster, Deuterodon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:179, Pl. 8 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Corumbá, upper Paraguay basin, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54748 [ex CM 3395a]. Paratypes: (17, CM) CAS 44225 (3), FMNH 54749-50 (9, 5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Géry et al. 1996:10 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Deuterodon acanthogaster Eigenmann 1911 -- (Britski et al. 1999:36 [ref. 24147]). •Valid as Jupiaba acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Zanata 1997:122 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Lopes et al. 2020:890 [ref. 37664]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba acanthogaster (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin and upper Paraná River basin (Brazil and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

acatlanensis, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1340, Fig. 11 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Río Acatlán, Puebla, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 250288. Paratypes: UMMZ. •Valid as Astyanax acatlanensis Schmitter-Soto 2017 -- (Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:182 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax acatlanensis Schmitter-Soto 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Río Acatlán and Río Jía, Puebla (Mexico) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

actenolepis, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2019:2, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 17 (no. 2): e180149; ref. 36770] Igarapé Mutum, nearby the bridge on road BR 230 between Vicinal Brasília and Nova Esperança, Rio Juma, tributary of the Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil, 07°14'56"S, 59°58'42.744"W. Holotype: MZUSP 124423. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Poptella actenolepis Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019 -- (Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089]). Current status: Valid as Poptella actenolepis Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Rio Aripuanã drainage, Rio Madeira basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

acutirostris, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] 1990:15, Fig. 3 [Boletim de Zoologia, Universidad de São Paulo v. II [for 1987]; ref. 20060] Rio Itapemirim, Fazenda Boa Esperança, between Pacotuba and Coutinho, Espirito Santo, about 21°S, 41°W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37525. Paratypes: MZUSP 1686 and 4772-4782 (12), 1795 and 4783 (2), 2798 and 4796-4800 and 37563-37567 (11); USNM 289217-18 (5, 3); plus more paratypes at MZUSP. Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:485 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Oligosarcus acutirostris Menezes 1990 -- (Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Menezes & Ribeiro 2010:653 [ref. 30976], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:76 [ref. 33768], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Menezes & Camelier 2024:242 [ref. 40817] dated 1987, Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus acutirostris Menezes 1990. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal rivers, between Espírito Santo and Bahia States (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

aeneus, Tetragonopterus Hensel [R.] 1870:87 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7479. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Tetragonopterus aeneus Günther 1860. Replaced by Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006. •Synonym of Astyanax obscurus (Hensel 1870) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006 -- (de Melo & Buckup 2006:46 [ref. 28622]). •Synonym of Psalidodon henseli (de Melo & Buckup 2006). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon henseli (de Melo & Buckup 2006). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

aeneus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1860:319 [4] [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1860 (pt 2) (art. 6); ref. 18212] Arroyo Las Flores, Oaxaca, Mexico. Lectotype: BMNH 1860.6.17.41. Paralectotype: BMNH 1860.6.17.42 (1). On p. 4 of separate. Invalid lectotype selection by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1354 [ref. 35414], this specimen BMNH 1907.4.10.3 is not part of the type series of Tetragonopterus aeneus Günther 1860 [ICZN Art. 74.2]. See also at Astyanax belizianus. Lectotype designated by Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564]. •Treated as a synonym of Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:74 [ref. 22947], Schmitter-Soto 1998:350 [ref. 23326], Bussing 1998:79 [ref. 24179], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller et al. 2006:154 [ref. 28615], Protogino et al. 2006:12 [ref. 28780], Scharpf 2006:13 [ref. 30386], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2008:409 [ref. 29633], Bussing 2009:1361 [ref. 30066], Matamoros et al. 2009:9 [ref. 31241], McMahan et al. 2013:444 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194], Barrientos et al. 2015:4 [ref. 37653], Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:[22] 1352 [ref. 35414], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:290 [ref. 36544], Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Ornelas-García et al. 2023:[5] 99 [ref. 40738], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:182 [ref. 41622], Quintana 2024:5 [ref. 41186]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southwestern North America and Middle America: Río Papagayo, Guerrero (Mexico) south to Río Choluteca (Honduras). Habitat: freshwater.

aereus, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] 1959:257, Figs. 4-5 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Nancibo Creek, Conté basin, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2181.86 [ex Géry coll. T 19-1-23]. Paratype: USNM 179759 (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus aereus Géry 1959 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:130 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lima & Marinho 2024:181 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Uncertain as Hemigrammus aereus Géry 1959. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Conté River basin, French Guiana [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Moenkhausia Steindachner [F.] 1915:348 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Mouth of Rio Negro, Brazil. Syntypes: (3) NMW. Species described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:584 [ref. 15070]. •Valid as Moenkhausia affinis Steindachner 1915 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia affinis Steindachner 1915. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Lower Negro River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

affinis, Pseudochalceus Steindachner [F.] 1908:29 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 45 (no. 5); ref. 4243] Rio Jaraguá at Joinville, Santa Catharina [Santa Catarina State], Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 56736-37 (6, 3). •Synonym of Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris 1900) -- (Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:776 [ref. 33026], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Bertaco 2022:102 [ref. 40102]). Current status: Synonym of Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris 1900). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Habitat: freshwater.

agassizii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1876:89 [41], Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Amazon River at Tabatinga, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ZMUC 42 (1); NMW 57176-79 (2, 2, 3, 2). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588]. On p. 41 of separate. •Synonym of Moenkhausia oligolepis (Günther 1864) -- (Marinho & Benine 2024:233 [ref. 40817]). •Synonym of Bario oligolepis (Günther 1864). Current status: Synonym of Bario oligolepis (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Habitat: freshwater.

agnesae, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1965:14, Pl. 1 (figs. 1-2) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] L'arapé Préto, along Upper Amazon, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype: SMF 7238. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0167 (orig. 5); SMF 7239-45 (7), 7246-54 (9); ZMA 113863 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:21 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Moenkhausia agnesae Géry 1965 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837] as agnase, Lima & Soares 2018:74 [ref. 36077], Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:22 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia agnesae Géry 1965. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

aguaruna, Hemigrammus Lima [F. C. T.], Correa [V.] & Ota [R. P.] 2016:125, Figs. 1-4 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 34590] Quebrada Uchpayacu, tributary of Río Morona, Morona, Loreto, Peru, 3°02'38.9"S, 77°22'44.0"W. Holotype: MUSM 54691. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MUSM, ZUEC. •Valid as Hemigrammus aguaruna Lima, Correa & Ota 2016 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). •Valid as Holopristis aguaruna (Lima, Correa & Ota 2016) -- (Melo et al. 2024:28 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Holopristis aguaruna (Lima, Correa & Ota 2016). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

agulha, Hyphessobrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1913:549, Fig. 15 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Madeira River, about 200 miles east of 62°20'W, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39232. Paratypes: ANSP 39233-83 (51), 39287 (1, c&s) 39284-86 (3, missing), 39288-89 (2, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler 1913 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Zarske & Géry 1998:25 [ref. 23983], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:860 [ref. 32692], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ohara & Lima 2015:570 [ref. 33846], Zarske 2015:295 [ref. 34028], Marinho et al. 2016:247 [ref. 34376], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Lima & Flausino 2016:94 [ref. 34408], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Zarske 2016:112 [ref. 34774], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], García-Alzate et al. 2020:[8] [ref. 37414], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Faria et al. 2025:14 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon agulha Fowler 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: western and central Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

ajuricaba, Astyanax Marinho [M. M. F.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2009:170, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30251] Stream tributary to rio Tiquié, Serra do Mucura village, 0°10'07"N, 69°07'46"W, Amazonas State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 100231. Paratypes: (many) at ANSP, DZSJRP, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, USNM. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:437 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Astyanax ajuricaba Marinho & Lima 2009 -- (Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:14 [ref. 39122]). •Valid as Jupiaba ajuricaba (Marinho & Lima 2009) -- (Terán et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba ajuricaba (Marinho & Lima 2009). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: Upper rio Negro basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

alba, Parastremma Dahl [G.] 1960:475, Fig. [Caldasia v. 8 (no. 39); ref. 9310] Río Sandó, Río Baudó system, western Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 147. Paratypes: (2) ICNMHN 147a (1). Type catalog: Cala 1981:3 [ref. 23525], Mojica & Agudelo-Zamora 2018:19 [ref. 36127]. •Valid as Parastremma album Dahl 1960 -- (Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:213 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Parastremma album Dahl 1960. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: Sandó River basin, Pacific versant of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

albeolus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:97 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Río Machuca, Río Siguires, Costa Rica, elevation 200 meters. Holotype (unique): FMNH 6241. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Bussing 1998:81 [ref. 24179]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax orstedii (Lütken 1875) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1398 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax orstedii (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

albolineatum, Hyphessobrycon Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1950:17, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Novedades Cientificas, Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Serie Zoológica No. 2; ref. 1323] Río Autana, Venezuela. Holotype: AFY 48169. Paratypes: AFY 48234 (10). Holotype indicated in plate caption. Specific epithet probably proposed as a noun. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez 1950 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Lima et al. 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). •Possibly a synonym of Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909 -- (Lima 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon albolineatum Fernández-Yépez 1950. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Autana River drainage, ? Orinoco River basin, Venezuela and ? Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

albolineatus, Knodus Holly [M.] 1929:117 [1] [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 66 (no. 13) (for 2 May 1929); ref. 16088] Piquirão, Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 83365 (2). Type catalog: Bogutskaya et al. 2022:49 [ref. 39277]. On p. 1 of separate. •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061] without syntypes). •Mention -- (Ferreira & Lima 2006:637 [ref. 28919], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908 -- (Zarske & Géry 2006:11 [ref. 29010], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:11 [ref. 37778], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

alesis, Moenkhausia Petrolli [M. G.] & Benine [R. C.] 2015:407, Figs. 5, 9d [Zootaxa 3986 (no. 4); ref. 33887] Tocantins, Conceição de Tocantins, rio Palmas at TO 050, near to Chuva de Manga locality, Brazil, 12°25’07"S, 47°11’52"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117139. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia alesis Petrolli & Benine 2015 -- (Marinho & Benine 2024:222 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia alesis Petrolli & Benine 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Araguaia and Rio Tocantins drainages, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

alleni, Tetragonopterus Eigenmann [C. H.] & McAtee [W. L.] in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward 1907:126, Pl. 40 (fig. 2) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2) (art. 7); ref. 1261] Corumba, río Otuquis, Ascunción, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 57616 [ex IU 10158]. Paratypes: CAS 57617 [ex IU 10159] (1), 57619 [ex IU 10161] (2), 57618 [ex IU 10160] (1); FMNH 52634 [ex IU] (1); ZMB 17010-11 and 13 (2, 1, 1), 23604 (2). •Valid as Ctenobrycon alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907) -- (Britski et al. 1999:36 [ref. 24147], Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:126 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Benine et al. 2010:59 [ref. 31067], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561] as cf. alleni). •Valid as Astyanax alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:258 [ref. 26608], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:36 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Psalidodon alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907)-- (Koerber et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon alleni (Eigenmann & McAtee 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

alosa, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1876:399 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 17 (no. 101) (art. 43); ref. 2007] Monterico, Peru. Syntypes: BMNH 1875.10.4.24-25 (2). •Synonym of Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

altior, Astyanax fasciatus Hubbs [C. L.] 1936:176, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Carnegie Institution of Washington Publications No. 457 (art. 17); ref. 2247] Roadside pool, 3 kilometers south of Progreso, Yucatán, southeastern Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 102144. Paratypes: UMMZ 102145 (3). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question). •Valid as Astyanax altior Hubbs 1936 -- (Schmitter-Soto 1998:350 [ref. 23326], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller et al. 2006:155 [ref. 28615], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1356 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:182 [ref. 41622], Arroyave et al. 2025:10 [ref. 42261]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax altior Hubbs 1936. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: northwestern Yucatán Peninsula, Campeche and Yucatán states (Mexico) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

altiparanae, Astyanax Garutti [V.] & Britski [H. A.] 2000:67, Fig. 1 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Sér. Zoologia. v. 13; ref. 24769] Miguelópolis, Rio Grande, represa de Volta Grande, about 20°10'S, 48°03'W, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 18592. Paratypes: MNRJ 19235 (1), MZUSP 48180 (32). Plus extensive non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski 2000 -- (Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Prioli et al. 2002:424, 426 [ref. 26816], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972], Vera Alcaraz et al. 2009:189 [ref. 30252], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Deprá et al. 2014:6015 [ref. 35445], Salgado 2021:9 [ref. 38719]). •Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:104 [ref. 34169], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

altipinna, Rhoadsia Fowler [H. W.] 1911:498, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63; ref. 1384] Affluent of the Chimbo River near Bucay, Guayas Province, western Ecuador, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: ANSP 39106. Paratypes: ANSP 39107-08 (2), FMNH 55907 [ex CM, ex ANSP 39109] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:42 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:75 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler 1911 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:30 [ref. 37559] as Roadsia altipinna, Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:214 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:500 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34894], Aguirre et al. 2016:554 [ref. 34674], Meza-Vargas et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39566], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815], Reis 2024:268 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: streams of the Pacific slope (southwestern Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

altipinnis, Erythrocharax Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Birindelli [J. L. O.], Sousa [L. M. de], Mariguela [T. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2013:2, Figs. 1-6 [PLoS ONE v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 32491] Rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriki, on bridge of BR-163, 8°53'54"S, 54°59'20"W, rio Xingu Basin, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 111000. Paratype: ANSP 199143 (1), LBP 10881 (1), MZUSP 110999 (7, 1 cs). •Valid as Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli, Sousa, Mariguela & Oliveira 2013. Current status: Valid as Erythrocharax altipinnis Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli, Sousa, Mariguela & Oliveira 2013. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Xingu River basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amacayacu, Hemigrammus Albornoz‐Garzón [J. G.], Méndez‐López [A.], DoNascimiento [C.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2019:933, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 95 (no. 3); ref. 36872] Unnamed tributary of quebrada Matamatá, Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia, 03°47'53.3"S, 70°15'58"W. Holotype: IAVHP 21889. Paratypes: ANSP, IAVHP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hemigrammus amacayacu Albornoz‐Garzón, Méndez‐López, DoNascimiento & Lima 2019. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus amacayacu Albornoz‐Garzón, Méndez‐López, DoNascimiento & Lima 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Matamatá drainage, Amazon basin, Amazonas, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

amandae, Hyphessobrycon Géry [J.] & Uj [A.] 1987:59, Figs. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 35 (no. 5)(Jan.); ref. 8089] Rio das Mortes, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37367 [ex Géry no. G.799.1]. Paratypes: MZUSP 37368 (2), MHNG uncat. (13, 3 c&s) Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid, placement uncertain -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:239 [ref. 22743]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj 1987 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Carvalho et al. 2017:9 [ref. 35509], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amandae Géry & Uj 1987. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amapaensis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1998:20, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 50 (no. 1); ref. 23983] Small savanna stream at the B156 road from Sitio Camaipi to Santa Clara, about 11 kilometers from Sitio Camaipi and about 11 kilometers from Sitio Camaipi, about 45 kilometers to the north of Macapa, Amapa State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 52730. Paratypes: Géry coll. 1005.1-2 (2), MTD F 21447-56 (10), ZMB 32867-68 (2). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry 1998 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Moreira & Lima 2017:133 [ref. 35562], Faria et al. 2020:282 [ref. 37838], Faria et al. 2025:15 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amapaensis Zarske & Géry 1998. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Amapa State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

amaronensis, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2010:36, Figs. 1-3 [Brenesia No. 70; ref. 30724] Putumayo, 0°11°02'S, 74°53'14"W, Caño Amaron, tributary of Río Putumayo, Puerto Leguizama municipio, Departmento Amazonia, Colombia. Holotype: IUQ. Paratypes: AUM 50026 (10); IAVHP 11239 (6); IUQ 2162 (1), 2166 (95), 2287 (4, c&s). Type catalog: DoNascimiento et al. 2016:406 [ref. 34787]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2010 -- (García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745] as amazonensis and dated 2008, García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon amaronensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Colombia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

amniculus, Deuterodon Lucena [Z. M. S. de] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 1992:127, Fig. 5 [Communicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS v. 5 (nos 1-12); ref. 21970] Arroio Lindo, Pirabeiraba, Joinville, about 26°10'S, 48°57'W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14755. Paratypes: MCP 10623 (19); plus additional material. •Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:128 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Habitat: freshwater.

amome, Oligosarcus Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Piálek [L.], Doubnerová [K.] & Říčan [O.] 2015:582, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 3915 (no. 1); ref. 33673] Misiones Province: río Uruguay basin, arroyo Oveja Negra, tributary of Arroyo Yabotí-Guazú, Argentina, 27°08'15.5"S, 53°55'28.8"W. Holotype: MLP 10679. Paratypes: MACN-ict, MLP. Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:5 [ref. 34112]. •Placement in Oligosarcus is controversial -- (Riveiro & Menezes 2015:41 [ref. 33768]). •Valid as Oligosarcus amome Almirón, Casciotta, Piálek, Doubnerová & Říčan 2015 -- (Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus amome Almirón, Casciotta, Piálek, Doubnerová & Říčan 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

amphiloxus, Nematobrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] & Wilson [C.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:13 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Boca de Raspadura, Colombia. Holotype: CM 5050 (not received at FMNH). Paratypes: CAS 62116 [ex IU 13027] (33), 62117 [ex IU 13028] (1), 62118 [ex IU 13029] (13); FMNH 56537-39 (1, 4, 10); CAS-SU 24658 (4); USNM 205598 [ex IU 13027] (6), 205646 [ex FMNH 56538] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:25 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:60 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:150 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

anai, Astyanax Angulo [A.], Santos [A. C.], López [M.], Langeani [F.] & McMahan [C. D.] 2018:[5], Figs. 1,3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 92 (no. 6); ref. 35879] Stream 1.6 km south-east of Shiroles near Suretka, on Bratsi-Shiroles road, province of Limón, Costa Rica, 9°34'50"N, 82°56'44"W, elevation 60 meters. Holotype: UCR 1298-06.1. Paratypes: DZSJRP, FMNH, UCR. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax anai Angulo, Santos, López, Langeani & McMahan 2018. Current status: Valid as Astyanax anai Angulo, Santos, López, Langeani & McMahan 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Sixaola River basin, eastern Costa Rica - western Panama, Central America. Habitat: freshwater.

analis, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:64 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Rockstone, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53041 [ex CM 1466]. Paratypes: (95) BMNH 1911.10.31.396-397 (2), 1917.11.2.2 (1); CAS 44360 [IU 11918] (9), 44361 [IU 11919] (5), 44362 [IU 11920] (1); FMNH 7350-51 (1, 2), 53042-44 (10, 5, 1), 69537 (26); MCZ 29972-73 (2, 1); NMW 69498 (1); CAS-SU 21913-14 (2, 1); USNM 66192 [ex CM] (2, now 1), 66193 (2); ZMA 100973 (1), 101012 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909 -- (Taphorn 1992:200 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:20 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760] as cf. analis, Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus analis Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

andrica, Moenkhausia Reia [L.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2021:3, Figs. 1-4, 6a1-a2, 8 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 99 (no. 4); ref. 38583] Ribeirão Santo Antônio, rio Arinos, rio Tapajós basin, Diamantino, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 14°09'09.2"S, 57°19'10"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125834. Paratypes: LBP, MZUEL, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia andrica Reia, Oliveira & Benine 2021. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia andrica Reia, Oliveira & Benine 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Juruena drainage, Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

angustifrons, Tetragonopterus Regan [C. T.] 1908:172, Pl. 26 (fig. 5) [Biologia Centrali-Americana; ref. 18482] Mexico [probably southern Gulf of Mexico versant]. Lectotype: BMNH 1857.7.31.9. Paralectotypes: BMNH 2016.9.13.1-2 (2). Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1360 [ref. 35414]? •Valid as Astyanax angustifrons (Regan 1908) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1358 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:182 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax angustifrons (Regan 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Campeche and Tabasco (Mexico) south to northern Petén (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

anisitsi, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:16 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Villa Rica [Villarica, Guairá Department, Río Tebicuary] Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 11984 [ex IU 10182] (1 of 3). Paratypes: BMNH 1907.4.27.5-6 (2),1909.6.15.10 (1); CAS 11984 [ex IU 10182] (2 of 3), 44366 [ex IU 9995] (orig. 10, now 7 or less). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:43 [ref. 24147], López et al. 2002:63 [ref. 26808], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:100 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006] in Astyanax clade, Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Chan et al. 2023:138 [ref. 40365], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40506], Koerber 2024:3 [ref. 41228], Zanata et al. 2024:258 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Introduced in Hong Kong (China). Habitat: freshwater.

anterior, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:95 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 89556 [ex MCZ 20768a]. Paralectotypes: CAS 42481 [ex MCZ 20768 and IU 15256] (1). Lectotype selected by Eigenmann 1921:247 [ref. 12359]. •Valid as Astyanax anterior Eigenmann 1908 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Jupiaba anterior (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Terán et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37440], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:14 [ref. 39122], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:22 [ref. 42137], Yunoki et al. 2025:327 [ref. 42013]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba anterior (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

anteroides, Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) Géry [J.] 1965:16, Pl. 1 (figs. 3-4) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] Igarapé Préto, along Upper Amazon, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype: SMF 7255. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0170 (1), 0170b (1); SMF 7255 -56 (1, 1). •Valid as Astyanax anteroides Géry 1965 -- (Géry et al. 1996:10 [ref. 22155], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302]). •Valid as Jupiaba anteroides (Géry 1965) -- (Zanata 1997:122 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:513 [ref. 30674], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba anteroides (Géry 1965). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

antrobius, Anoptichthys Álvarez [J.] 1946:278, Figs. 16-23 [Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, México v. 4 (nos 2-3) (for 1945); ref. 13037] Cavern of El Pachón, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Paratypes: (70) AMNH 16929 (5), ANSP 96645 (3), UMMZ 147324 (4), USNM 132517 (4). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:4 [ref. 19022], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus [complex] (Cuvier 1819) -- (Romero & Paulson 2001:23 [ref. 26040]). •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Miranda-Gamboa et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40047], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). •Synonym of Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:52 [ref. 28992]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

apenima, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] 1997:108, Fig. 7 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 83; ref. 24112] Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Cachimbo, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 48458. Paratypes: MZUSP 28583 (4), 50663 (13). •Valid as Jupiaba apenima Zanata 1997 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:513 [ref. 30674]) Current status: Valid as Jupiaba apenima Zanata 1997. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: Peixoto de Azevedo and Noedori River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aphos, Myxiops Zanata [A. M.] & Akama [A.] 2004:47, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 2); ref. 28007] Rio Lençóis, tributary of rio Paraguaçu, 3 kilometers upstream of Lençóis city, above Cachoeira do Serrano, 12°34'S, 41°22'W, Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 81026. Paratypes: MCP 35007 (3), MZUSP 81025 (22, 4 c&s). •Valid as Deuterodon aphos (Zanata & Akama 2004) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258]). •Valid as Myxiops aphos Zanata & Akama 2004 -- (Menezes & Marinho 2019:12 [ref. 36822], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541] in Stygichthyinae). Current status: Valid as Myxiops aphos Zanata & Akama 2004. Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Lençóis River drainage, Bahia (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

apiaka, Aphyodite Esguícero [A. L. H.] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2017:758, Figs. 2B, 5, 6 [Copeia v. 105 (no. 4); ref. 35694] Ressaca (wetlands) of Lago Jenipapo, Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, Nova Aripuanã Municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil, 06°09'08"S, 60°13'29"W. Holotype: INPA 52541. Paratypes: INPA, LIRP. •Valid as Hemigrammus apiaka (Esguícero & Castro 2017) -- (Melo et al. 2024:23 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus apiaka (Esguícero & Castro 2017). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã drainage, lower Rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

apiaka, Astyanax Ferreira [K. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Ribeiro [A. C.], Flausino Junior [N.], Machado [F. A.] & Mirande [J. M.] 2023:2, Figs. 1-3 [Canadian Journal of Zoology In press; ref. 40133] Rio Cabeça de Boi, tributary of rio Apiacás, rio Teles Pires basin, municipality of Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 10°22'08"S, 56°55'55"W. Holotype: CPUFMT 7654. Paratypes: CPUFMT, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Astyanax apiaka Ferreira, Lima, Ribeiro, Flausino Junior, Machado & Mirande 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax apiaka Ferreira, Lima, Ribeiro, Flausino Junior, Machado & Mirande 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Apiacás drainage, Rio Teles Pires basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aramburui, Astyanax Protogino [L. C.], Miquelarena [A. M.] & López [H. L.] 2006:2, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa No. 1297; ref. 28780] Villaguay Creek at Balneario, 31°55'S, 59°03'W, Gualeguay River basin, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. Holotype: CFA-IC 11712 (ILPLA 1712). Paratypes: CFA-IC [ILPLA] 569 (13), 1709 (4, 2 c&s), 11710 [1710] (7), 11711 [1711] (5, 1 c&s), 11713 [1713] (4); MLP 9672 (1, not 2). Type catalog: Koerber 2007:2 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena et al. 2009:29-30 [ref. 34389], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:4 [ref. 33466], Bogan et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37088]. •Probably a synonym of Astyanax rutilus Jenyns 1842 -- (Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813]). •Valid as Astyanax aramburui Protogino, Miquelarena & López 2006 -- (Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax aramburui Protogino, Miquelarena & López 2006. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay river basins, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

argentatus, Astyanax Baird [S. F.] & Girard [C. F.] 1854:27 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 168] Upper tributaries of Nueces River, Texas, U.S.A. Lectotype: BMNH 1883.12.14.107. Paralectotypes: MCZ 858 [ex USNM] (3), USNM 869 (28). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022] dated 1855. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1363 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard 1854 -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1361 [ref. 35414], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:183 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax argentatus Baird & Girard 1854. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: northeastern and northern-central Mexico, and Texas (U.S.A.). Habitat: freshwater.

argenteus, Oligosarcus Günther [A.] 1864:353 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1967.1.24.1-2 (2). •Valid as Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864 -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:22 [ref. 20060], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Doce, Das Velhas and upper Paraná River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

argentum, Astyanax Salgado [F. L. K.] 2021:7, Figs. 1-2, 5A, 6A, 7A [Núcleo do Conhecimento [Nucleus of Knowledge, multidisciplinary Scientific Journal] v. 10; ref. 38807] Cachoeira de Emas, Mogi-Guaçu River, Pirassununga, São Paulo State, Brazil, 21°55'38"S, 47°22'04"W. Holotype: MNRJ 23103. Paratypes: MNRJ 23103 (5). Plus additional non-type material. Specific name treated by us as a noun. Named argentums in Fig. 8 and etymology. •Valid as Psalidodon argentum (Salgado 2021). •Possibly a synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) sensu lato. Current status: Valid as Psalidodon argentum (Salgado 2021). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Mogi-Guaçu River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

argyrimarginatus, Astyanax Garutti [V.] 1999:586, Fig. 1 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 59 (no. 4); ref. 24920] Aragarças, Córrego Jaraguá, Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Brazil, about 15°55'S, 52°15'W. Holotype: MZUSP 48268 [? 18592]. Paratypes: MZUSP 4813 (10), 26518 (4), 48269-71 (4, 2, 2). •Valid as Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti 1999 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:372 [ref. 30985], Andrade et al. 2012:802 [ref. 41119], Freitas et al. 2015:190 [ref. 34055]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax argyrimarginatus Garutti 1999. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

arianae, Hyphessobrycon Uj [A.] & Géry [J.] 1989:148, Figs. 2-4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 96 (no. 1); ref. 16287] Río Güyraugua, tributary of Río Monday, 3 kilometers east of Juan Frutos, Caaguazu, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2412.79. Paratypes: MHNG 2412.80-81 (34, 4 c&s). Type catalog: Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry 1989 -- (Almirón & Casciotta 1999:345 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267], Lima et al. 2024:183 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon arianae Uj & Géry 1989. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

ariel, Priocharax Weitzman [S. H.] & Vari [R. P.] 1987:641, Figs. 1-5 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 100 (no. 3); ref. 6055] Caño Manu, tributary of River Casiquiare, Río Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela, 2°00'N, 66°57'W. Holotype: MBUCV-V-15340. Paratypes: (1758) AMNH 57007-08 (25, 1); BMNH 1986.2.4.1-25 (25); CAS 57944 (25); FMNH 96689 (25); MBUCV-V-15341 (100); MCP; MCZ 63031 (25); MHNG; MNHN 1986-0303; MZUSP; NRM 28629 (50); NMW 81788 (25); UMMZ 213500 (35, 10 c&s); USNM 272613 thru 272619 (1249, 40 c&s; now 5 in MZUSP 55142). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:34 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:491 [ref. 23140], Provenzano et al. 1998:14 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Priocharax ariel Weitzman & Vari 1987 -- (Géry & Römer 1997:70 [ref. 23712], Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001:1062 [ref. 25823], Lucena & Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:204 [ref. 27061], Toledo-Piza et al. 2014:237 [ref. 33370], Mattox et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37712], Mattox et al. 2021:15 [ref. 38426], Mattox et al. 2022:598 [ref. 39274], Mattox et al. 2023:15 [ref. 39984], Mattox et al. 2024:547 [ref. 41562]). Current status: Valid as Priocharax ariel Weitzman & Vari 1987. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Negro and Orinoco River basins (Venezuela and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ariporo, Pristella Conde-Saldaña [C. C.], Albornoz-Garzón [J. G.], García-Melo [J. E.], Villa-Navarro [F. A.], Mirande [J. M.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2019:440, Figs. 1-3 [Copeia v. 107 (no. 3); ref. 36937] Río Ariporo, La Porfía, Maní, Departamento Casanare, Colombia, 06°00'37"N, 71°17'32"W, elevation 160 meters. Holotype: CZUT-IC 19972. Paratypes: ANSP, CI-FML, CZUT-IC, IAVHP, ZUEC. Plus adiitional non-type material. •Valid as Pristella ariporo Conde-Saldaña, Albornoz-Garzón, García-Melo, Villa-Navarro, Mirande & Lima 2019 -- (Lima et al. 2021:344 [ref. 38293], Lima 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Pristella ariporo Conde-Saldaña, Albornoz-Garzón, García-Melo, Villa-Navarro, Mirande & Lima 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Meta River drainage, Orinoco basin, Casanare, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

armandoi, Astyanax Lozano-Vilano [M. de L.] & Contreras-Balderas [S.] 1990:97, Figs. 2 (top), 3a [Universidad y Ciencia v. 7 (no. 14); ref. 20678] Penjamo, near Palenque, Chiapas [actually Tabasco], Usumacinta basin, Mexico, 17°28'N, 91°36'W. Holotype: UANL 6380. Paratypes: AMNH 47835 (2); BMNH 1990.6.23.1-2 (2); IBUNAM-P 3240 (2); IPN uncat (2); MNHN uncat (2); TNHC 17640 (2); TU 157268 (2); UANL 6202 (29), 6378 (6, c&s), 6346 (orig. 13), 6381 (1, c&s); UMMZ 215480 (2); USNM 308113 (2). Type catalog: Bart & Taylor 1993:31 [ref. 20906], Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Astyanax armandoi Lozano-Vilano & Contreras-Balderas 1990 -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:24 [ref. 22290], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Miller et al. 2006:155 [ref. 28615]). •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Schmitter-Soto et al. 2008:409 [ref. 29633]). •Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1384 [ref. 35414], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

armstrongi, Hemigrammus Schultz [L. P.] & Axelrod [H. R.] 1955:5, Fig. (p. 4) [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 3 (no. 3) (for Jan.-Feb. 1955); ref. 12112] Near Georgetown, Guyana. Holotype: USNM 163868. Paratypes: USNM 163869 (20). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin 1909 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:133 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Zarske 2011:10 [ref. 31376]). Current status: Synonym of Hemigrammus rodwayi Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Habitat: freshwater.

arua, Hemigrammus Lima [F. C. T.], Wosiacki [W. B.] & Ramos [C. S.] 2009:154, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30248] Lago São Francisco do Alto Aruã, tributary of rio Arapiuns, tributary of rio Tapajós, 2°36.4'S, 55°54'21'W, município de Juruti, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MPEG 14755. Paratypes: (many) at ANSP, INPA, MPEG, MZUS. •Valid as Hemigrammus arua Lima, Wosiacki & Ramos 2009 -- (Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus arua Lima, Wosiacki & Ramos 2009. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

asuncionensis, Astyanax bimaculatus Géry [J.] 1972:3 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 7; ref. 21270] Rio Paraguay and upper Rio Tocantins. Syntypes: (179) CAS 38987-96 and 38999 [ex IU 10005-10010, 10239, 10241-43, 10293] (44), 38997 [IU 10244] (1), 38998 [ex IU 10247] (1), 39000 [ex IU 11083] (1); FMNH 54643-49 [ex CM 3280-3286] (8, 9, 5, 2, 10, 1, 2); CM 3274 and 3287 missing. Replacement name for Astyanax (Poecilurichthys) bimaculatus paraguayensis Eigenmann 1921, secondarily preoccupied in Astyanax by Bertoniolus paraguayensis Fowler 1918. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Miquelarena et al. 1997:66 [ref. 23469], Garutti & Britski 1997:225 [ref. 23650], Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:258 [ref. 26608], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720]). •Valid as Astyanax asuncionensis Géry 1972 -- (Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Casciotta et al. 2003:93 [ref. 28130], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:375 [ref. 30985], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Azpelicueta et al. 2010:2 [ref. 41139], Mirande 2010:519 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:784 [ref. 31078], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117]). •Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:104 [ref. 34169], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

asymmetricus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:94 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20763 (2), 20766 (1). •Valid as Astyanax asymmetricus Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Zanata 1997:124 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:277 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:66 [ref. 30519], Zanata & Ohara 2009:517 [ref. 30674], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

atahualpianus, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1907:436, Fig. 36 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 58 (for 1906); ref. 1374] Near Pebas, Peru. Holotype: ANSP 21435. Paratypes: ANSP 21436 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Moenkhausia atahualpiana (Fowler 1907) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia atahualpiana (Fowler 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

ataktos, Hemigrammus Marinho [M. M. F.], Dagosta [F. C. P.] & Birindelli [J. L. O.] 2014:258, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33372] Tocantins State, Natividade, córrego Cocal on road TO-280, rio Manoel Alves drainage, rio Tocantins basin, 11°42’50.2"S, 47°35’40.2"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 113725. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MZUEL, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus non-type material at CAS. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:439 [ref. 35588]. Appeared as Hyphessobrycon on p. 258, correction in Dagosta et al. 2016:257 [ref. 34377]. •Valid as Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Dagosta & Birindelli 2014 -- (Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus ataktos Marinho, Dagosta & Birindelli 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: middle Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

atencioi, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:7, Figs. 2A, 5A, 7A, 9A, 11B [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 80; ref. 39810] Quebrada Santa Cruz, afluente del Río Tigre, parte alta del Río Sinú, PNN- Paramillo, municipio de Tierralta, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Holotype: CAR 966. Paratypes: CAR 487 (1). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon atencioi Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon atencioi Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Río Tigre drainage, Río Sinú basin, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atratoensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:28, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Río Truando, Río Atrato basin, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 1659 (missing). Paratypes: CAS 38962 [ex IU 11488] (1); USNM 1659 (1, perhaps the holotype), USNM 306566 [ex USNM 1659] (4). See discussion on types in Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022] but they were unaware of the specimen at CAS. •Valid as Astyanax atratoensis Eigenmann 1907 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31365], Torres-Mejia et al. 2012:505 [ref. 32312], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1340 [ref. 35414], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Ctenobrycon atratoensis (Eigenmann 1907). Current status: Valid as Ctenobrycon atratoensis (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Atrato River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

atypindi, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] 1997:111, Fig. 8 [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 83; ref. 24112] Igarapé Jaramacaru, tributary of River Cuminá, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 17809. Paratypes: MCZ 147880 (20); MZUSP 17740 (26), 50666 (258); USNM 342069 (20); plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Jupiaba atypindi Zanata 1997 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:64 [ref. 30519], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba atypindi Zanata 1997. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Negro River and some of its tributaries: Urarocoera, Surumu, and Cuminá rivers (Brazil, Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

aubynei, Pristella Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:24 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Lama Stop-off, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52698 [ex CM 1042]. Paratypes: (274) ANSP 39092 (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.252-257 (6); CAS 62409-11 (25, 11, 6); FMNH 7439 (6), 52699-700 (2, 6, 5), 53524 (10), 71228 (103); MCZ 30028 (5); NMW 56601 (6); CAS-SU 21939 (6); USNM 66268 (6), 120427 (1); ZMA 100254 (4). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:24 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:69 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:34 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Parapristella aubynei (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Parapristella aubynei (Eigenmann 1909). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: coastral drainages (Guyana) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

auca, Hyphessobrycon Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.], Bechara [J. A.] & Ruíz Díaz [F. J.] 2004:674, Figs. 1-7 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 3); ref. 27987] Pond in San Juán Poriahú farm, Esteros del Iberá, Corrientes, Argentina, 27°41'53"S, 57°12'17"W. Holotype: MACN 8647. Paratypes: AI 129 (6, 1 c&s); MLP 10455 [ex Al 130] (5); MHNG 2644.023 (4). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:5 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruíz Díaz 2004 -- (Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Miquelarena & López 2010:5 [ref. 30749], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:5 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon auca Almirón, Casciotta, Bechara & Ruíz Díaz 2004. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Esteros del Iberá wetlands, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

aurantia, Moenkhausia Bertaco [V. A.], Jerep [F. C.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2011:30, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 2934; ref. 31403] Córrego Kavanca at fazenda Kavanca, upper rio Tocantins basin, 13°41'34"S, 46°57'45"W, Nova Roma, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: UFRGS 13619. Paratypes: INPA 34990 (8); MCP 45865 (8); MZUSP 107827 (8); UFRGS 11224 (15), 11251 (23, 5 c&s); UNT 10052 (8). •Valid as Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta & Marinho 2016:[7] [ref. 34498], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Deprá et al. 2018:94 [ref. 36283], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817], Reia et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40849]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia aurantia Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: rio Paraná drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

aurora, Moenkhausia Reia [L.], Silva [G. S. C.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2024:5, Figs. 1-3A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 40849] Rio Culuene, upper rio Xingu basin, municipality of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°38'21.2"S, 53°55'35.3"W. Holotype: LBP 34895. Paratypes: ANSP, LBP, MNRJ, MZUEL, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia aurora Reia, Silva, Oliveira & Benine 2024. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia aurora Reia, Silva, Oliveira & Benine 2024. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Culuene River drainage, upper Xingu basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

australe, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Arroyos Trementina and Chagalalina, Argentina; Brazil [probably Río Aquidaban, Concepcion, Paraguay]. Lectotype: CAS 70818. Paralectotype: CAS 70819 (1). Lectotype selected by Reia et al. 2019:224 [ref. 37037]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner 1907) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:150 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:16 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Moenkhausia australe Eigenmann 1908 -- (Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Dickens 2019:165 [ref. 37135]). •Valid as Moenkhausia australis Eigenmann 1908 -- (Reia et al. 2019:218 [ref. 37037], Mirande et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37445], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582], Koerber 2024:3 [ref. 41228], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Bario australis (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Koerber et al. 2024:2 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:27 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Bario australis (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: La Plata basin in lower portion of upper Paraná basin (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Misiones, Argentina), Rio Paraguai and Rio Uruguai basins, and Amazon basin at upper Rio Madeira basin (Rio Guaporé and Rio Mamoré) (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Aphyocharax Travassos [H.] 1959:6, Figs. 1-3 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 7 (no. 7); ref. 12035] Near Piarco airport, Trinidad Island, West Indies. Holotype: MNRJ 9120. Paratypes: MNRJ 9121 (1), 9122-30 (9). Non-types: ?USNM 177553 (1, missing). Possible paratype was at USNM (see Vari & Howe 1991:5 [ref. 19022]). Appeared as name and figures in Axelrod 1959:3 [ref. 33314], unavailable. •Valid as Megalamphodus cf axelrodi Travassos 1959 -- (Taphorn 1992:230 [ref. 23654]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos 1959) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:234 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134-135 [ref. 27061], Phillip et al. 2013:17 [ref. 32896], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Conde-Saldaña et al. 2019:444 [ref. 36937] possibly in Pristella, Lima et al. 2021:345 [ref. 38293], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon axelrodi (Travassos 1959). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island (Trinidad and Tobago), Guyana, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Brittanichthys Géry [J.] 1965:22, Figs. 1-4 + 1 in color [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 13 (no. 6, Feb.); ref. 1585] Bulufu Beach on the Rio Itu, about 80 kilometers upstream from the meeting with Rio Negro, Brazil, about 0°30'S, 63°30'W. Holotype: USNM 198132. Paratypes: CAS 24778 [ex Sacramento State Univ.] (4), Géry coll. (orig. 4), CAS-SU 62136 (4), USNM 198133 (7), ZMA 113850 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:15 [ref. 19236], Vari & Howe 1991:9 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Brittanichthys axelrodi Géry 1965 -- (Malabarba & Weitzman 1999:424 [ref. 24417], Malabarba & Weitzman 2000:278 [ref. 24413], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37634]). Current status: Valid as Brittanichthys axelrodi Géry 1965. Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

axelrodi, Cheirodon Schultz [L. P.] 1956:42, Fig. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 12224] Stream near Tomar, Rio Negro, near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 164483. Paratypes: USNM 164484 (1). Type catalog and locality information: Vari & Howe 1991:14 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956) -- (Fuller et al. 1999:186 [ref. 25838], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:152-153 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:510 [ref. 31006], Marshall et al. 2012:378 [ref. 31785], Ohara et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35144], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37634], Sánchez-Bernal et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40514], Marinho 2024:247 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco and Negro River basins (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

bacalarensis, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1364, Figs. 9b, 22-23 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Southern end of Lake Bacalar, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 250289. Paratypes: ECOCH, UMMZ •Possibly a junior synonym of Astyanax altior Hubbs 1936, but further revision needed -- (Arroyave et al. 2025:11 [ref. 42261]). •Valid as Astyanax bacalarensis Schmitter-Soto 2017 -- (Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:183 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bacalarensis Schmitter-Soto 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Quintana Roo, Caribbean versant of Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) south to Sittie River, Toledo district (Belize), west to Mopán (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

bagual, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Vigo [A. C.] 2015:266, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 33857] Rio Grande do Sul State, Dois Lageados, rio Carreiro downstream to hydroeletric plant PCH Linha Emília, rio Taquari-Antas basin, rio Jacuí drainage, laguna dos Patos system, Brazil, 28°56'30"S, 51°46'30"W. Holotype: UFRGS 19525. Paratypes: MCN, MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo 2015 -- (Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:12 [ref. 39122]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Laguna dos Patos system, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bahiensis, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1877:571 [13] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57251-52 (2, 1). On p. 13 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698] with question). •Valid as Astyanax bahiensis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:120 [ref. 34169]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bahiensis (Steindachner 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Bahia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

baileyi, Bramocharax Rosen [D. E.] 1972:4, Figs. 1-6 [American Museum Novitates No. 2500; ref. 17822] Río San Simon, 6 kilometers west of Chisec, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 30197. Paratypes: AMNH 29415 (2), 30198-99 (now 1, now 5); UMMZ 190495 [ex AMNH 30198] (1), 190763 [ex AMNH 30199] (3). •Valid as Bramocharax baileyi Rosen 1972 -- (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552], Bussing 1998:89 [ref. 24179], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax baileyi (Rosen 1972) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:126 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1367 [ref. 35414], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Quintana 2024:5 [ref. 41186]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax baileyi (Rosen 1972). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Central America: Usumacinta River basin, Alta Verapaz (Guatemala) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

balbus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] 1927:115 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (no. 3); ref. 3096] Planaltina, Lagoa Fervedeira, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 51789 [ex IU 17678a]. Paratypes: ANSP 134780 (1, c&s), CAS 60463 [ex IU 17678] (13), CAS-SU 18069 (10, now 9), MCZ 31570 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon balbus Myers 1927 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:86 [ref. 28297], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Burger et al. 2019:377 [ref. 36718]). •Valid as Psalidodon balbus (Myers 1927) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon balbus (Myers 1927). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

barbouri, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Villa Bella, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20708 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia barbouri Eigenmann 1908 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:145-146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia barbouri Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

barranquilla, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:7, Figs. 1-3, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 9, 10A, 11A, 12-14 [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 76; ref. 39172] Arroyo Grande, afluente del río Magdalena, municipio de Ponedera, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia, elevation 15 meters. Holotype: CAR 950. Paratypes: CAR 926 (22), ICN-MHN (4), Figs. 1-3 have CAR 959 as paratypes. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon barranquilla Ardila Rodríguez 2022 -- (Ardila Rodríguez 2022:15 [ref. 39810]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon barranquilla Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Arroyo Grande drainage, Magdalena River basin, Departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

barrigonae, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] 1914:232 [Indiana University Studies v. 2 (no. 24); ref. 11067] Barrigona, upper Río Meta drainage, Orinoco system, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 44368 [ex IU 13423]. Paratypes: (65) AMNH 5320 (4), CAS 44369 [ex IU 13424] (orig. 61). •Valid as Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:203, 269 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:24 [ref. 28749], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Ota et al. 2014:278 [ref. 33373], Zarske 2015:8 [ref. 33782], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:398 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Reia & Benine 2019:413 [ref. 36527], Ota et al. 2019:345 [ref. 36619], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus barrigonae Eigenmann & Henn 1914. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

bartlettii, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1866:30 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 18 (no. 103) (art. 7); ref. 18187] Upper Amazon River. Syntypes: BMNH 1866.2.15.17-18 (2). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bayleyi, Hyphessobrycon Lima [F. C. T.], Bastos [D. A.], Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] & Ota [R. P.] 2022:254, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 5116 (no. 2); ref. 39116] Igarapé do Palhau, Ramal do Incra, Benjamin Constant, Amazonas, Brazil, 4°24'28"S, 70°1'24"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17121. Paratypes: ANSP, CAS, FMNH, ICNMHN, INPA, LBP, MCP, MCZ, MHNG, MNRJ, MUSM, UF, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bayleyi Lima, Bastos, Rapp Py-Daniel & Ota 2022 -- (Lima et al. 2024:258 [ref. 41835]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bayleyi Lima, Bastos, Rapp Py-Daniel & Ota 2022. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South Amercia: western Amazon basin, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

belizianus, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Mullins River, Belize. Lectotype: MNHN 2016-320. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1907.4.10.3 [ex MNHN] (1), MNHN 0000-5224 and 5225 (12). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:21 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414], confirmed by Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax belizianus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1368 [ref. 35414], Schmitter-Soto 2021:1071 [ref. 38564], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax belizianus (Bocourt 1868). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Central America: Mullins River (central Belize), south to tributaries of Lake Izabal (Guatemala and northern Honduras). Habitat: freshwater.

bellasomniosa, Moenkhausia Soares [I. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Bastos [D. A.] & Rapp Py-Daniel [L. H.] 2019:232, Figs. 1, 2, 4A [Copeia v. 107 (no. 2); ref. 36688] Small tributary of Rio Curicuriari (a tributary of the Rio Negro), São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°14'39"S, 67°03'31"W. Holotype: INPA 49753. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Moenkhausia bellasomniosa Soares, Lima, Bastos & Rapp Py-Daniel 2019. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia bellasomniosa Soares, Lima, Bastos & Rapp Py-Daniel 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Negro basin, Amazonas State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bellottii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57253-55 (13, 9, 9). Species originally spelled belottii [regarded as in error], later spelled as bellottii when described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:34, Pl. 5 [ref. 14353]. The species probably belongs to the Hyphessobryconinae, Faria et al. 2025:14 [ref. 42414]. •Valid as Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Planquette et al. 1996:274 [ref. 22818], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Lima et al. 2025:11 [ref. 41903], Faria et al. 2025:9 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus bellottii (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, French Guiana, Guyana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

beninei, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.] & Soares [I. M.] 2018:70, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4461 (no. 1); ref. 36077] Igarapé at km 20 of the road between São Gabriel da Cachoeira and Cucuí, São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil, 0°2'59"S, 66°57'48"W. Holotype: ZUEC 16838. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, MZUSP. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia beninei Lima & Soares 2018 -- (Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia beninei Lima & Soares 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Upper Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bentosi, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Amazon River at Obidos, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (21) CAS 42682 [ex IU 12654 & MCZ 20995] (3), MCZ 20842 (15), USNM 120270 [ex MCZ 20842a] (3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Author is M. L. Durbin. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:239 [ref. 23654], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:226 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:145 [ref. 24509], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:150 [ref. 24506], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Hein 2009:9 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Zarske 2014:143 [ref. 33403], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:38 [ref. 39235] unconfirmed, Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). •Valid as Megalamphodus bentosi (Durbin 1908) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus bentosi (Durbin 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

bifasciatus, Astyanax Garavello [J. C.] & Sampaio [F. A. A.] 2010:856, Fig. 6 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 70 (no. 3); ref. 31053] Rio Iguaçu, marginal pools at Avenida das Torres, at side of Reserva do Cambuí, São José dos Pinhais, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105961. Paratypes: many at LISDEBE, MHNCI, MZUSP. •Valid as Astyanax bifasciatus Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736], Neves et al. 2020:95 [ref. 37298]). •Valid as Psalidodon bifasciatus (Garavello & Sampaio 2010) -- (Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon bifasciatus (Garavello & Sampaio 2010). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Iguaçu basin and upper Ruio Paraná basin (Brazil and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

bifasciatus, Hyphessobrycon Ellis [M. D.] 1911:156, Pls. 2 (fig. 4), 3 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Parahyba at Campos, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54404 [ex CM 3026]. Paratypes and non-types: (201) CAS 51790 [ex IU 13276] (5), CAS 51791 [ex IU 13284] (5), FMNH 15041-45 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 54302 (42), 54374 (22), 54405-10 (35, 2, 1, 2, 79, 13), 96014 (1, allotype). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911 -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & López 2010:5 [ref. 30749], Mirande 2010:514 [ref. 31006], Zanata & Camelier 2010:776 [ref. 31077], Zarske 2011:10 [ref. 31376], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Ingenito et al. 2013:42 [ref. 32568], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2018:[11] [ref. 35863], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Silva-Sene et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41784], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: coastal river drainages from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul States and upper Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bilineata, Hasemania Ellis [M. D.] 1911:150, Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Alto da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54383 [ex CM 2937 or 3004]. Paratypes: CAS 44313 [ex IU 13285] (2), FMNH 54300 (6). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305] with type as 3001, Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis 1911) -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:121 [ref. 27061], Langeani & Serra 2010:728 [ref. 31075], Serra & Langeani 2015:[1] [ref. 33944], Reis et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34496]). Current status: Valid as Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Tietê and rio Itatinga drainages, São Paulo State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

bimaculatus, Salmo Linnaeus [C.] 1758:311 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] South America [Suriname drainages]. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.34 (1), ?NRM 7236 (2). Type catalog and putative lectotype: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:215 [ref. 20707]. Type information: Wheeler 1989:210, Fig. 2A [ref. 21873]. •Mention -- (Malabarba 1989:128 [ref. 14217], Prioli et al. 2002:422 [ref. 26816]). •Valid as Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1991:46 [ref. 21021], Taphorn 1992:110 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:248 [ref. 22818], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Garutti & Britski 1997:225 [ref. 23650], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Sverlij et al. 1998:20 [ref. 27632], Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Marín 2000:67 [ref. 26252], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as cf. bimaculatus, González-Carcacía & López-Rojas 2002:1 [ref. 28363], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Garutti 2003:6 [ref. 27817], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:371 [ref. 30985], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Lucena et al. 2013:540 [ref. 32914], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496] as aff. bimaculatus, Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321] as aff. bimaculatus, Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:269 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698] not Argentina, Lucena & Soares 2016:121 [ref. 34169], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Melo et al. 2016:132 [ref. 34701], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966] as aff. bimaculatus, Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145] as aff. bimaculatus, Schmitter-Soto 2017:1340 [ref. 35414], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Costa et al. 2017:44 [ref. 35684] as aff. bimaculatus, Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809] as aff. bimaculatus, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Chuctaya et al. 2022:17 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:36 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:13 [ref. 41297], Ruiz-C et al. 2023:117 [ref. 39815], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759] as cf. bimaculatus, Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760] as aff. bimaculatus, Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258] as aff, bimaculatus, Zanata & Bertaco 2024:96 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Suriname, Guyana, and Amazon basin (Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

biotae, Astyanax Castro [R. M. C.] & Vari [R. P.] 2004:331, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 117 (no. 3); ref. 27972] Upper rio Paraná system, Rio Paranapanema basin, Município de Diamante do Norte, Fazenda Água Mole, 22°38'31.7"S, 52°48'59.0"W, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 4009. Paratypes: LIRP 2734 (15), 4021 (2 c&s), 4276 (34); MZUSP 79807 (10); USNM 373492 (15). •Valid as Astyanax biotae Castro & Vari 2004 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). •Valid as Psalidodon biotae (Castro & Vari 2004) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon biotae (Castro & Vari 2004). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River system (southeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bipunctialbicaudalis, Astyanax Godoy [M. P. de] 1977:666, Figs. 6-8 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 37 (no. 3); ref. 24840] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo, elevation about 500 meters. Holotype (unique): EEBP 718. •Synonym of Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bleheri, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] & Mahnert [V.] 1986:41, Fig. [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 34 (no. 11); ref. 8088] Middle Rio Negro basin, Brazil (probably near Rio Jufaris). Holotype: MZUSP 37369. Paratypes: MHNG 2179.87 (1), 2179.91 (1), 2179.90 and 2239.51 (5), 2239.52 (1). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hemigrammus bleheri Géry & Mahnert 1986 -- (Taphorn 1992:224 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Mirande 2010:508 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Petitella bleheri (Géry & Mahnert 1986) -- (Bittencourt et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37634], Lima 2024:248 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Petitella bleheri (Géry & Mahnert 1986). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Negro and Meta River drainages, Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bockmanni, Astyanax Vari [R. P.] & Castro [R. M. C.] 2007:151, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2007 (no. 1); ref. 29039] Rio Paranaíba basin, Município de Catalão, Córrego Fundo, just above bridge along dirt road, right hand tributary of Rio São Marcos, 18°07'29"S, 47°43'27"W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: LIRP 5638. Paratypes: LIRP 3401 (4), 4020 (2, c&s); MNRJ 28723 (10); MZUSP 88367 (3); USNM 373495 (10). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Astyanax bockmanni Vari & Castro 2007 -- (Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556]). •Valid as Psalidodon bockmanni (Vari & Castro 2007) -- (Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Brandão et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40464], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon bockmanni (Vari & Castro 2007). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraná River basin, Goiás and Minas Gerais (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

boehlkei, Thayeria Weitzman [S. H.] 1957:391, Fig. 1 [Aquarium Journal v. 28 (no. 11); ref. 11960] No definitive locality [aquarium specimen]. Holotype: CAS-SU 49907. Paratypes: CAS-SU 49908 (5), 49909 (1, c&s). •Valid as Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman 1957 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:10 [ref. 9708], Lima & Moreira in Reis et al. 2003:157 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:508 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Moreira & Lima 2017:146 [ref. 35664], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[11] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:36 [ref. 39235], Moreira 2024:282 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Thayeria boehlkei Weitzman 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon basin, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

boesemani, Hemigrammus micropterus Géry [J.] 1959:251, Fig. 2 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Creek near Sinnamary, northern French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2181.80. Paratypes: (4) ANSP 94717 (1), USNM 179758 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus boesemani Géry 1959 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708]; Géry et al. 1991:59 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:275 bis [ref. 22818], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:23 [ref. 28749], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Melo et al. 2016:132 [ref. 34701], Ota et al. 2019:345 [ref. 36619], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Lima et al. 2022:261 [ref. 39116], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus boesemani Géry 1959. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

bogotensis, Ctenocharax Regan [C. T.] 1907:403 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 20 (no. 119) (art. 52); ref. 3631] Bogota, Colombia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1868.3.4.1. •Synonym of Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821). Acestrorhamphidae: Grundulinae. Habitat: freshwater.

bogotensis, Poecilia Humboldt [F. H. A. von] in Humboldt & Valenciennes 1821:154, 159, Pl. 45 (fig. 1) [Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland v. 2 (Title page 1833); ref. 5612] Plains of Bogota, Colombia. Neotype: ZMB 33306. Possible syntypes: ZMB 3505 (6), 31499 (2). Neotype [perhaps it should have been a lectotype] selected by Román-Valencia et al. 2003:61, 68 [ref. 27035]. Authorship also seen as Humboldt & Valenciennes. •Valid as Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821) -- (Malabarba 1998:228 [ref. 23844], Nico 2001:143 [ref. 25828], Román-Valencia et al. 2003:60 [ref. 27035], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], Román-Valencia et al. 2005:543 [ref. 28433], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:107 [ref. 30946], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt 1821). Acestrorhamphidae: Grundulinae. Distribution: South America: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

bohlkei, Pseudochalceus Orcés V. [G.] 1967:139 [Politécnica [N.S.] v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 28472] Río Palabí, Santiago basin, Esmeraldas Province (Ecuador). Holotype: Author's coll. 5612. Paratypes: (6 + 21 + 6 + 10). •Valid as Pseudochalceus bohlkei Orcés V. 1967 -- (Zarske & Géry 2006:37 [ref. 28750] as boehlkei, Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:777 [ref. 33026], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Griesbaum et al. 2025:3 [ref. 42462], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:149 [ref. 34894]). Current status: Valid as Pseudochalceus bohlkei Orcés V. 1967. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: Santiago River basin (Ecuador). IUCN (2016): Data Deficient. Habitat: freshwater.

bolivianus, Acestrorhamphus Fowler [H. W.] 1940:53, Figs. 7-8 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 92; ref. 1436] Former farm ‘Monte Bello’, río Lipeo approximately 2 km upstream from confluence with río Bermejo, Lipeo hamlet, Los Toldos municipality, Santa Victoria department, Salta Province, Argentina. 22°26'50"S, 64°32'54"W. Holotype: ANSP 68814. Paratypes: ANSP 68815-31 (17), 79790 (7). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. Type locality changed from Bolivia to Argentina; see Mirande & Koerber 2015 [ref. 33698], Koerber 2022:107 [ref. 39426]. •Valid as Oligosarcus bolivianus (Fowler 1940) -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:26 [ref. 20060], Braga 1994:20 [ref. 27878], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Mirande 2010:497 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus bolivianus (Fowler 1940). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Lipeo River drainage, Paraguay River basin, Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

boliviensis, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:10, Fig. 5 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Madeira-Beni-Madidi-Candelaria River drainages, Candelaria River at La Candelaria, Amazon River basin, Iturralde Province, Bolivia, 13°35'21.88"S, 68°41'31.06"W, elevation 304 meters. Holotype: CBF 13504. Paratypes: CBF, UMSS. •Valid as Astyanax boliviensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018 -- (Ruiz-C. et al. 2023:199 [ref. 40361]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax boliviensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Madeira River drainage, western Amazon River basin, Bolivia and Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

bondi, Phenacogaster Fowler [H. W.] 1911:419, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63; ref. 1383] Corisal, Venezuela. Holotype: ANSP 37863. Paratypes: ANSP 37864 (1), 37865 (1, missing); CM [ex ASNP 37866] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:43 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Gymnocorymbus bondi (Fowler 1911) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2015:10 [ref. 33792], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Taphorn et al. 2022:14 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Gymnocorymbus bondi (Fowler 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia, Guyana and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

bonita, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Sabino [J.] 2004:68, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2004 (no. 1); ref. 27502] Rio Baía Bonita, 21°09'S, 56°25'W, Parque Baía Bonita, "Aguáio Natural", upper Rio Miranda, Rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 79805. Paratypes: LIRP 4273 (5), 4274 (3), 4277 (2, c&s); MCP 30686 (3); MZUSP 79806 (4); ZUEC 5972 (3). •Valid as Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino 2004 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Dickens 2019:165 [ref. 37135], Koerber et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Loureiro et al. 2023:68 [ref. 40506], Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023], Koerber 2024:3 [ref. 41228], Marinho & Benine 2024:223 [ref. 40817], Reia et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40849]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia bonita Benine, Castro & Sabino 2004. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and upper Paraná River basins (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bopiensis, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:16, Fig. 7 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Lower Bopi, Colorado River, Bolivia. Lectotype: CAS 38955 [ex IU 17323]. Paratypes: CAS 236977. Replacement name for Astyanacinus multidens Pearson 1924, secondarily preoccupied in Astyanax by Astyanax multidens Eigenmann 1908, but no longer needed as both species are again in different genera (ICZN Art. 59.4). Catalog number for lectotype selection was miscited as CAS 39955. •Valid as Astyanax bopiensis Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. •Synonym of Astyanacinus multidens Pearson 1924 -- (Dagosta 2024:93 [ref. 40817] unneeded replacement name). •Synonym of Astyanax multidens (Pearson 1924) [unneeded replacement name]. Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Astyanax multidens (Pearson 1924). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

borealis, Astyanax bimaculatus var. Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Magdalena and Cauca, Colombia. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown, probably lost. Based on Tetragonopterus maculatus specimens identified by Steindachner 1878:42 and 1880:21. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920]). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:120 [ref. 34169], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:110 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Uncertain. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

borealis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.], Le Bail [P.-Y.] & Géry [J.] 2006:25, Figs. 7-10 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28749] Crique St. Anne, Mana, French Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 2006-0787. Paratypes: Géry coll. (7) and (4); IRSNB 837-866 (30), 20947 (6); MNHN 2006-0788 (30), 2006-0789 (3); MTD F 28805-28814 (10), 28843-28852 (10). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 2006 -- (Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon borealis Zarske, Le Bail & Géry 2006. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

boulengeri, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:15 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): CAS 44379 [ex IU 11073]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Malabarba 1989:134 [ref. 14217], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:86 [ref. 28297], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565] dated 1918 without parentheses, dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Giora & Wingert 2023:134 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon boulengeri (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: coastal river drainages of Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

bourgeti, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:95 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 89557 [ex MCZ 20768b]. •Valid as Astyanax bourgeti Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559] as boulengeri, Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bourgeti Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Upper Amazon River basin (Brazil and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

brachycephalus, Xiphorhamphus Cope [E. D.] 1894:84, Pl. 4 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21728. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21917 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratype. Lectotype established by Fowler 1907:460 [ref. 1374]. •Synonym of Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864) -- (Menezes 1987:24 [ref. 20060], Malabarba 1989:137 [ref. 14217], Braga 1994:22 [ref. 27878], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

brachypterygium, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2001:228, Figs. 9-10 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 25645] Bom Jesus, arroio Agua Branca, 28°36'S, 50°24'W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, elevation 1050 meters. Holotype: MCP 26094. Paratypes: MCP 8627 (1, c&s), 11661 (5), 14367 (24), 14391 (26, 5 c&s), 22296 (10); MZUSP 62713 (20); NMW 94544 (20); UFRGS 4950 (20); USNM 364303 (20). •Valid as Astyanax brachypterygium Bertaco & Malabarba 2001 -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Lucena et al. 2013:231 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587] as brachypterygyrium). •Valid as Psalidodon brachypterygium (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001) -- (Silva et al. 2025:7 [ref. 41855]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon brachypterygium (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay and Jacuí River basins (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

bransfordii, Bramocharax Gill [T. N.] in Gill & Bransford 1877:190 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 29; ref. 1714] Lake Nicaragua, Nicaragua. Lectotype: USNM 16885. Paralectotypes: USNM 437594 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:9 [ref. 19022]. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414]? •Valid as Bramocharax bransfordii Gill 1877 -- (Villa 1982:102 [ref. 36708], Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552] as bransfordi, Bussing 1987:72 [ref. 22927], Bussing 1998:88 [ref. 24179], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:497 [ref. 31006], Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194]). •Valid as Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:129 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414], Angulo et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35879], Angulo et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Central America: Lake Nicaragua and tributaries (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). Habitat: freshwater.

brevimanus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:325 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Río San Gerónimo, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.26.388. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1864.1.24.177 (3), BMNH 2016.9.13.3-4 (2). Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1376 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151], Page et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:183 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America, Middle America: Highlands of eastern Oaxaca and Chiapas (Mexico), south and east to Quiché and Baja Verapaz (Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

brevioris, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] 1990:10, Fig. 2 [Boletim de Zoologia, Universidad de São Paulo v. II [for 1987]; ref. 20060] Arroio Cachoeirinha, bacia do Rio Pelotas, Munic. Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, about 28°40'S, 50°40'W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37508. Paratypes: MCP 6486 (17), 10968 (5); MZUSP 36489 (19), 36492-93 (4, 2); USNM 278960 (17), 278965 (2). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:486 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Oligosarcus brevioris Menezes 1990 -- (Braga 1994:19 [ref. 27878], Gómez & Chebez 1996:48 [ref. 23791], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:29 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817] dated 1987). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus brevioris Menezes 1990. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Uruguay River basin, Argentina and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

brevirhinus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Jequitinhonha, along the Jequitinhonha Valley, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 20905. •Valid as Astyanax brevirhinus Eigenmann 1908 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248], Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevirhinus Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Jequitinhonha River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevis, Hemigrammus Ellis [M. D.] 1911:161, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Lagôas of Rio Grande at Barreiras, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54444 [ex CM 3068]. Paratypes: (38) ?CAS 44380 [ex IU 13290 & CM 3071] (8), FMNH 54434 (28), 54445-46 (7, 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemigrammus brevis Ellis 1911 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40665], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus brevis Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brevispina, Poptella Reis [R. E.] 1989:37, Fig. 22 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 2 (no. 6); ref. 14219] Igarapé Apeu, Boa Vista, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 38562. Paratypes: ANSP (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.416 (1), 1973.10.15.28-29 (2), 1974.5.22.458-460 (3); CAS 66873-74 (5, 3); FMNH 7475 (1), 53469 (5), 53716 (4), 82627 (3); MCP 13526 (3); MCZ 46050 (6); MZUSP 19362 (10), 19368 (1), 19527 (3), 19544 (15, not 13), 19675 (11, not 10), 20339 (2), 20568 (10); CAS-SU 21859 (1), 21867 (1); UMMZ 215339-42 (1, 1, 3, 3); USNM; ZMA. Plus additional paratypes at MCP, MCZ, MZUSP. Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:490-491 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Poptella brevispina Reis 1989 -- (Géry et al. 1991:60 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:236 [ref. 22818], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35695], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019:7 [ref. 36770], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089], Taphorn et al. 2022:19 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Poptella brevispina Reis 1989. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco, Kurobrong, Oiapoque and Xingu River basins (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

brevoortii, Poecilurichthys Gill [T. N.] 1858:417 [57] [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13, art. 38); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Syntypes: USNM 1113 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:34 [ref. 19022]. On p. 57 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698] with question). •Valid as Astyanax brevoortii (Gill 1858) -- (Ruiz-C et al. 2023:118 [ref. 39815]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brevoortii (Gill 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Trinidad Island, West Indies. Habitat: freshwater.

britskii, Moenkhausia Azevedo-Santos [V. M.] & Benine [R. C.] 2016:204, Figs. 1, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 92 (no. 2); ref. 34837] Rio Içá, approximately 60 km above its mouth, Santo Antônio do Içá Municipality, Amazonas, Brazil, 3°0'7.68"S, 69°2'49.52"W. Holotype: MZUSP 120691. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Içá River, Amazon basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

britzi, Priocharax Mattox [G. M. T.], Souza [C. S.], Toledo-Piza [M.] & Oliveira [C.] 2021:5, Figs. 1-6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 2): e210048; ref. 38426] Small lake approximately 400 m from the rio Ipixuna, after bridge crossing this river, on the right side of the Transamazônica Road (BR-230) going from Humaitá to Lábrea, upper Purus basin, Canutama, Amazonas, Brazil, 07°31'11.46"S, 63°20'59.58"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125822. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP, UFRO. •Valid as Priocharax britzi Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza & Oliveira 2021 -- (Mattox et al. 2023:15 [ref. 39984], Mattox et al. 2024:547 [ref. 41562], Lopez et al. 2025:19 [ref. 42251]). Current status: Valid as Priocharax britzi Mattox, Souza, Toledo-Piza & Oliveira 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Ipixuna drainage, upper Purus basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

browni, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:13 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Atuataima Falls, Potaro River, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52732 [ex CM]. Paratypes: (119, CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.239-140 (2)/.241-242 (2)/.243 (1); CAS 61560 [ex IU 11712] (5), 61629 [ex IU 11713] (3), 61792 [ex IU 11714] (10), 62040 [ex IU 11715] (1); FMNH 7488-90 (2, 1, 2), 52677-81 (3, 10, 1, 2, 1), 52684 (1), 53517 (5), 69585 (6), 71293 (18), 52733 (1); MCZ 30012 (2), 30014 (1); NMW 56188-89 (1, 1); CAS-SU 21830 (1), 21924-25 (2, 2); USNM 66238 (2); ZMA 110639 (1), 110649 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:66 [ref. 12305] as CM 1004, Böhlke 1953:25 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:22 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:57 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia browni Eigenmann 1909 -- (Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia browni Eigenmann 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Potaro River drainage (Guyana): Río Vaupés (Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

brucutu, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Di Dario [F.] & Gerhard [P.] 2017:493, Figs. 1-8 [Zootaxa 4232 (no. 4); ref. 35145] Iraquara, Fazenda Pratinha, rio Pratinha, tributary of rio Santo Antônio, rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia State, Brazil, 12°21'13"S, 41°32'51"W. Holotype: ZUEC 12765. Paratypes: ANSP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NPM, UFBA, ZUEC. •Valid as Astyanax brucutu Zanata, Lima, Di Dario & Gerhard 2017 -- (Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax brucutu Zanata, Lima, Di Dario & Gerhard 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

brumado, Hyphessobrycon Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2010:772, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 4); ref. 31077] Rio Brumado, at Ponte do Coronel, rio de Contas drainage, 13°29'37.0"S, 41°52'0.6"W, Rio de Contas Municipality, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 101246. Paratypes: MZUSP 105730 (5); UFBA 4340 (13, 1 c&s), 4341 (22, 2 c&s). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier 2010 -- (Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon brumado Zanata & Camelier 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Brumado, tributary of the rio Contas (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

burgerai, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2009:180, Figs. 6-7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30252] Córrego Água Boa on road between Floresta Azul and Almadina, tributary of riacho Pancadinha, itself a tributary of rio Almada, 14°44'42"S, 39°38'40"W, Almadina, Bahia State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 101245. Paratypes: UFBA 4346 (15, 1 c&s). •Valid as Astyanax burgerai Zanata & Camelier 2009 -- (Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809]). •Valid as Deuterodon burgerai (Zanata & Camelier 2009) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon burgerai (Zanata & Camelier 2009). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Almada, coastal drainage, southern Bahia (Brazil) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

bussingi, Hyphessobrycon Ota [R. R.], Carvalho [F. R.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2020:403, Figs. 1-3, 5a, 6a [Zootaxa 4751 (no. 3); ref. 37391] Río Cocolis, 3.5 km southeast of Shiroles, on road Bratsi-Shiroles, Limón, Costa Rica, 09°34'05"N, 82°56'4.92"W. Holotype: UCR 3302-001. Paratypes: MZUSP, NUP, UCR. Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli 2020 -- (Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon bussingi Ota, Carvalho & Pavanelli 2020. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Sixaola River basin, Atlantic coast (Costa Rica), and Changuinola, Guarumo and San San River basins (Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

caballeroi, Bramocharax (Catemaco) Contreras-Balderas [S.] & Rivera-Teillery [R.] 1985:10 [Publicaciones Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autónoma Nueva Leon v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 19552] Northwestern shore of Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype: UANL 5681. Paratypes: AMNH 55679 [ex UANL 2462] (4); ENCB-P-3966 (3); IBUNAM-P (3); TU (3), UANL 2368 (22), 2459 (1), 2462 (146, now 142), 2864 (3), 2949 (39); UMML 200245 (4); USNM 325997 (2). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Bramocharax caballeroi Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985 -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:25 [ref. 22290], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:80 [ref. 27807], Scharpf 2006:14 [ref. 30386], Miller et al. 2006:156 [ref. 28615], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708]). •Valid as Astyanax caballeroi (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1376 [ref. 35414], Ornelas-García et al. 2023:[5] 99 [ref. 40738], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:183 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax caballeroi (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Catemaco Lake basin, southern Veracruz (Mexico) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

cachimbensis, Hyphessobrycon Travassos [H.] 1964:542, Fig. 5 [Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências v. 36 (no. 4); ref. 3712] Rio Cachimbo, Cachimbo, Aeroporto da FAB, 9°22'S, 54°05'W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 9196. Paratypes: MNRJ 9197-98 (1, 1). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos 1964 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Zarske & Géry 2006:47 [ref. 28750], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535] as aff. cachimbensis, Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:248 [ref. 35067], Dagosta et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39143], Lima et al. 2024:185 [ref. 40817], Marinho & Dagosta 2024:4 [ref. 41147]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis Travassos 1964. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Iriri and Teles Pires River drainages, upper Tapajós and Xingu River basins, Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

callistus, Tetragonopterus Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:2 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino v. 15 (no. 370); ref. 14722] Carandosiñho near Corumba, Rio Paraguay, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Syntypes: (numerous) BMNH 1900.4.14.63-68 (6), MSNG 37718 (2), MZUT 1365 (1). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:138 [ref. 21559], Tortonese 1961:182 [ref. 10343]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon callistus (Boulenger 1900) -- (Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Planquette et al. 1996:286 [ref. 22818], Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:224 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:141 [ref. 24509], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:102 [ref. 28130], Hein 2009:2 [ref. 30362], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882). Current status: Synonym of Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Habitat: freshwater.

calliurus, Knodus Ahl [E.] 1931:208, Fig. 2 [Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1931 (nos. 4-7); ref. 16254] Rio Capim basin, Pará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 23684. Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:116 [ref. 22674]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:119 [ref. 22674], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817]). •Mention -- (Ferreira & Lima 2006:637 [ref. 28919], Deprá et al. 2021:24 [ref. 38180]). •Not a synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Marinho & Langeani 2016:347 [ref. 34416]). Current status: Uncertain as Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cambacica, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.], Ohara [W. M.] & Dagosta [F. C. P.] 2021:4, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 2); ref. 38394] Tributary of igarapé Ávila, near BR-364 road, upper rio Machado, rio Madeira basin, Municipality of Vilhena, Rondônia State, Brazil, 12°30'36.9"S, 60°28'20.29"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125792. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia cambacica Marinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia cambacica Marinho, Ohara & Dagosta 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Machado drainage, Rondônia State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cantoi, Hyphessobrycon Faria [T. C.], Guimarães [K. L. A.], Rodrigues [L. R. R.], Oliveira [C.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2021:5, Figs. 1-2, 5A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 19 (no. 1): e200102; ref. 38179] Stream tributary of Lago Verde, lower rio Tapajós basin, Santarém, Pará State, Brazil, 02°31'19"S, 54°54'58"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17228. Paratypes: ANSP, FMNH, INPA, LBP, MPEG, UF, UFOPA, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cantoi Faria, Guimarães, Rodrigues, Oliveira & Lima 2021. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cantoi Faria, Guimarães, Rodrigues, Oliveira & Lima 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: lower Tapajós River drainage and nearby streams, lower Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cardinalis, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] & Weitzman [S. H.] 1956:1 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 12214] Stream near Tomar [Thomar], about 0°25'S, 63°55'S, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: CAS-SU 48710. Paratypes: (10) CAS-SU 48711 (now 5), 48712 (2, c&s). •Synonym of Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956) -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Marinho 2024:247 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz 1956). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Habitat: freshwater.

carolinae, Astyanax Gill [T. N.] 1870:92 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 17630] Río Marañon or Río Napo, Amazon system, Peru or Ecuador. Holotype (unique): USNM 8225. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718] with question). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

caroni, Astyanax Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:120, Figs. 10-13 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 39815] Creek tributary to Tocomita River, east of Guri airport, in pool at culvert, Caroní River drainage, Bolivar State, Venezuela, 7°[?76ꞌ94"]N, 63°08ꞌ06"W. Holotype: MCNG 56440. Paratypes: AUM, IUQ, MBUCV, MCNG. •Valid as Astyanax caroni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax caroni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Caroní River drainage, Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

caru, Hyphessobrycon Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Feitosa [L. M.], Carvalho-Costa [L. F.] & Ottoni [F. P.] 2019:350, Figs. 1, 2a, 3 [Zoosystematics and Evolution v. 95 (no. 2); ref. 36774] Buritizinho River, Pindaré River drainage, Mearim River basin, Buriticupu municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil, 04°22'52"S, 46°30'35"W, Holotype: CICCAA 02286. Paratypes: CICCAA, LIOP.UFAM, UFRJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon caru Guimarães, Brito, Feitosa, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019 -- (Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Koerber et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon caru Guimarães, Brito, Feitosa, Carvalho-Costa & Ottoni 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Pindaré River drainage (Maranhão State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

catablepta, Dermatocheir Durbin [M. L.] 1909:55 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Tumatumari, above the falls, Guyana. Holotype (unique): FMNH 53553 [ex CM 1198]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:31 [ref. 12367]. •Species inquirenda -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin 1909) -- (Moreira et al. 2002:79 [ref. 26068], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon catableptus (Durbin 1909). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Tumatumari (Guyana) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

caucanus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1879:189 [71] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (nos 1-2); ref. 4229] Río Cauca, Colombia. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57372-76 (2, 3, 2, 2, 2); SMNS 2833 (2); ZMUC 993 (1). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:8 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:26 [ref. 29864] dated 1880. •Valid as Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner 1879) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:49 [ref. 31365], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax caucanus (Steindachner 1879). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Ría Cauca, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

caudovittatus, Hemigrammus Ahl [E.] 1923:261, fig. [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 20 (no. 17); ref. 17301] Buenos Aires, Argentina (aquarium import). Syntypes: ZMB (6 + 141). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:110 [ref. 22674]. Misspelled candovittatus by authors. •Mention -- (Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:118 [ref. 22674], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cayennensis, Hemigrammus unilineatus Géry [J.] 1959:248, Fig. 1 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Small freshwater stream on Cayenne Island, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2179.061. Paratypes: (10) ANSP 94715 (1), SMF 5385 (1), USNM 179757 (2), ZMA 101049 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:19 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:25 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus cayennensis Géry 1959 -- (Géry et al. 1991:59 [ref. 21021]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858), but a valid subspecies -- (Planquette et al. 1996:282 [ref. 22818]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:237 [ref. 22743], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35509]). Current status: Synonym of Hemigrammus unilineatus (Gill 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Habitat: freshwater.

celibela, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.] & Langeani [F.] 2010:880, Figs. 1-2 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 77 (no. 4); ref. 30927] Igarapé tributary of the Rio Tapajós, at the bridge of the road between Pimental and Itaituba, 2 km from Pimental, Pará State, Brazil, 4°33'48"S, 56°15'40"W. Holotype: MZUSP 102984. Paratypes: DZSJRP, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFRGS. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:441 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Moenkhausia celibela Marinho & Langeani 2010 -- (Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia celibela Marinho & Langeani 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ceros, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:104 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lake Hyanuary, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 49161. •Valid as Moenkhausia ceros Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia ceros Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

changae, Hemigrammus Ota [R. P.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Hidalgo [M. H.] 2019:336, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4577 (no. 2); ref. 36619] Aguajal Pozo Minero, Aguajal Cicra, Puerto Maldonado, Departamento Madre de Dios, Peru, 12°33'48"S, 70°07'03"W. Holotype: MUSM 663836. Paratypes: CAS, FMNH, INPA, MCZ, MUSM, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hemigrammus changae Ota, Lima & Hidalgo 2019. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus changae Ota, Lima & Hidalgo 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Upper Madeira River basin, southeastern Peru and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

chaparae, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1943:3, Fig. 2 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 120; ref. 1442] Todos Santos, Río Chapare, Cochabamba, Bolivia, elevation 1000 feet. Holotype (unique): ANSP 69194. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Astyanax chaparae Fowler 1943 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax chaparae Fowler 1943. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

chico, Astyanax Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2004:12, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 54; ref. 27985] Río de Zora in route 34, río San Francisco basin, Jujuy Province, Argentina. Holotype: MACN-Ict 8673. Paratypes: AI 168 (9, 2 c&s), 169 (2); MHNG 2644.100 (2); MTD F 28331-32 (2). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:1 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Astyanax chico Casciotta & Almirón 2004 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:516 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:269 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon chico (Casciotta & Almirón 2004) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon chico (Casciotta & Almirón 2004). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: San Francisco River basin (Argentina and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

chiribiquete, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Lima [F. C. T.], Taphorn [D. C.], Mojica [J. I.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Teixeira [T. F.] 2020:1445, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 96 (no. 6); ref. 37414] Small stream tributary of the Río Tunia, Apaporis-Japurá-Amazon River basin, Serranía de Chiribiquete, Chiribiquete National Natural Park, Departamento del Caquetá, Colombia, 01°29'23.3"N, 72°52'35.1"W, elevation 246 meters. Holotype: ICN-MHN 21678. Paratypes: CZUT-IC, IAVHP, ICN-MNH, MPUJ, UARC-IC. Plus additional non-type material. Also appeared in early online view, 12 Mar. 2020, p. [2], without ZooBank registration; dated to printed version that appeared on 24 June 2020. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete García-Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano-Bonilla & Teixeira 2020 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Marinho & Dagosta 2024:16 [ref. 41147], Lima et al. 2025:56 [ref. 41921]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon chiribiquete García-Alzate, Lima, Taphorn, Mojica, Urbano-Bonilla & Teixeira 2020. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: middle Caquetá and middle and lower Ucayali River drainages, western Amazon basin (Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

chlorophthalma, Moenkhausia Sousa [L. M. de], Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] & Birindelli [J. L. O.] 2010:256, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30863] Altamira, rio Terez de Maio, tributary of rio Curuá, rio Iriri basin, rio Xingu drainage, 8°45'06"S, 55°02'05"W, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 99412. Paratypes: ANSP, AUM, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP. Spelled clorophthalma on page 262. •Valid as Moenkhausia chlorophthalma Sousa, Netto-Ferreira & Birindelli 2010 -- (Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998] as clorophthalma, Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383] as clorophthalma, Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Marinho et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38394] as clorophthalma). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia chlorophthalma Sousa, Netto-Ferreira & Birindelli 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Xingu River basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

chocoensis, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2013:184, Figs. 1-3 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 32440] Nariño, Barbacoas, Quebrada la Tundera afluente del río Quigualpí, 1°39'39"N, 78°09'04"W, Colombia, elevation 45 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3035. Paratypes: AUM 55075 (3); IUQ 2274 (39), 2275 (9), 3036 (1, c&s), 3044 (3, c&s). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon chocoensis García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2013 -- (Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922 -- (Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391]). Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

chrysargyreus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:328 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1864.1.21.69. •Valid as Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Géry et al. 1991:57 [ref. 21021], Taphorn 1992:266 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:294 [ref. 22818], Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:886 [ref. 30927], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745] as chysargyrea, Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Marinho & Benine 2024:224 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

chryseum, Stethaprion Cope [E. D.] 1872:261 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 23; ref. 921] Río Ambyiacu, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8030. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Stethaprion chryseum Cope 1872 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870 -- (Reis 1989:51 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

cisalpinoi, Buritia Brant [V.] 1974:148, Fig. [Arquivos do Museu de Historia Natural Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais v. 1; ref. 628] Rio São Francisco, Barra do Pimenta, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Holotype: MHNI 141. Paratypes: MHNI 042 (1), 142-146 (5). •Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis 1989:43 [ref. 14219]). Current status: Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

citrina, Jupiaba Zanata [A. M.] & Ohara [W. M.] 2009:514, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 30674] Apuí, rio Madeira basin, middle rio Aripuanã drainage, igarapé on the left margin of the rio Guariba, Reserva Extrativista do Guariba, Mosaico do Apuí, 8°46'31.0"S, 60°31'27.7"W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 32026. Paratypes: many at INPA, MPEG, MZUSP, UFBA. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Jupiaba citrina Zanata & Ohara 2009 -- (Yunoki et al. 2025:327 [ref. 42013]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba citrina Zanata & Ohara 2009. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Aripuanã drainage, rio Madeira basin, Amazonas (Bolivia and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

citrus, Hyphessobrycon Marinho [M. M. F.] & Dagosta [F. C. P.] 2024:11, Figs. 6-8 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 22 (no. 2): e230127; ref. 41147] Tributary of rio Braço Norte at bridge on BR-163 road, near FAB military base, rio Teles Pires drainage, Tapajós basin, Novo Progresso, Pará State, Brazil, 09°28'20"S, 54°52'11"W. Holotype: MZUSP 128236. Paratypes: INPA, MCP, MUBIO, MZICT, MZUEL, MZUSP. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon citrus Marinho & Dagosta 2024. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon citrus Marinho & Dagosta 2024. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Teles Pires River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

clavatus, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2015:290, Figs. 3-8 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 65 (no. 3); ref. 34028] Peru (aquarium import). Holotype: MTD F33358. Paratypes: MTD. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske 2015 -- (Zarske 2016:112 [ref. 34774]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon clavatus Zarske 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin (?), Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

clavitaeniatus, Astyanax Garutti [V.] 2003:3, Fig. 2 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 43 (no. 1); ref. 27817] Surumu, rio Surumu, about 3°30'N, 60°25'W, Roraima, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 5146. Paratypes: MBUCV-V-29167 (5); MZUSP 17748 (2), 17757 (4), 48281 (11). •Valid as Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti 2003 -- (Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Langeani 2009:372 [ref. 30985], Freitas et al. 2015:190 [ref. 34055], Taphorn et al. 2022:13 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax clavitaeniatus Garutti 2003. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Branco, Roraima State (Brazil; Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

cobanensis, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Upper Vera Paz, Coban, Guatemala. Syntypes: BMNH 1907.4.10.2 [ex MNHN] (1); MNHN 0000-5219-5220 (19). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with queston, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1373 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax brevimanus (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cochae, Grundulus Román-Valencia [C.], Paepke [H.-J.] & Pantoja [F.] 2003:53, Figs. 1, 3a-6a [Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales v. 155 (for 2001); ref. 27035] Laguna de la Cocha, 1°05'22"N, 77°09'50"W, vereda Romerillo, Nariño, Pasto, Colombia, elevation 2809 meters. Holotype: IUQ 453. Paratypes: IUQ 454 (66), 455 (51); STRI 1369 (1). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:438 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Grundulus cochae Román-Valencia, Paepke & Pantoja 2003 -- (Román-Valencia et al. 2005:543 [ref. 28433], Román-Valencia et al. 2010:107 [ref. 30946], Mirande 2010:523 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Grundulus cochae Román-Valencia, Paepke & Pantoja 2003. Acestrorhamphidae: Grundulinae. Distribution: La Cocha Lake, southern Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

cocibolca, Astyanax Bussing [W. A.] 2008:1362, Figs. 1, 3 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 56 (no. 3); ref. 30066] Isletas de Granada, Lake of Nicaragua, depth 1.5 meters, elevation 31 meters. Holotype: LACM 56648-1. Paratypes: AMNH 30236 (20), LACM 56648-2 (50), UCR 24-16 (924), 61-4 (301), 62-2 (238), 242-7 (4), 538-6 (3), 539-6 (60), 540-5 (3), 547-6 (1), 552-3 (1), 553-2 (1), 1061-4 (2), 1075-8 (3). Type catalog: Angulo et al. 2015:367 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Astyanax cocibolca Bussing 2008 -- (Angulo et al. 2013:991 [ref. 33194], Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1379 [ref. 35414], Angulo et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35879], Angulo et al. 2023:23 [ref. 40676]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax cocibolca Bussing 2008. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Central America: Lake Nicaragua drainage (Nicaragua and Costa Rica). Habitat: freshwater.

coelestinus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:535 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Lagoa Bonita, into São Bartholomeu, Goiás State, Brazil. Holotype: CAS 60476 [ex IU 17665]. Paratypes: CAS 57602 [ex IU 17666] (15). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon coelestinus Myers 1929 -- (Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Zarske & Géry 2006:47 [ref. 28750], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon coelestinus Myers 1929. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

coeruleus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:99 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Manacapuru, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (103) MCZ 20801 (97). Author is M. L. Durbin. Original says 103 specimens, the type of 46 mm. •Valid as Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus coeruleus Durbin 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil, Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

collettii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Hyavary, Brazil; Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 20843 (42) Obidos, ?MCZ 90154 [ex MCZ 20840a] (3) Obidos; NMW 57379-82 (3, 3, 2, 5). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:33, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [ref. 14353]. Spelled colletii in original description, which was obviously a mistake; corrected to collettii by Steindachner 1882:33 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Moenkhausia collettii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708] as colletti, Taphorn 1992:269 [ref. 23654], Planquette et al. 1996:295bis [ref. 22818], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:399 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Hemigrammus collettii (Steindachner 1882) -- (Melo et al. 2024:24 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus collettii (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern (as Moenkhausia collettii). Habitat: freshwater.

colombiensis, Astyanax asymmetricus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:97, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 97; ref. 1454] Morelia, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia [probably Bodoquero River, near the town of Morelia]. Holotype: ANSP 71672. Paratypes: (6) ANSP 71673-78 (5). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:44 [ref. 13621]. •Questionably a synonym of Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata 2024:207 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Jupiaba asymmetrica (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Habitat: freshwater.

columbianus, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2002:23, Figs. 1-2, 8 [Das Aquarium, Monatsmagazin für Vivaristik v. 36 (no. 391); ref. 25832] Darien, small stream about 6 kilometers downstream from Acandi, entry of the Rio Acandi, Colombia, Atlantic coast. Holotype: MTD F 25497. Paratypes: MTD F 25498 (1). Plus additional non-type material. Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry 2002 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32440], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Ota et al. 2020:408 [ref. 37391], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon columbianus Zarske & Géry 2002. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Acandi River drainage (Caribbean slope of Colombia) and drainages in San Blas province (southeast Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

comma, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:102 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lago Cudajas, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20972 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:607 [ref. 31234], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia comma Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

comodoro, Hyphessobrycon Dagosta [F. C. P.], Seren [T. J.], Ferreira [A.] & Marinho [M. M. F.] 2022:3, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 20 (no. 1): e210119; ref. 39143] Lagoon at tributary of the rio Mutum, formed due to the construction of a road, tributary of rio Camararé, upper rio Juruena basin, rio Tapajós basin, Municipality of Comodoro, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 13°12'47.6"S, 59°54'13.8"W, elevation 567 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 125904. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP, UFPB. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon comodoro Dagosta, Seren, Ferreira & Marinho 2022 -- (Marinho & Dagosta 2024:16 [ref. 41147]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon comodoro Dagosta, Seren, Ferreira & Marinho 2022. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Mutum River drainage, upper Juruena River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

compressus, Hemigrammus Meek [S. E.] 1904:87, Fig. 25 [Field Columbian Museum, Zoölogical Series v. 5; ref. 2958] Río Papaloapam basin at El Hule, Oaxaca, Mexico. Holotype: FMNH 4641. Paratypes: BMNH 1905.12.6.4-5 (2); FMNH 4642 (17), 4662 (11) 105930 [ex FMNH 4642] (2); MCZ 29911 [ex IU 11126] (2); MHNG 2181.076 (1) [ex FMNH]; USNM 55728 [ex FMNH] (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek 1904) -- (Gamboa Pérez 1992:318 [ref. 38704], Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:25 [ref. 22290], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:77 [ref. 22947], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:225 [ref. 22743], Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:81 [ref. 27807], Miller et al. 2006:157 [ref. 28615], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:13 [ref. 30008], Malabarba et al. 2012:49 [ref. 31810], García-Alzate et al. 2013:183 [ref. 32440], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Page et al. 2013:81 [ref. 32708], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Barrientos et al. 2015:4 [ref. 37653], Carvalho & Malabarba 2015:514 [ref. 34032], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], Guimarães et al. 2019:351 [ref. 36774], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Lima et al. 2022:263 [ref. 39116], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:185 [ref. 41622], Quintana 2024:5 [ref. 41186]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek 1904). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Southern North America and central America: Atlantic slope rivers and streams (southern Mexico, Belize and Guatemala). Habitat: freshwater.

compressus, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:319 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Lectotype: BMNH 1864.1.21.67. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1845.6.22.182 (1), 1845.6.22.185 (1), 1845.6.22.308 (1), 1854.2.25.6 (1), 1864.1.21.68 (1). Lectotype selected by Reis 1989:23 [ref. 14219]. •Valid as Poptella compressa (Günther 1864) -- (Reis 1989:20 [ref. 14219], Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:50, 185 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:571 [ref. 35695], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019:7 [ref. 36770], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:24 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:35 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:19 [ref. 41297], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573], Garcia-Uyala et al. 2025:13 [ref. 42420]). Current status: Valid as Poptella compressa (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin and coastal drainages of northern South America. IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

condotensis, Hyphessobrycon Regan [C. T.] 1913:465 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 12 (no. 71); ref. 3656] Río Condoto and Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. Lectotype: BMNH 1913.10.1.19. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1913.10.1.20-21 (2). Lectotype selected by Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan 1913 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32440], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], García-Alzate et al. 2015:222 [ref. 33855], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Ota et al. 2020:412 [ref. 37391], Ardila Rodríguez 2022:7 [ref. 39172], Ardila Rodríguez 2022:15 [ref. 39810], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon condotensis Regan 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Atrato, Baudó, lower Magdalena and San Juan River basins (Pacific Slope of Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

conspicua, Moenkhausia Soares [I. M.] & Bührnheim [C. M.] 2016:393, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4208 (no. 4); ref. 34972] Igarapé near Tabocal community, rio Curuá-Una, Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, 2°37'35.9"S, 54°42'36.3"W. Holotype: INPA 38782. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCP, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAM, UFOPA, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type specimens. •Valid as Moenkhausia conspicua Soares & Bührnheim 2016. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia conspicua Soares & Bührnheim 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Lower Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

conwayi, Priocharax Mattox [G. M. T.], Lima [F. T. C.], Britz [R.], Souza [C. S.] & Oliveira [C.] 2024:536, Figs. 1, 2, 3A-B [Vertebrate Zoology v. 74; ref. 41562] Rio Mentaí, in the vicinity of settlement Boca do Mentaí, affluent of Rio Arapiuns, Rio Tapajós drainage, Santarém municipality, Pará State, Brazil, 02°37'52.51"S, 55°34'40.98"W. Holotype: MZUSP 129745. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MCP, MPEG, MZUSP, UF, UFOPA, ZUEC. •Valid as Priocharax conwayi Mattox, Lima, Britz, Souza & Oliveira 2024 -- (Mattox et al. 2025:553 [ref. 41898], Lopez et al. 2025:18 [ref. 42251]). Current status: Valid as Priocharax conwayi Mattox, Lima, Britz, Souza & Oliveira 2024. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Arapiuns drainage, Rio Tapajós basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

copei, Stethaprion Steindachner [F.] 1882:180 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Tabatinga, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: NMW (3, apparently lost). Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:40 [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Brachychalcinus copei (Steindachner 1882) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Reis 1989:65 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:209 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:570 [ref. 35695], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:18 [ref. 42137], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2024:9 [ref. 40855]). Current status: Valid as Brachychalcinus copei (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

copei, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 89960 (30) Obidos; NMW 57383 (5). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:35, Pl. 6 (fig. 6) [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Moenkhausia copei (Steindachner 1882) -- (Taphorn 1992:269 [ref. 23654], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares & Bührnheim 2016:399 [ref. 34972], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Hemigrammus copei (Steindachner 1882) -- (Melo et al. 2024:24 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus copei (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern (as Moenkhausia copei). Habitat: freshwater.

copelandi, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (100) CAS 42683 [ex IU 12653] (5), MCZ 20771 (88), USNM 120271 [ex MCZ 20771] (6). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Author is M. L. Durbin. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon copelandi Durbin 1908 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Géry et al. 1991:58 [ref. 21021], Chang & Ortega 1995:2 [ref. 24302], Planquette et al. 1996:288 [ref. 22818], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:226 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:145 [ref. 24509], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). •Valid as Megalamphodus copelandi (Durbin 1908) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus copelandi (Durbin 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and French Guiana). Habitat: freshwater.

cordovae, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1880:12 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 6 (no. 31) (art. 2); ref. 14279] Río de Cordova (Plata), Argentina. Syntypes: BMNH 1872.4.4.4-11 (8). •Valid as Astyanax cordovae (Günther 1880) -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Zarske & Géry 1999:204 [ref. 24913], Azpelicueta, Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax cordovae (Günther 1880). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Primero River, western Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

corozalensis, Hyphessobrycon Ardila Rodríguez [C. A.] 2022:10, Figs. 2B, 5C, 7C, 10A, 12A [Barranquilla, Departamento del Atlántico No. 80; ref. 39810] Parte baja del Arroyo Grande de Corozal, Santiago, Municipio de San Benito Abad, Departamento de Sucre, Colombia, elevation 142 meters. Holotype: CAR 965. Paratypes: CAR 925 (17). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon corozalensis Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon corozalensis Ardila Rodríguez 2022. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Arroyo Grande de Corozal drainage, Departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

correntinus, Tetragonopterus Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:188 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Corrientes, Río Paraná, Argentina. No types known. •Species inquirenda in Ctenobrycon -- (Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:126 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax correntinus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Mirande et al. 2006:10 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Mirande 2010:517 [ref. 31006], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon correntinus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon correntinus (Holmberg 1891). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

cosmops, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.], Britski [H. A.] & Machado [F. A.] 2007:47, Figs. 1-2 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 29395] Sapezal, córrego Vinte e Cinco de Maio, near its mouth at the rio Papagaio, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 93494. Paratypes: (31) ANSP 187100 (1); MP 41348 (1); MNRJ 30777 (1); MZUSP 78722 (2), 91122 (3), 93495 (17 + 3 c&s), 93496 (3). Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia cosmops Lima, Britski & Machado 2007 -- (Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Lima 2015:167 [ref. 34046], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582]). •Valid as Bario cosmops (Lima, Britski & Machado 2007) -- (Melo et al. 2024:27 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Bario cosmops (Lima, Britski & Machado 2007). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Juruena River drainage, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

costae, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1907:84 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 44 (no. 6) (for 28 Feb. 1907); ref. 20499] Rio São Francisco, Joazeiro, Rio Grande; Cidade da Barra, Santa Rita do Rio Prato, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) MNHN 1907-0178 [ex NMW] (4); MZUT 1682 (3); NMW 57391-98 (8?), 57401-06 (6?), 57408-09 (2?) 57411 (1); ZSM 7586-87 [ex NMW 57393] (2). Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:138 [ref. 21559], Bertin 1948:17 [ref. 19577], Neumann 2011:247 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Moenkhausia costae (Steindachner 1907) -- (Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2023:75 [ref. 41056], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia costae (Steindachner 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco and Itapicuru River basins (Brazil). Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater.

costai, Nematocharax Bragança [P. H. N.], Barbosa [M. A.] & Mattos [J. L. O.] 2013:4, Figs. 1-3 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 63 (no. 1); ref. 32664] Cambiriba Stream, Balneário Guaíro, Contas River basin, 14°36'16"S, 40°06'08"W, Municipio de Iguaí, Estado da Bahia, Brazil, altitude 347 meters. Holotype: UFRJ 8216. Paratypes: UFRJ 8215 (3), 8265 (1 c&s). •Synonym of Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski 1986 -- (Menezes et al. 2015:453 [ref. 33689], Barreto et al. 2018:1159 [ref. 36378], Camelier 2024:239 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski 1986. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

costaricensis, Astyanax aeneus var. Meek [S. E.] 1914:105 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 10); ref. 2961] Costa Rica. Syntypes: FMNH 6349 (1), 7866-73 (5, 39, 15, 2, 6, 61, 49, 25); UMMZ 162475 (5). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Bussing 1998:81 [ref. 24179]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax nicaraguensis Eigenmann & Ogle 1907 -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1393 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax nicaraguensis Eigenmann & Ogle 1907. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cotinho, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:104 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Probably surroundings of Manaus, Pará, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 21070. Paralectotypes: MCZ 174214 (2) [ex MCZ 21070]. Lectotype selected by Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:12 [ref. 37778]. •Valid as Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:221 [ref. 23654], Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001:1062 [ref. 25823], Benine 2002:292 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2006:11 [ref. 29010], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Benine et al. 2009:161 [ref. 30250], Sousa et al. 2010:262 [ref. 30863], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383] as cf. cotinho, Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35679], Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:1 [ref. 37766], Mathubara & Toledo-Piza 2020:3 [ref. 37778], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia cotinho Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins and rivers in Guyana (regions: upper Xingu, Iriri, Lower Xingu, Teles Pires, Juruena, Tapajós, Jamanxim, Guaporé, middle-lower Madeira, Madeira Shield tributaries, Purus, Negro, Branco, Urubu-Uatumã, Trombetas, Jari, Amazonas main channel, Essequibo, Lower Orinoco, Upper Orinoco) (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

courensis, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.], Carvalho [F. R.] & Jerep [F. C.] 2010:269, Figs. 5-6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 2); ref. 30864] Rio dos Couros at Parque Portal da Chapada, tributary of rio Tocantinzinho, upper rio Tocantins basin, Alto Paraíso de Goías, Goías State, Brazil, 14°09'58"S, 47°35'43"W, elevation 1135 meters. Holotype: UFRGS 11499. Paratypes: MCP 44403 (20), 44404 (1); UFRGS 9934 (5), 11290 (107, 5 c&s), 11295 (5), 11588 (38, 2 c&s). •Valid as Astyanax courensis Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep 2010 -- (Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax courensis Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Rio dos Couros drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goías, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crassiceps, Rachoviscus Myers [G. S.] 1926:566, fig'd [Blätter für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 37 (no. 24); ref. 3094] Supposedly near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [aquarium import]. Lectotype: USNM 92971. Paralectotypes: CAS-SU 18146 (1), USNM 94216 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:26 [ref. 12291]. Lectotype selected by Weitzman & Cruz 1980:1009 [ref. 8528]; they also suggest type locality probably is the region of Paranaguá, Brazil. Also as a separate, pp. 1-2. •Valid as Rachoviscus crassiceps Myers 1926 -- (Weitzman & Cruz 1981:1007 [ref. 8528], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Bertaco 2022:102 [ref. 40102]). Current status: Valid as Rachoviscus crassiceps Myers 1926. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: coastal River basins of Paraná and northern Santa Catarina states, southeastern Mata Atlantica (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

cremnobates, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2001:224, Figs. 2-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 25645] Rio Grande do Sul, São Francisco de Paula, tributary of rio Santa Cruz, 29°23'S, 50°32'W, Brazil, elevation 850 meters. Holotype: MCP 26093. Paratypes: MCP 11142 (25, 5 c&s), 11650 (34, 2 c&s), 21101 (12), 22295 (78), 22297 (9), 25660 (15); MZUSP 62712 (20); NMW 94543 (20); UFRGS 4949 (20); USNM 364302 (20). •Valid as Astyanax cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba 2001 -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Ruiz-C. & Román-Valenca 2006:60 [ref. 28891], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Lucena et al. 2013:231 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). •Valid as Psalidodon cremnobates (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae, Silva et al. 2025:7 [ref. 41855]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon cremnobates (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Jacui and Maquiné River basins (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

crenatus, Stethaprion Eigenmann [C. H.] 1916:80, Figs. 2-3; Pl. 16 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1-2) (art. 6); ref. 1233] San Joaquín, Bolivia. Holotype: FMNH 56413 [ex CM 5228a]. Paratypes: FMNH 56414 [not 56415] (2), 56941 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:68 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:82 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916 -- (Reis 1989:55 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35695]). Current status: Valid as Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Purus, Madeira, and lower Amazon River basins, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crenuchoides, Hasemania Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1999:91, Figs. 1-2 [Spixiana (München) v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 23982] Corrego Planaltina, oberer Rio São Bartolomeu, Goias, Brazil, elevation 1050 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 52732 [ex ZSM 22656a]. Paratypes: Géry coll. 1010.1-5 (5); MHNG 2594.44 (5); MTD F 21538-42 (5), F 21543-45 (3nc&s); ZFMK 20543-47 (5), ZMB 32959 (5); ZSM 22656a (55). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:17 [ref. 27474], Herder et al. 2010:116 [ref. 31087], Neumann 2011:245 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Hasemania crenuchoides Zarske & Géry 1999 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:128-129 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2007:350 [ref. 29142], Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Bertaco & Carvalho 2010:30 [ref. 30752], Serra & Langeani 2015:483 [ref. 33944]). •Valid as Psalidodon crenuchoides (Zarske & Géry 1999) -- (Teixeira et al. 2025:132 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon crenuchoides (Zarske & Géry 1999). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: São Bartolomeu River drainage, upper Paraná River basin, and Maranhão River drainage, upper Tocantins River basin, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crinogi, Pristella Lima [F. C. T.], Caires [R. A.], Conde-Saldaña [C. C.], Mirande [J. M.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2021:341, Figs. 1-3 [Canadian Journal of Zoology v. 99; ref. 38293] Ribeirão Brejão, tributary of rio Preto, rio Tocantins basin, Mateiros, Tocantins, Brazil, 10°34'29"S, 46°29'13"W. Holotype: ZUEC 17252. Paratypes: ANSP, CAS, FMNH, LBP, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Pristella crinogi Lima, Caires, Conde-Saldaña, Mirande & Carvalho 2021 -- (Lima 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Pristella crinogi Lima, Caires, Conde-Saldaña, Mirande & Carvalho 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Tocantins basin, headwaters between rio Sapão (rio São Francisco basin) and rio Novo (rio Tocantins basin) and middle rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

crisnejas, Moenkhausia Pearson [N. E.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:524 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Paipay, Río Crisnejas, Amazon System, Peru. Syntypes: CAS 60477 [ex IU 17641] (24). Probably in another genus (Marinho 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Moenkhausia crisnejas Pearson 1929 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia crisnejas Pearson 1929. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Crisnejas River drainage, western Amazon basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

cubilhuitz, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1380, Fig. 32 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Spring origin of short stream with underground drainage to Río Dolores, Cubilhuitz, Icbolay, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, elevation 300 meters. Holotype: UMMZ 250290. Paratypes: UMMZ. •Valid as Astyanax cubilhuitz Schmitter-Soto 2017. Current status: Valid as Astyanax cubilhuitz Schmitter-Soto 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Río Dolores, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Habitat: freshwater.

cupreus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1918:168, Pl. 20 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2); ref. 1240] Jatuarana, Silves, Lago Saracá, Amazon system, Brazil [= Barreirinha, Amazon River and Lago Saracá, Amazonas, Brazil, about 2°50'S, 58°14'W]. Syntypes: (11 + 6) CAS 42675 [ex IU 12651, MCZ 20952] (2); ?MCZ 21067 (6), ?21069 (9?, orig. 6), 89964 (orig. 11). Author is M. L. Durbin. Appeared first in Eigenmann 1910:436 [ref. 1224] without description. •Valid as Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin 1918 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus cupreus Durbin 1918. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Brazil and ? Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

cuvieri, Tetragonopterus Lütken [C. F.] 1875:131 [5] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 3); ref. 2856] Rio São Francisco; Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9581 (2); ZMB 9198 (2); ZMUC 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 315, 328, 329, 363. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:21 [ref. 19577], Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588]. On p. 5 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:210 (and p. XII of summary), Pl. 5 (fig. 12) [ref. 19674]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Britski 2001:20 [ref. 26046], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

cuyuni, Astyanax Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:124, Figs. 5B, 17-19 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 39815] Creek in forest of Parapapoy River, Essequibo/Cuyuni River drainage, Departamento Roscio, Bolivar State, Venezuela. Holotype: MCNG 56442. Paratypes: AUM, MBUCV, MCNG. Holotype in Fig. 17 misprinted as MCNG 56441. •Valid as Astyanax cuyuni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax cuyuni Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Cuyuni River drainage, Essequibo River basin, Venezuela and possibly adjacent Guyana. Habitat: freshwater.

cyanotaenia, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2006:43, Figs. 14-16 [Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum für Tierkunde. v. 55; ref. 28750] Rio Guamá, Para, Brazil (aquarium import). Probably upper Rio Juruena or Rio Guaporé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MTD F 28760. Paratypes: Géry coll. (2); MTD F 28761-62 (2), 28763-64 (2). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry 2006 -- (Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Dagosta et al. 2016:254 [ref. 34377], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Ohara et al. 2017:249 [ref. 35067], Dagosta et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39143], Marinho & Dagosta 2023:6 [ref. 40358], Lima et al. 2024:187 [ref. 40817], Marinho & Dagosta 2024:16 [ref. 41147], Lima et al. 2025:56 [ref. 41921]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon cyanotaenia Zarske & Géry 2006. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Juruena and upper Guaporé River drainages, western Amazon basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

cyclolepis, Parecbasis Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:45 [Indiana University Studies No. 20; ref. 1230] São Antonio de Rio Madeira, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 56677 [ex CM 5495]. Paratypes: FMNH 56678 [ex CM 5496] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:59 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:64 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Parecbasis cyclolepis Eigenmann 1914 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:529 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:24 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Parecbasis cyclolepis Eigenmann 1914. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

cylindricus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:62 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Tumatumari, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53426 [ex CM 1461]. Paratypes: BMNH 1911.10.31.395 (1); CAS 44412-14 [ex IU 11915-17] (1, 4, 5); FMNH 7349 (1), 53037 (1), 53038-40 (3, 5, 1), 69538 (9); MCZ 29974 (1); CAS-SU 21916 (1); USNM 66191 [ex CM] (1); ZMA 100984 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin 1909 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus cylindricus Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River (Guyana) and ?Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

daguae, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:23 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Córdova, Colombia. Holotype (unique): FMNH 56251 [ex CM 5052]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax daguae Eigenmann 1913 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Tetragonopterus daguae (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Terán et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37440]). •Not in Tetragonopterus -- (Melo et al. 2024:25 [ref. 41541] in Hyphessobryconinae). Current status: Valid as Astyanax daguae Eigenmann 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

daguae, Hyphessobrycon panamensis var. Eigenmann [C. H.] (ex Hildebrand) 1922:141 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Dagua and Patía basins, Colombia. Lectotype: FMNH 58316. Paralectotypes: (8) FMNH 56516 (1), 56526-29 (6), 144330 [ex 58316] (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. Lectotype selected by Ota et al. 2020:401 [ref. 37391]. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon panamensis Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:139 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922 -- (Ota et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37391], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863], Griesbaum et al. 2025:3 [ref. 42462]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon daguae Eigenmann 1922. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Dagua, Patía, Telembí and Mira River basins, Colombia and Mira, Cayapas, Mataje and Santiago River basins (Ecuador). IUCN (2025): Not Assessed. Habitat: freshwater.

dasalmas, Moenkhausia Bertaco [V. A.], Jerep [F. C.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2011:58, Figs. 1-5 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 31234] Tributary of the rio das Almas, rio Paranã drainage, about 8 kilometers north of Cavalcante on road GO 241, between Cavalcante and Minaçu, 13°43'13"S, 47°27'20"W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: UFRGS [= DZUFRGS] 11221. Paratypes: MZUSP 106076 (8); UFRGS [= DZUFRGS] 11194 (24, 3 c&s), 11589 (4). The name dasalmas is a noun in apposition. •Valid as Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011 -- (Bertaco et al. 2011:37 [ref. 31403], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco, Jerep & Carvalho 2011. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: rio das Almas drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

delimai, Hyphessobrycon Teixeira [T. F.], Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Sousa [L. M. de] 2016:460, Figs. 1, 2, 3a, 4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 88 (no. 2); ref. 34088] Igarapé Tatu, tributary of Rio Novo, Rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil, 6°18'24.8"S, 55°46'38.0"W. Holotype: MZUSP 115065. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCNIP, MZUEL, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon delimai Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon delimai Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Rio Novo and Rio Jamanxin, Rio Tapajós basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

depressirostris, Astyanax Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1908:[3] [Kosmos, Rio de Janeiro [Rev. Art. Sci. Litt.] v. 5 (no. 2) (for 1907); ref. 3715] Rio Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Lectotype: MNRJ 18241 [ex 2621A]. Paralectotypes: MNRJ 2621 (5). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:396 [ref. 12732]. Lectotype selected by Miranda Ribeiro 1953:396 [ref. 12732] [specimen subsequently isolated]. •Valid as Astyanax depressirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1908 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:119 [ref. 26205], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556]). •Species inquirenda -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:113 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax depressirostris Miranda Ribeiro 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

diagonicus, Hemigrammus Mendonça [M. B.] & Wosiacki [W. B.] 2011:211, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2011 (no. 2); ref. 31415] Lago do Piranha, Juruti, Lower Amazon, 2°12'40.2"S, 56°06'59.1''W, Pará State, Brazil. Holotype: MPEG 10321. Paratypes: INPA 34093 (1); MPEG 10307 (2), 10308 (1), 10311 (2 c&s), 17382 (3 + 1 c&s). •Valid as Hemigrammus diagonicus Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus diagonicus Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Balaio and Piranha lakes, lower Amazon River, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: marine.

diamantina, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Santos [A. C. A.] 2007:260, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 29279] Foz do rio Toalhas, rio Paraguaçu basin, Munic. de Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 30168. Paratypes: AMNH 239393 (5); LIRP 768 (14, 2 c&s); MNRJ 21995 (17, 2 c&s); MZUSP 49233 (4). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Moenkhausia diamantina Benine, Castro & Santos 2007 -- (Sousa et al. 2010:262 [ref. 30863], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia diamantina Benine, Castro & Santos 2007. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Paraguaçu River (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

diancistrus, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [S. H.] 1977:349, Figs. 1-3, 6 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 90 (no. 2); ref. 7295] Río Vichada, Vichada, ca. 4°14'N, 70°20'W, 50 kilometers west of San José de Ocuné, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 216607. Paratypes: BMNH 1977.1.12.1-2 (2), MZUSP 13179-80 (2), USNM 216606 (2, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:467 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon diancistrus Weitzman 1977 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Benine & Lopes 2008:67 [ref. 29589], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], García-Alzate et al. 2008:142 [ref. 29919], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:13 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30724], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al.2010:801 [ref. 30824], García-Alzate et al. 2010:455 [ref. 31066], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391], Lima et al. 2022:263 [ref. 39116], Lima et al. 2024:256 [ref. 41835]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon diancistrus Weitzman 1977. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Orinoco and western Amazon River basins: Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

diastatos, Hyphessobrycon Dagosta [F. C. P.], Marinho [M. M. F.] & Camelier [P.] 2014:366, Figs. 1-2, 6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33382] Bahia, São Desidério, rio Galheirão (or rio da Estiva) at BR-020 road, affluent of rio Grande, rio São Francisco basin, 12°58’42.7"S, 45°59’28.7"W, Brazil, elevation 802 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 114030. Paratypes: INPA, MCP, MZUSP. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon diastatos Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier 2014 -- (Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809]). •Valid as Hasemania diastatos (Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier 2014) -- (Melo et al. 2024:14 [ref. 41541], Teixeira et al. 2025:139 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Hasemania diastatos (Dagosta, Marinho & Camelier 2014). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin to Tocantins basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dichrourus, Tetragonopterus Kner [R.] 1858:80 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 30 (no. 13); ref. 13404] Brazil. Syntypes: NMW 56219 (4), 57593 (2). •Valid as Moenkhausia dichroura (Kner 1858) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:272 [ref. 23654], Fernández & Butí 1996:253 [ref. 22775], Britski et al. 1999:34 [ref. 24147], see Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Britski & de Silimon 2001:119 [ref. 27195], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Benine et al. 2004:72 [ref. 27502], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:507 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Litz & Koerber 2014:16 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565] with author without parentheses, Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40665], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dichroura (Kner 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon, Paraguay and Orinoco River basins, and coastal rivers of northern Brazil (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

diktyota, Moenkhausia Lima [F. C. T.] & Toledo-Piza [M.] 2001:1058, Figs 1-2 [Copeia 2001 (no. 4); ref. 25823] Rio Negro, igarapé at São João, near Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, 0°24'S, 65°02'W, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 62614. Paratypes: INPA 16200 (1); MZUSP 62615 (9, 1 c&s), 64107 (2); USNM 363175 (1). •Valid as Moenkhausia diktyota Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Benine et al. 2009:161 [ref. 30250] as dyktiota, Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Ohara & Marinho 2016:[6] 42 [ref. 34383], Bogotá-Gregory et al. 2020:1399 [ref. 37878], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582]). •Valid as Bario diktyotus (Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001) -- (Melo et al. 2024:27 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Bario diktyotus (Lima & Toledo-Piza 2001). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Negro drainage, Rio Orinoco basin (Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

diodon, Dinotopterygium Frainer [G.], Carvalho [F. R.], Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2021:9, Figs. 2, 5B, 6, 7 [Systematics and Biodiversity v. 19 (no. 8); ref. 38777] Córrego Tereza at km 2 of the road GO-241, upper Rio Tocantins basin, municipality of Teresina de Goiás, Goiás State, Brazil, 13°47'39.6"S, 47°17'29.1"W. Holotype: MCN 18936. Paratypes: LBP, MCN, MZUSP. •Valid as Dinotopterygium diodon Frainer, Carvalho, Bertaco & Malabarba 2021. Current status: Valid as Dinotopterygium diodon Frainer, Carvalho, Bertaco & Malabarba 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paranã drainage, upper Araguaia-Tocantins system, Goiás State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

dissensus, Astyanax Lucena [C. A. S. de] & Thofehrn [S. B.] in Lucena, Castro & Bertaco 2013:538, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 3); ref. 32914] Rio Grande do Sul, Candiota, arroio Candiota, downstream of Thermoelectric Power Plant, rio Jaguarão drainage, 31°34’36"S, 53°40’22"W, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 47000. Paratypes: many at MCN, MCP, UFRGS. •Valid as Astyanax dissensus Lucena & Thofehrn 2013 -- (Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Koerber & Litz 2014:2 [ref. 34967], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Koerber & Litz 2016:2 [ref. 35098], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736]). •Valid as Psalidodon dissensus (Lucena & Thofehrn 2013) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon dissensus (Lucena & Thofehrn 2013). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Laguna dos Patos system and rio Uruguay drainage (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

dissimilis, Astyanax Garavello [J. C.] & Sampaio [F. A. A.] 2010:859, Fig. 8 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 70 (no. 3); ref. 31053] Rio Canoinhas, tributary to Rio Iguaçu near the bridge on highway BR 280 from Mafra to Itaiópolis, Canoinhas, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105969. Paratypes: many at LISDEBE, MHNCI, MZUSP; NUP 10151 (5). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as 'Astyanax' dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). •Valid as Astyanax dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594]). •Valid as Psalidodon dissimilis (Garavello & Sampaio 2018) -- (Koerber et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon dissimilis (Garavello & Sampaio 2010). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Iguaçu basin (Brazil and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

dnophos, Astyanax Lima [F. C. T.] & Zuanon [J.] 2004:118, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 2 (no. 3); ref. 27933] Rio Xingu, Costa Júnior, 3°29'37"S, 52°20'10"W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 22072. Paratypes: CAS 219762 (1); INPA 20505 (1), 20506 (4), 20507 (1), 20510 (2), 20512 (9), 20513 (3), 20516 (2), 20517 (3, 1 c&s); MZUSP 82460 (3, 1 c&s), 84416 (1), 84417 (1); UMMZ 243665 (1); ZUEC 4482 (3). •Valid as Astyanax dnophos Lima & Zuanon 2004 -- (Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004 -- (Lima et al. 2006:31 [ref. 32268], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

doceanus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1877:572 [14] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Doce, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) MNHN 1913-0135 and 0136 (2); NMW 57389 (2), 57591 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:17 [ref. 19577]. On p. 14 of separate. •Valid as Moenkhausia doceana (Steindachner 1877) -- (Zarske & Géry 2001:9 [ref. 25156], Zarske & Géry 2002:19 [ref. 26554] dated 1875, Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Carvalho et al. 2014:377 [ref. 33383], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[10] [ref. 35679]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia vittata (Castelnau 1855) -- (Silva & Malabarba 2016:270 [ref. 34515], Marinho & Benine 2024:236 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia vittata (Castelnau 1855). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

dolinae, Astyanax da Graça [W. J.], Oliveira [C. A. M.], Lima [F. C. T.], Pains da Silva [H.] & Fernandes [I. M.] 2017:3, Figs. 1-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 91 (no. 4); ref. 35556] Dolina Água Milagrosa, Rio Paraguai basin, município de Cáceres, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 16°02'34"S, 57°31'40"W. Holotype: MCP 49961. Paratypes: ANSP, CPUFMT, MCP, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax dolinae da Graça, Oliveira, Lima, Pains da Silva & Fernandes 2017. Current status: Valid as Astyanax dolinae da Graça, Oliveira, Lima, Pains da Silva & Fernandes 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraguai basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

dorioni, Bramocharax bransfordi Rosen [D. E.] 1970:3, Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6-9 [American Museum Novitates No. 2435; ref. 7781] Río Semococh, 15 kilometers by road south of Sebol, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Holotype: AMNH 29411. Paratypes and other specimens: AMNH 29412 (orig. 53, now 49), 29413 (22, 4 c&s), 29414 (6), AMNH 27816SD (3 skeletons); MCZ 48687 [ex UMMZ 187926] (2); UNAL 5705 [ex AMNH 29412] (4); UMMZ 187926 (23, 3 skel.); UMMZ 187930 (11), 187944 (8). Type catalog: Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. •Valid as Bramocharax dorioni Rosen 1970 -- (Contreras-Balderas & Rivera-Teillery 1985:15 [ref. 19552], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax dorioni (Rosen 1970) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1382 [ref. 35414], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Quintana 2024:5 [ref. 41186]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax dorioni (Rosen 1970). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Central America: Usumacinta River basin, Alta Verapaz (Guatemala) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsalis, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2014:162, Figs. 21-23 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 33403] Manaus (aquarium import), Brazil. Holotype: MTD F 33119. Paratypes: MTD F 33120-28 (9), 33172-83 (12). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske 2014 -- (Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:86 [ref. 35773], Lima et al. 2024:188 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon dorsalis Zarske 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsimaculatus, Tyttobrycon Géry [J.] 1973:118, Figs. 20-22 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 8; ref. 1596] Río Chaparé, tributary of Río Mamoré, lower Todos Santos, central Bolivia, about 16°45'S, 65°07'W. Holotype: ZFMK 2916. Paratypes: (34) ANSP 139720 (1), Géry coll. (7, 2 lots), ZFMK 2624 (1), 2952-56 (5), 2960-62 (3), 2963-79 (18); ZMA 113851 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:25 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621], Herder et al. 2010:118 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus Géry 1973 -- (Chang & Ortega 1995:3 [ref. 24302], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:158 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2013:739 [ref. 33025], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Abrahão et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37182], Marinho 2024:283 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Tyttobrycon dorsimaculatus Géry 1973. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Madeira River basin, Bolivia and Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

dorsinuda, Moenkhausia Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2002:13, Figs. 1-3 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden No. 52; ref. 26554] Río Ipurupuru, not far from the crossing of the river and the road to San Ramón, about 73 kilometers north of Trinidad, 14°12'53.8"S, 64°56'26.8'W, Departamento Beni, Bolivia. Holotype: MTD F 24833. Paratypes: MTD F 24834-35 (1, 1); CIRA-UTB 969 (1); Géry Private coll. 1041:1-2 (2). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Moenkhausia dorsinuda Zarske & Géry 2002 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Sarmiento et al. 2014:49, 185 [ref. 35004], Marinho & Benine 2024:226 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia dorsinuda Zarske & Géry 2002. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon River basin, Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

douradilho, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] 2014:493, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 3794 (no. 3); ref. 33320] Rio Grande do Sul State, municipality of Maquiné, Barra do Ouro District, rio Maquiné basin, rio Tramadaí system, arroio Encantado, 29°36’28"S, 50°12’15"W, Brazil. Holotype: MCN 19858. Paratypes: MCN, MCP. •Valid as Astyanax douradilho Bertaco 2014 -- (Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax douradilho Bertaco 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Rio Tramandaí system, coastal drainage of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

duragenys, Hyphessobrycon Ellis [M. D.] 1911:155, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Tietê at Mogy das Cruces, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH [ex CM 3023] (missing). Paratypes: (14) CAS 51792 [ex IU 13293 & CM 3024] (2), FMNH 54402-03 (5, 9). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon duragenys Ellis 1911 -- (Almirón & Casciotta 1999:344 [ref. 24405], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Carvalho et al. 2014:247 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon duragenys Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Upper Tietê and Paraíba do Sul River basins, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

durbinae, Hemigrammus Ota [R. P.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2015:220, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 3948 (no. 2); ref. 33748] Amazonas, Careiro, lago Castanho, lago Janauacá complex, rio Solimões basin, approx. 3°48'S, 60°23'W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 115984. Paratypes: ANSP, CZFCEN, INPA, MNHNP, MZUSP, NUP, UFRO-I, ZUEC. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hemigrammus durbinae Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2015 -- (Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267], Lima et al. 2022:262 [ref. 39116]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus durbinae Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Brazil and Paraguay. Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadorensis, Megalamphodus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1915:99 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 1231] Maranjito, Río Chan Chan, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): CAS [ex IU 13628] (missing). Apparently not the same as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (Eigenmann 1915) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:135-136 [ref. 27061], ?García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], ?García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], ?García-Alzate et al. 2013:184 [ref. 32440], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Elías et al. 2023:3 [ref. 39863]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadorensis (Eigenmann 1915). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Guyanas River basin (Ecuador and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

ecuadoriensis, Hyphessobrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:9 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Los Ríos, forest pool near Vinces, western Ecuador (ca. 1°33'S, 79°44'W). Holotype: CAS 61602 [ex IU 13105a]. Paratypes: AMNH 5329 (18); BMNH 1924.3.3.44-45 (2); CAS 32454 [ex IU 13105] (1853); FMNH 10290-313 (total 23), 56601 (83); MCZ 30951 (29); MNHN 1980-1439 [ex CAS 13105] (1); CAS-SU 22776 (17); UMMZ 160151 (16); ZMA 113819 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:19 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367]. Apparently not the same as Megalamphodus ecuadorensis Eigenmann 1915. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914 -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:231 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:139 [ref. 34894], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Ota et al. 2020:432 [ref. 37391]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis Eigenmann & Henn 1914. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Ecuador. Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Cheirodon Meek [S. E.] 1912:70 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 7); ref. 2960] La Junta, Costa Rica. Holotype: FMNH 7683 [not 7583]. Paratypes: FMNH 43150 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:23 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Carlana eigenmanni (Meek 1912) -- (Fink & Weitzman 1974:26 [ref. 7132], Villa 1982:105 [ref. 36708], Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Bussing 1987:81 [ref. 22927], Bussing 1998:100 [ref. 24179], Cardoso in Reis et al. 2003:213 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:500 [ref. 31006], Angulo et al. 2013:992 [ref. 33194], Angulo et al. 2023:24 [ref. 40676], Reis 2024:124 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Carlana eigenmanni (Meek 1912). Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: Central America: Pacific and Atlantic drainages (Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama). Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanni, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1964:30, Fig. 5 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 12 (no. 5, Jan.); ref. 1582] Río Manacacias into upper Río Meta, at Restrepo, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 198640. Paratypes: (7) ANSP 112249 (1), 139712 (1); Géry's coll. M.358 (orig. 7); MNHN 1980-1445 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia eigenmanni Géry 1964 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Marinho & Benine 2024:227 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Hemigrammus eigenmanni (Géry 1964) -- (Melo et al. 2024:24 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus eigenmanni (Géry 1964). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eigenmanniorum, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1894:89, Pl. 6 (fig. 8) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 21598. Paratypes: ANSP 21599-601 (3), 21602 (1, c&s), 21627-28 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratypes. •Valid as Astyanax eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894) -- (Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004], Butí 1998:310 [ref. 25279], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Azpelicueta & Garcia 2000:252 [ref. 25142], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:257 [ref. 26608], Miquelarena et al. 2002:76 [ref. 26517] as cf. eigenmanniorum, López et al. 2002:63 [ref. 26808], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:22 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972] as cf. eigenmanniorum, Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena et al. 2005:19 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Vari & Castro 2007:156 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333] as cf eigenmanniorum, Azpelicueta et al. 2010:2 [ref. 41139], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006] as cf. eigenmanniorum, Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). •Valid as Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Gavazzoni et al. 2022:[6] [ref. 39877], Santos et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39498], Giora & Wingert 2023:140 [ref. 41026], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:76 [ref. 40506], Koerber 2024:3 [ref. 41228], Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon eigenmanniorum (Cope 1894). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River basin and Laguna dos Patos drainage (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

eilyos, Hyphessobrycon Lima [F. C. T.] & Moreira [C. R.] 2003:25, Figs. 6-7 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 27320] Ribeirão do Sapo, kilometer 464.04 of Ferronorte railroad, 17°31'11"S, 53°15'33"W, município de Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 75126. Paratypes: MCZ 162371 (5); MNRJ 24781 (5); MZUSP 41406 (179, 5 c&s), 73344 (11), 73363 (1); USNM 371923 (5). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eilyos Lima & Moreira 2003 -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eilyos Lima & Moreira 2003. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Upper Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elachylepis, Astyanax Bertaco [V. A.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2005:390, Figs. 2-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28387] Ribeirão Arara, about 500 meters from mouth of rio Maranhão at Rosariana, Niquelândia, Goiás, Brazil, about 14°02'S, 48°26'W. Holotype: MCP 37568. Paratypes: MCP 15862 (2), 15922 (1), 16054 (15, 2 C&S); MZUSP 30258 (17), 40533 (112), 58093 (16); UNT 740 (1), 1891 (10), 2033 (36), 2036 (1), 2037 (3), 2157 (1), 2158 (2). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda 2005 -- (Protogino et al. 2006:12 [ref. 28780], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax elachylepis Bertaco & Lucinda 2005. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Tocantins River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elachys, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [M. J.] 1985:800, Figs. 1-5 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 98 (no. 4); ref. 8125] Río Aguaray-guazu system, 3 kilometers northeast of Lima, San Pedro Dept., Paraguay, 23°55'S, 56°29'W. Holotype: USNM 232393. Paratypes: ANSP 153539 (2); BMNH 1984.12.21.2-3 (2); CAS 56018 (2); MNHNP (2); MZUSP 28655 (4); UMMZ 206595 (26 or 32), 212725 (16); USNM 232381 (1), 268474 (79). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022] but they did not list USNM 232381, Oyakawa 1996:468 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman 1985 -- (Weitzman et al. 1986:342 [ref. 5984], Géry & Römer 1997:70 [ref. 23712], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Lucena 2003:95 [ref. 27437], Casciotta et al. 2003:101 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Mirande 2010:511 [ref. 31006], Ingenito et al. 2013:38 [ref. 32568], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35144], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267], Dickens 2019:163 [ref. 37135]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon elachys Weitzman 1985. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

elassonaktis, Jupiaba Pereira [T. N. A.] & Lucinda [P. H. F.] 2007:54, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1614; ref. 29302] Peixe, rio Tocantins downstream UHE Peixe-Angical, about 12°15'S, 48°23'W, Tocantins, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 41465. Paratypes: MCP 41466 (20); UNT 5568 (8), 5569 (19), 5573 (1), 5575 (1 c&s), 5576 (3), 5577 (3), 5578 (1), 5579 (1), 7610 (132, 6 c&s). •Valid as Jupiaba elassonaktis Pereira & Lucinda 2007 -- (Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba elassonaktis Pereira & Lucinda 2007. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: Tocantins River, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

elegans, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) ?MCZ 90014 (2) Obidos; NMW 57390 (8). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:36, Pl. 7 (fig. 4) [ref. 14353]. •Valid as Hemigrammus elegans (Steindachner 1882) -- (Taphorn 1992:206 [ref. 23654] as cf. elegans, Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[7] [ref. 35679], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus elegans (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Tapajõs River basins in Brazil; ? Apure and Aguaro River basins, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

ellisae, Hyphessobrycon Bragança [P. H. N.], Ottoni [F. P.] & Rangel-Pereira [F. S.] 2015:256, Figs. 1-3 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 26 (no. 3); ref. 34051] Coastal Piauí river basin, Sergipe State, northeastern Brazil, 11°15'S, 37°16'W. Holotype: UFRJ 5281. Paratypes: UFRJ. •Permanently invalid, preoccupied by Hyphessobrycon ellisae Pearson 1924. •In the synonymy of Hyphessobrycon sergipanus Bragança, Ottoni & Rangel-Pereira 2016 -- (Bragança et al. 2016:373 [ref. 34918]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001 -- (Zanata et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35863]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

elongatus, Bramocharax Meek [S. E.] 1907:110 [Field Columbian Museum, Zoölogical Series v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2959] Lago Managua at Managua, Nicaragua. Holotype: FMNH 5922. Paratypes: FMNH 5919 (18, 3 c&s), 5920-21 (2, 1), 33077-83 (7). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Bramocharax bransfordii Gill 1877 -- (Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1371 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bransfordii (Gill 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

embera, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:6, Fig. 2 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Telembí River at mouth of Yamunde River, 1 km below Barbacoas, Patía River basin (Pacific Coast), Barbacoas Municipality, Nariño Department, Colombia, 01°39'56"N, 78°09'12"W, elevation 61 meters. Holotype: IUQ 3614. Paratypes: IUQ. •Valid as Astyanax embera Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018 -- (Ruiz-C. et al. 2023:198 [ref. 40361]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax embera Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Patía River basin, Pacific coast of Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

endy, Astyanax Mirande [J. M.], Aguilera [G.] & Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] 2006:59, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 1286; ref. 28784] Orán, Río Bermejo basin, tributary of Río Bermejo in is intersection with Ruta Provincial 19, near Estancia Santa Rosa, 22°43'18"S, 64°24'13"W, Salta, Argentina. elevation about 440 meters. Holotype: CI-FML 3834. Paratypes: CI-FML 3835 (14), 3836 (13). Plus nontype material. •Valid as Astyanax endy Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006 -- (Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Mirande 2010:515 [ref. 31006], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon endy (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon endy (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2006). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

eos, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] 1909:69 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Creek between Potaro Landing and Kangaruma, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 52795 [ex CM 1194]. Paratypes: (67, ex CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.412 (1), .413-414 (2); CAS 60401 [ex IU 11770] (5), 61605 [ex IU 11771] (10); FMNH 7353-54 (0, 2), 52796-97 (10, 5), 69689 (6); MCZ 30036-37 (1, 2); CAS-SU 21920-21 (1, 2); USNM 66195-96 (1, 1), 165449 (1); ZMA 100983 (1), 101031 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:20 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:48 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin 1909 -- (Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eos Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Guyana endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

epiagos, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2008:29, Fig. 1 [Zootaxa No. 1908; ref. 29887] Morro do Chapéu, rio Ferro Doido, above Cachoeira do Ferro Doido, tributary of rio Jacuípe, Paraguaçu drainage, 11°37'34.0"N [= 11°37'34.0"S], 41°00'11.5"W, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 899 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 89568. Paratypes: ANSP 189081 (20); MCUSP 89569 (20); UFBA 02792 (344, 3 c&s), 02794 (6). •Valid as Astyanax epiagos Zanata & Camelier 2008 -- (Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:99 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax epiagos Zanata & Camelier 2008. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Ferro Doido, tributary of rio Jacuípe, Paraguaçu drainage (eastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

epicharis, Hyphessobrycon Weitzman [S. H.] & Palmer [L.] 1997:214, Figs. 1-4 [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 22743] Río Baria head waters, 3 kilometers downstream from Neblina base camp, Amazonas, Venezuela, 0°55'N, 66°10'W, elevation 120 meters. Holotype: MBUCV-V-20800. Paratypes: AMNH 59336-40 (6, 12, 18, 1, 110); ANSP 167762 (25); CAS 75430 (55); FMNH 100609 (25); MBUCV-V 20801-02 (7, 220); MCZ 56849 (72); MHNG 2516.56 (55); MZUSP 27792 (2), 42379 (55); UMMZ 218698 (110); USNM 272354 (283), 272358 (4), 272362 (172), 315611 (6). Type catalog: Provenzano et al. 1998:11 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon epicharis Weitzman & Palmer 1997 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Hein 2009:3 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899]). •Valid as Megalamphodus epicharis (Weitzman & Palmer 1997) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus epicharis (Weitzman & Palmer 1997). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

eques, Chirodon Steindachner [F.] 1882:179 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 19 (no. 19); ref. 20487] Villa Bella and Obidos, Amazon River, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 95056. Paralectotypes: (several) NMW 59810 (2), 62693 (6). Original genus should have been Cheirodon. Species later described in more detail in Steindachner 1882:37 [ref. 14353]. Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899] list a lectotype. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:224 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:140 [ref. 24509], Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], López et al. 2002:27 [ref. 27366], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:102 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Hein 2009:2 [ref. 30362], Mirande 2010:510 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:47, 184 [ref. 35004], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2019:351 [ref. 36774], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Loureiro et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40506], Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023]). •Valid as Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Koerber et al. 2024:2 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541], Bertaco et al. 2025:2 [ref. 42492]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Guaporé River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Introduced in French Guiana and other regions in Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

eremus, Astyanax Ingenito [L. F. S.] & Duboc [L. F.] 2014:282, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33374] Paraná, Balsa, Nova, rio Canivete, at Fazenda Amola-Faca/Registro, tributary to the rio Iguaçu, 25°35’09"S, 49°44’01"W, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 39677. Paratypes: MCP 46942 (10, 2 c&s); MHNCI 12485 (8 plus 5); MNRJ 39678 (11, 2 c&s); NUP 13501 (8). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc 2014 -- (da Graça et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364], Dagosta & Marinho 2022:12 [ref. 39122]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu and Paraná River basins (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

ericae, Hyphessobrycon Moreira [C. R.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2017:124, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4318 (no. 1); ref. 35562] Igarapé do Almeidas, rio Trombetas basin, Almeidas plateau, Floresta Nacional Saracá-Taquera, Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil, 1°43'15''S, 56°25'3''W. Holotype: MNRJ 50000. Paratypes: INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon ericae Moreira & Lima 2017 -- (Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Faria et al. 2020:282 [ref. 37838], Faria et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38179], Lima et al. 2025:10 [ref. 41903], Faria et al. 2025:15 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon ericae Moreira & Lima 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: middle Amazon basin, Pará, Amazonas and Rondônia States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

erythrophthalmus, Hemigrammus Ladiges [W.] 1931:249, Fig. 5 [Der Aquarienfisch- und Naturfreund v. 2 (no. 11); ref. 35796] Amazon. No types known. Also in Ladiges 1934:12 [ref. 20522]. Could date to an earlier work of C. Brüning. Senior synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937, but name not used as valid for the last 90 years. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937 -- (Lima et al. 2024:199 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon pulchripinnis Ahl 1937. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

erythrops, Stethaprion Cope [E. D.] 1870:562, Fig. [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Amazon system, Peru. Holotype (unique): ANSP 8031. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Reis 1989:51 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:505 [ref. 31006], Barriga Salazar 2014:109 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35695], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:25 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Stethaprion erythrops Cope 1870. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

erythropterus, Tetragonopterus Holmberg [E. L.] 1891:189 [Revista Argentina de Historia Natural (Buenos Aires) v. 1; ref. 2192] Rio de la Plata, Paraná; Buenos Aires, Argentina. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Astyanax erythropterus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Soneira et al. 2010:780 [ref. 31078], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon erythropterus (Holmberg 1891) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38894], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40506], Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon erythropterus (Holmberg 1891). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: middle and lower río Paraná and Río de la Plata basin (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrostigma, Hemigrammus Fowler [H. W.] 1943:33, Fig. [The Fish Culturist v. 22 (no. 5); ref. 17878] Probably border area between Peru and Brazil. Holotype (unique): ANSP 70208. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:45 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma (Fowler 1943) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:234 [ref. 22743] with comment on type locality, Zarske & Géry 1997:310 [ref. 23715], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:167 [ref. 24507], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Hein 2009:3 [ref. 30362], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137]). •Valid as Megalamphodus erythrostigma (Fowler 1943) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus erythrostigma (Fowler 1943). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrozonus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:56 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Erukin, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53546 [ex CM 1448]. Paratypes: (32) BMNH 1911.10.31.386-387 (2); CAS 44383 [ex IU 11905] (5); FMNH 7344 (2), 53025 (5); CAS-SU 21949 [ex IU 11905] (2), 21950 [ex IU 11905] (2); MCZ [ex CM/IU] 29976 (2); USNM 66187 [ex CM] (2); ZMA 101032 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Nijssen et al. 1982:18 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin 1909 -- (Taphorn 1992:218 [ref. 23654], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:512 [ref. 31006], Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011:214 [ref. 31415], Carvalho et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35509], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[8] [ref. 35679], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus erythrozonus Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River (Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

erythrurus, Hyphessobrycon Ahl [E.] 1928:51, Figs. [Das Aquarium: eine Zeitschrift mit Bildern für Liebhaber, Schulen und Naturfreunde, Berlin 1928 (no. 4); ref. 35574] Possibly Amazon River, Brazil [aquarium import]. Syntypes: (5) ZMB 20828 (1). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847]. Zarske & Géry 1995:112 [ref. 22674] treat ZMB 20828 as holotype but that does not establish a lectotype; it may be the only surviving type however. Described in more detail by Ahl 1928:319 [ref. 15831]. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:118 [ref. 22674], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:134 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:40 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:259 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon anisitsi (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

eschwartzae, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Ortega [H.] 2013:865, Figs. 3-5 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 61 (no. 2); ref. 32692] La Cachuela, Río Madre de Dios, Tambopata, Río das Dios, 12°16'38.2"S, 69°09'8.12"W, Peru. Holotype: MUSM 42392. Paratypes: Many at AUM, IUM, MUSM. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Ortega 2013 -- (Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], García-Alzate et al. 2017:127 [ref. 35253], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Moreira & Lima 2017:133 [ref. 35562], Ohara et al. 2019:572 [ref. 37197], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon eschwartzae García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Ortega 2013. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Rio Madeira basin, Peru and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

essequibensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:17 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Tumatumari, Potaro River, Essequibo, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53519 [ex CM 1018]. Paratypes: (174, CM and IU) BMNH 1911.10.31.321-325 (5), .326-327 (2); CAS 39144-46 [ex IU 11721-23] (24, 1, 25); FMNH 7454 (5), 52685-87 (26, 1, 1), 52869 (1), 52962 (26), 71289 (20); MCZ 29958 (2); NMW 62766 (5); CAS-SU 21956 (5); USNM 66107 (now 4); ZMA 101010 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:22 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax essequibensis Eigenmann 1909 -- (Géry et al. 1996:8 [ref. 22155]). •Valid as Jupiaba essequibensis (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Zanata 1997:124 [ref. 24112], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Taphorn et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba essequibensis (Eigenmann 1909). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin (Guyana) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

eurystaenia, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.] 2010:656, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30977] Rio Von den Steinen, on the road to Agua Limpa, 13°14'19"S, 54°53'01"W, rio Ronura drainge, rio Xingu basin, Nova Ubiratã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 106058. Paratypes: CPUFMT 610 (3); DZAJRP 12547 (3), INPA 34095 (3), MCP 4557 (3), MPEG 18924 (3), MZUSP 91404 (109, 3 c&s); USNM 398648 (3).l Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:442 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Moenkhausia eurystaenia Marinho 2010 -- (Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia eurystaenia Marinho 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

falsus, Hemigrammus ocellifer Meinken [H.] 1958:232 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 11 (no. 8); ref. 21338] Amazon [aquarium import]. Holotype (unique): ZMH H1183. Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:156 [ref. 22013]. Also described as new in Meinken 1959:305 [ref. 12010]. •Questionably a synonym of Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner 1882) -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:133 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus ocellifer (Steindachner 1882) -- (Frankel 2002:285 [ref. 30814]). •Valid as Hemigrammus falsus Meinken 1958 -- (Zarske 2015:10 [ref. 33782], Lima et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34590], Lima & Marinho 2024:174 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Holopristis falsa (Meinken 1958) -- (Melo et al. 2024:28 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Holopristis falsa (Meinken 1958). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

fasciatus, Chalceus Cuvier [G.] 1819:352, Pl. 26 (fig. 2) [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 5; ref. 1017] Rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN A-9896 (2) Rio São Francisco, A-8653 and A-8654 (2) Rio São Francisco. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:17-18 [ref. 19577]. •Valid as Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Villa 1982:101 [ref. 36708], Pezold & Edwards 1983:104 [ref. 37431], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Bussing 1987:68 [ref. 22927], Malabarba 1989:129 [ref. 14217] as aff. fasciatus, Gamboa Pérez 1992:318 [ref. 38704], Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:24 [ref. 22290], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Galvis et al. 1997:40 [ref. 23651], Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791], Sverlij et al. 1998:18 [ref. 27632], Butí & Cancino 1999:70 [ref. 25277], Garutti & Britski 2000:85 [ref. 24769], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Romero & Paulson 2001:22 [ref. 26040], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:244 [ref. 26608] as cf. fasciatus, Miquelarena et al. 2002:77 [ref. 26517], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720] as cf fasciatus, Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Wilkens & Strecker 2003:545 [ref. 27317], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401] as cf. fasciatus, Centrofante et al. 2003:361 [ref. 27416], Casciotta et al. 2003:94 [ref. 28130], Casciotta et al. 2003:808 [ref. 27667] as cf. fasciatus, Castro & Vari 2004:332 [ref. 27972], Mirande et al. 2004:221 [ref. 27659] as cf. fasciatus, Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757] as cf. fasciatus, Protogino et al. 2006:10 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Artoni et al. 2006:197 [ref. 29207] as aff. fasciatus, Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333] as cf. fasciatus, Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Garutti & Venere 2009:378 [ref. 30493] with question, Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750] as aff. fasciatus, Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053] as aff. fasciatus, Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320] as aff. fasciatus, Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321] as aff. fasciatus, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698] not argentina, Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857] as aff. fasciatus, Schmitter-Soto 2016:130 [ref. 34424] as fasciatus and cf. fasciatus, Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561] as aff. fasciatus, Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966] as aff. fasciatus, Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Costa et al. 2017:44 [ref. 35684] as aff. fasciatus, Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506] as cf. fasciatus, Chuctaya et al. 2022:17 [ref. 42137]). •Valid as Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364] as aff. fasciatus, Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Gavazzoni et al. 2022:[7] [ref. 39877], Brandão et al. 2023:93 as aff. fasciatus [ref. 40464], Giora & Wingert 2023:139 [ref. 41026] as aff. fasciatus, Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727] as aff. fasciatus, Kampfert et al. 2025:282 [ref. 42023] as aff. fasciatus, Silva-Sene et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41784], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258] as aff. fasciatus, Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio São Francisco basin (Brazil) [widely reported from the Amazon River basin and other basins, but probably erroneous: Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela]. IUCN (2021): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

fasslii, Tetragonopterus (Aequidens) Steindachner [F.] 1915:48 [34], Pl. 4 (fig. 7) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse. v. 93; ref. 4244] Western Colombia. Holotype (unique): NMW ?. On p. 34 of separate; also in Steindachner 1917 [ref. 15259]. •Species not listed in earlier abstract [ref. 18909]. •Valid as Astyanax fasslii (Steindachner 1915) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:60 [ref. 35633], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:100 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax fasslii (Steindachner 1915). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: western Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

fernandezi, Hyphessobrycon Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1972:20, Pl. 20 [Análisis ictiológico del complejo hidrográfico; ref. 19696] Quebrada Cupa, Yaracuy River drainage, Cerca a Aroa en la vía a Duaca, finca de Víctor Atria, Venezuela, 10°29'50"N, 68°52'20"W. Neotype: MBUCV-V 34105. Neotype designated by García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2008:149 [ref. 29919]; originally a holotype and 61 paratypes (apparently lost) from Río Yaracuy drainage, Venezuela. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon fernandezi Fernández-Yépez 1972 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate et al. 2008:145 [ref. 29919], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:15 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al.2010:801 [ref. 30824], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Ohara et al. 2017:249 [ref. 35067], García-Alzate et al. 2017:125 [ref. 35253]). •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon scholzei Ahl 1937 -- (Lima et al. 2025:52 [ref. 41921]). Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon scholzei Ahl 1937. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

filamentosus, Hemigrammus Zarske [A.] 2011:4, Figs. 1-5 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 61 (no. 1); ref. 31376] Rio Araguaya basin, Brazil [imported]. Holotype: MTD F 32438. Paratypes: MTD F 32439-32455 (7). •Valid as Hemigrammus filamentosus Zarske 2011 -- (Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716] as cf. filamentosus). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus filamentosus Zarske 2011. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Araguaia River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

filiferus, Zygogaster Eigenmann [C. H.] 1913:23 [Indiana University Studies No. 18; ref. 1229] Apulo, Colombia. Holotype (unique): CAS 62258 [ex IU 12847]. •Valid as Astyanax filiferus (Eigenmann 1913) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:48 [ref. 31365], Torres-Mejia et al. 2012:505 [ref. 32312], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax filiferus (Eigenmann 1913). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

finitimus, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Lectotype: MNHN 2016-321. Paralectotypes: MNHN 0000-5223 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20-21 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. Lectotype selected by Schmitter-Soto 2017:1386 [ref. 35414]? •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1384 [ref. 35414], López-Segovia et al. 2020:110 [ref. 38151], Page et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Veracruz, Tabasco, and northern Oaxaca and Chiapas, Gulf coast (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

fischeri, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1879:151 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 16 (no. 15) (for 19 June 1879); ref. 20478] Río Mamoni, Panama. Syntypes: (several) NMW. Species described in above abstract only, and not listed or described in subsequent main work (Steindachner 1879 [ref. 18782]). •Species inquirenda in Characidae -- (Reis et al. 2003:159 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1400 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

flammeus, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] 1924:330, Fig. [The Fish Culturist v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 15459] Original stock from near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: USNM 92969 (2) [Aquarium bred]. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:26 [ref. 19022]. Also appeared in Myers 1925:97-99 [ref. 30479]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers 1924 -- (Lima & Costa 2001:237 [ref. 25700], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Lima et al. 2024:189 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon flammeus Myers 1924. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers of Rio de Janeiro State and Paraíba do Sul River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil; introduced in upper Paraná River basin. Habitat: freshwater.

flava, Moenkhausia Britzke [R.], Troy [W. P.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2018:3, Figs. 1-2, 4, 6 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 16 (no. 2) (e170086); ref. 36024] Tributary of rio Sepotuba, rio Paraguay basin, Córrego São Jorge, Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°27'24.9"S, 57°34'32.7"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123719. Paratypes: LBP, MZUEL, MZUSP. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hemigrammus flavus (Britzke, Troy, Oliveira & Benine 2018) -- (Melo et al. 2024:24 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus flavus (Britzke, Troy, Oliveira & Benine 2018). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Sepotuba drainage, rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

flaviolimai, Gymnocorymbus Benine [R. C.], Melo [B. F.], Castro [R. M. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2015:21, Figs. 8a, 13 [Zootaxa 3956 (no. 1); ref. 33792] Rio Guaporé, Costa Marques, Rondônia, Brazil, 12°26'42.0"S, 64°13'37.9"W. Holotype: INPA 47805. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP, UFRO-ICT, USNM. •Valid as Gymnocorymbus flaviolimai Benine, Melo, Castro & Oliveira 2015. Current status: Valid as Gymnocorymbus flaviolimai Benine, Melo, Castro & Oliveira 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

forestii, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.], Mariguela [T. C.] & Oliveira [C.] 2009:162, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30250] Cáceres, rio Sepotuba, rio Paraguay basin, 15°46'07"S, 57°38'54"W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 97827. Paratypes: LBP 3793 (10); MZUSP 19111 (10), 90270 (16, 2 c&s). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2009 -- (Dagosta et al. 2015:424 [ref. 33998], Mirande et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37445], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582], Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023], Marinho & Benine 2024:227 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Bario forestii (Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2009) -- (Koerber et al. 2024:2 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:27 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Bario forestii (Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2009). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin (Brazil and northern Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

fortispina, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2023:3, Figs. 1-4A [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 21 (no. 1): e220086; ref. 40179] Igarapé Cobal, rio Xingu basin, Altamira municipality, Pará Sate, Brazil, 03°23'88"S. 51°75'19"W. Holotype: INPA 59843. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, LBP, MCP, MZUSP, ROM, ZUEC. •Valid as Poptella fortispina Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2023. Current status: Valid as Poptella fortispina Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: rio Xingu drainage, Amazon basin, Pará and Mato Grosso States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

fowleri, Axelrodia Géry [J.] 1965:33, Pl. 4 (fig. 14) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] Vicinity of Iquitos, Upper Amazon, Peru. Holotype: SMF 7212. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0186 (3), SMF 7649 (2). •Valid as Axelrodia fowleri Géry 1965 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Axelrodia stigmatias (Fowler 1913) -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Axelrodia stigmatias (Fowler 1913). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Habitat: freshwater.

franciscensis, Fowlerina Eigenmann [C. H.] 1914:45 [Indiana University Studies No. 20; ref. 1230] Lagoas of Rio Grande at Barreiras, Rio São Francisco system, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 56426 [ex CM 5240]. Paratypes: (130+, CM and IU) CAS 44267 [ex IU 13195] (4), FMNH 15021-24 (4), 56741-50 (20, 2, 7, 2, 5, 20, 27, 7, 26, 23). Additional material: MCZ 20921 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:68 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:36 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis 1989:43 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2016:14 [ref. 34496], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809]). Current status: Valid as Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

franciscoensis, Ephippicharax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Myers 1929:506, Pl. 70 (figs. 3 & 5) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 5); ref. 1263] Barreiras, Lagoa do Rio Grande, Brazil. Holotype: CM 5240. Paratypes: CM 5561-5570 (more than 130), MCZ (3). •Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914) -- (Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann 1914). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

frankei, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 1997:309, Figs. 1, 3 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 50 (no. 5); ref. 23715] Brook at Carretera Central, 10 kilometers west of Aguaytia, River Ucayali area, Dept. Loreto, Peru. Holotype: MTD F 17706. Paratypes: MHNG 2586.31-.33 (4, 2, 60); MTD F 16599-16603 (5), F 17707-30 (24). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry 1997 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon frankei Zarske & Géry 1997. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Ucayali River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

frickei, Hyphessobrycon Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Bragança [P. H. N.], Katz [A. M.] & Ottoni [F. P.] in Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Santos, Katz et al. 2020:85, Figs. 1-2 [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 723; ref. 37899] Maracaçumé River, Maracaçumé municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2°3'14"S, 45°57'16"W. Holotype: CICCAA 02363. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020 -- (Koerber et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon frickei Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Maracaçumé River drainage (Maranhão, northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

fulgens, Tetragonopterus Bocourt [F.] 1868:62 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie et Paléontologie) (Sér. 5) v. 9; ref. 16971] Cuernovaca, Mexico. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-5194 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:20 [ref. 19577]. Description very brief. •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1389 [ref. 35414], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

fuscata, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2021:2, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 98 (no. 5); ref. 38089] Quebrada Campamento Satélite EO4, Río Putumayo, subbasin Bufeo, Putumayo, Loreto, Peru, 02°22'29"S, 71°35'35"W. Holotype: MUSM 69465. Paratypes: LBP, MUSM, ZUEC. •Valid as Poptella fuscata Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021. Current status: Valid as Poptella fuscata Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: Putumayo and Nanay River drainages, upper Amazon basin, Loreto, Peru and Amazon River at Tabatinga, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gandhiae, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.], Taphorn [D. C.], Buckup [P. A.] & Ortega [H.] 2018:13, Fig. 6 [European Journal of Taxonomy No. 402; ref. 35787] Upper Cenepa River drainage, Marañon River Basin, Condorcanqui Province, Department of Amazonas, Peru, 3°58'15"S, 78°41'15"W. Holotype: MUSM 46845. Paratypes: MUSM. •Valid as Astyanax gandhiae Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:17 [ref. 42137], Ruiz-C. et al. 2023:198 [ref. 40361]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax gandhiae Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia, Taphorn, Buckup & Ortega 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Cenepa River drainage, upper Amazon River basin (Peru). IUCN (2025): Not Assessed. Habitat: freshwater.

garujo, Deuterodon Lucena [Z. M. S. de] & Lucena [C. A. S. de] 1992:130, Fig. 5 [Communicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS v. 5 (nos 1-12); ref. 21970] Rio Garuvá, Paraná, Garuvá, about 25°59'S, 48°55'W, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 14654. Paratypes: MCP 13973 (710), ?MZUSP 43765 (2); plus additional material. Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:465 [ref. 23140]. •Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:128 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Habitat: freshwater.

garuttii, Astyanax Ruiz-C [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:122, Figs. 6B, 15 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 39815] Río La Palencia, San Juan River drainage, Sucre State, Venezuela, 10°20ꞌ67"N, 63°17ꞌ47"W. Holotype: MCNG 56441. Paratypes: AUM, MBUCV, MCNG. •Valid as Astyanax garuttii Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax garuttii Ruiz-C, Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: San Juan River drainage and streams flowing into the Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

georgetti, Hyphessobrycon Géry [J.] 1961:121, Figs. 1-3 [Bulletin of Aquatic Biology v. 2 (no. 22); ref. 9348] Side branch of Sipaliwini River, a swampcreek in Paru savannah, Suriname. Holotype: ZMA 103269. Paratypes: ANSP 139706 (1), MNHN 1982-0807 (1), ZMA 104184 (9), and other paratypes in Géry coll. M.163. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:20 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:46 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon georgettae Géry 1961 -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:235 [ref. 22743], Géry & Römer 1997:70 [ref. 23712], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Hein 2009:9 [ref. 30362], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon georgettae Géry 1961. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

georgiae, Parapristella Géry [J.] 1964:44, Figs. 9-10 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 12 (no. 5, Jan.); ref. 1582] Río Manacacias into Upper Río Meta, at Restrepo, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 198641. Paratypes: Géry coll. M.343 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:32 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Parapristella georgiae Géry 1964 -- (Taphorn 1992:292 [ref. 23654], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Parapristella georgiae Géry 1964. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

georgiae, Petitella Géry [J.] & Boutière [H.] 1964:474, Fig. 1 [Vie et Milieu Suppl. No. 17; ref. 1599] Lagunas village, lower Río Huallago, Loreto District, Peru. Holotype: MHNG 2150.28 [ex Géry coll. M.314,1]. Paratypes: ANSP 139710 (6); MHNG 2150.28 (1), 2150.29-64 (37), 2150.6588 (31); MNHN 1980-1447 (2); ZFMK 1419 (1); ZSM 26332 (3). Type catalog: Busse 1984:218 [ref. 28342], Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621], Weber 1998:8 [ref. 32707], Herder et al. 2010:118 [ref. 31087], Neumann 2011:247 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Petitella georgiae Géry & Boutière 1964 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Lima in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37634], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Lima 2024:249 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Petitella georgiae Géry & Boutière 1964. Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

geryi, Hyphessobrycon Guimarães [E. C.], Brito [P. S. de], Bragança [P. H. N.], Katz [A. M.] & Ottoni [F. P.] in Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Santos, Katz et al. 2020:89, Figs. 4-6 [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 723; ref. 37899] Flexeiras River, Tocantins River basin, Marabá municipality, Pará State, Brazil, 52°15'38"S, 48°59'35"W. Holotype: CICCAA 02403. Paratypes: CICCAA, UFRJ. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon geryi Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020 -- (Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon geryi Guimarães, Brito, Bragança, Katz & Ottoni 2020. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: middle Tocantins River basin (Pará, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gibbicervix, Tetragonopterus Pellegrin [J.] 1909:152 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 1) v. 15 (no. 4); ref. 3424] Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 1909-0182 (1) Tabatinga, 1909-0320 (1) Tonnantins, 1909-0321 (2) Teffé; ? NMW 57516 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:22 [ref. 19577]. •Species inquirenda in Ctenobrycon -- (Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Ctenobrycon spilurus (Valenciennes 1850) -- (Benine 2024:144 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Ctenobrycon spilurus (Valenciennes 1850). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

gisleni, Astyanax Dahl [G.] 1943:218 [4], Fig. [Förhandlingar / Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund v. 12 (no. 18); ref. 13198] Río Aburrá, tributary via Río Porce to River Nechí, Magdalena system, Medellín, Antióquia, Colombia, elevation about 1500 meters. Syntypes: (13) ZMUL. Orig. as Gisléni. On p. 4 of separate. •Valid as Astyanax gisleni Dahl 1943 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax gisleni Dahl 1943. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Magdalena River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

giton, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:97 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Paraíba River, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 20936. Paralectotypes: CAS 42482 [ex IU 15266 / ex MCZ 20936 smaller] (1). Lectotype selected by Eigenmann 1921:281 [ref. 12359]. •Valid as Astyanax giton Eigenmann 1908 -- (Azpelicueta & Garcia 2000:252 [ref. 25142], de Melo 2001:5 [ref. 27458], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Vari & Castro 2007:159 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:37 [ref. 29333], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Salgado 2021:9 [ref. 38719]). •Valid as Deuterodon giton (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon giton (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Paraíba River basin, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

goya, Moenkhausia Deprá [G. C.], Azevedo-Santos [V. M.], Vitorino Júnior [O. B.], Dagosta [F. C. P.], Marinho [M. M. F.] & Benine [R. C.] 2018:88, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4514 (no. 1); ref. 36283] Ribeirão Dois Irmãos, tributary of rio das Almas, rio Maranhão basin, Pirenópolis, Goiás, Brazil, 15°42'50"S, 49°2'39"W, elevation 713 meters. Holotype: MCP 51734. Paratypes: LBP, MCNIP, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, NUP, ZUEC. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Moenkhausia goya Deprá, Azevedo-Santos, Vitorino Júnior, Dagosta, Marinho & Benine 2018. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia goya Deprá, Azevedo-Santos, Vitorino Júnior, Dagosta, Marinho & Benine 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

goyacensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Vermelho, rio Araguaia tributary, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 89558. •Valid as Psalidodon goyacensis (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae; in error). •Valid as Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann 1908 -- (Garutti 1998:120 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493], Garutti & Langeani 2009:371, 372 [ref. 30985], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:862 [ref. 31053], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Freitas et al. 2015:190 [ref. 34055], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins River basin, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

goyanensis, Astyanacinus Miranda Ribeiro [P. de] 1944:1, Fig. [Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Zoologia, Nova Série No. 29; ref. 9903] Rio do Couro, Veadeiros, Estado do Goias, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 4129. Paratypes: MNRJ 2843 (7). •Valid as Astyanacinus goyanensis Miranda Ribeiro 1944 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Astyanax goyanensis (Miranda-Ribeiro 1944) -- (Bertaco et al. 2010:266 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138] with authorship as Bertaco, Carvalho & Jerep 2010, Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713]). •Valid as Psalidodon goyanensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1944) -- (Melo et al. 2024:14 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon goyanensis (Miranda Ribeiro 1944). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: rio dos Couros drainage, upper rio Tocantinzinho basin, Goias State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

graciliceps, Rachoviscus Weitzman [S. H.] & Cruz [C. A. G. da] 1981:1003, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 93 (no. 4); ref. 8528] About 1 kilometer north of Prado, about 500 meters from Atlantic, Bahia, Brazil, 17°19'S, 39°14'W. Holotype: MZUSP 14387. Paratypes: MNRJ 10585-86 (2), MZUSP 14388-90 (3), USNM 220355 (3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:37 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:493 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Rachoviscus graciliceps Weitzman & Cruz 1981 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809], Bertaco 2022:102 [ref. 40102], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Rachoviscus graciliceps Weitzman & Cruz 1981. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: coastal river basins, southern Bahia State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gracilimus, Moenkhausia lepidurus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:104 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Villa Bella; Serpa, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: (21) MCZ 20983 (now 13), USNM 120279 [ex MCZ 20983] (4) Serpa. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia gracilima Eigenmann 1908 -- (Géry 1992:71 [ref. 20972], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:60 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237], Bogotá-Gregory et al. 2020:1399 [ref. 37878], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364] as cf. gracilima, Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023], Marinho & Benine 2024:227 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia gracilima Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas basins (Brazil and Colombia). Introduced in upper Rio Paraná basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gracilior, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:98 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Obidos and Villa Bella, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20716 (1), 20838 (1), 21012 (1). •Valid as Astyanax gracilior Eigenmann 1908 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Garutti & Venere 2009:378 [ref. 30493]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax gracilior Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

gracilior, Hyphessobrycon Géry [J.] 1964:12, Figs. 10-11 [Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 1580] Small creek connecting "Zapote Cocha" and "Caño Yarina", on edge of Río Pacaya, tributary of lower Río Ucayali, Peru. Holotype: ZFMK 1329. Paratypes: MHNG 2150.12-13 (2), ZFMK 1330 (1). Type catalog: Busse 1984:218 [ref. 28342], Herder et al. 2010:116 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon gracilior Géry 1964 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon gracilior Géry 1964. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Upper Amazon River basin: Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

gracilis, Tetragonopterus Lütken [C. F.] (ex Reinhardt) 1875:133 [7] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 3); ref. 2856] Lagoa Santa, 19°38'S, 43°53'W, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9583 [ex ZMUC] (4); NMW 68066 (5); SMNS 2047 (4); ZMB 9201 (1); ZMUC 522-529 (8), 539 (1), 650 (1), 651 (1), 661 (1), 662 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:23 [ref. 19577], Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:9 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:26 [ref. 29864] with author as Reinhardt. On p. 7 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:217 (and p. XIV of summary), Pl. 5 (fig. 16) [ref. 19674]. Authorship sometimes seen as Reinhardt in Lütken. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon gracilis (Lütken 1875) -- (Fernández & Butí 1996:252 [ref. 22775], Lima & Gerhard 2001:110 [ref. 25355], Britski 2001:21 [ref. 26046]). •Valid as Hemigrammus gracilis (Lütken 1875) -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Mendonça & Wosiacki 2011:214 [ref. 31415], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633] [correct?], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297] as cf. gracilis, Lima & Marinho 2024:175 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus gracilis (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

grammica, Aphyodite Eigenmann [C. H.] 1912:314, Pl. 44 (fig. 5) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 1227] Konawaruk, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53408 [ex CM 1882]. Paratypes: CAS 59711 [ex IU 12162] (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:58 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:10 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Aphyodite grammica Eigenmann 1912 -- (Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:529 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[11] [ref. 35679], Esguícero & Castro 2017:756 [ref. 35694], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Taphorn et al. 2022:13 [ref. 41297]). •Valid as Hemigrammus grammicus (Eigenmann 1912) -- (Melo et al. 2024:23 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus grammicus (Eigenmann 1912). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River and Rio Negro basins (Guyana and Brazil), Rio Beni (Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

grandis, Astyanax Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1912:67 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (no. 6); ref. 10934] Río Juan Díaz, Panama. Holotype: FMNH 7571. Paratypes: (196) FMNH 12199-204 (75, 12, 31, 11, 25, 36), 12211-16 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 13089 (6), 13089 (6), 32015-16 (1, 1). Questionable paratypes: FMNH 12205-10 (12, 13, 15, 13, 15, 9). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1401 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax panamensis (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

grandisquamis, Tetragonopterus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] 1845:27, Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Horae Ichthyologicae Nos 1 & 2; ref. 3071] Suriname. Syntypes: ?ZMB 3593 (1). •Valid as Moenkhausia grandisquamis (Müller & Troschel 1845) -- (Géry et al. 1991:56 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:298 [ref. 22818], Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225], Benine 2002:292 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Marinho & Langeani 2010:886 [ref. 30927], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli et al. 2016:168 [ref. 34395], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837] as aff. grandisquamis and grandisquamis, Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia grandisquamis (Müller & Troschel 1845). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

griemi, Hyphessobrycon Hoedeman [J. J.] 1957:87, Figs. 1-3 [Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift (DATZ) v. 10 (no. 4); ref. 12143] Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: ZMA 101936a. Paratypes: ZMA 101936b (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:20 [ref. 19236]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman 1957 -- (Lima & Costa 2001:237 [ref. 25700], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136-137 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Bragança et al. 2015:260 [ref. 34051], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561] as aff. griemi, Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: eastern coastal rivers from São Paulo to northern Santa Catarina states (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gronovii, Tetragonopterus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:143 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Suriname and rivers of Guyana. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4402 (1), 4414 (1), A-9810 (1), A-9812 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:18-19 [ref. 19577]. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

guabirubae, Hyphessobrycon flammeus Godoy [M. P. de] 1987:220, Fig. a [Peixes do estado de Santa Catarina; ref. 21117] Guabiruba, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Syntypes: MHNP 406. Type catalog: Azevedo-Santos et al. 2023:543 [ref. 40344]. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman 1957 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Hyphessobrycon griemi Hoedeman 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

guaporensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:176, Pl. 7 (fig. 4) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Rio Guaporé at Maciel, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54709 [ex CM 3351]. Paratypes: CAS 68729 [ex IU 13268 and CM 3352] (1), FMNH 54710 [ex CM 3352] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax guaporensis Eigenmann 1911 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708]). •Valid as Makunaima guaporensis (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Makunaima guaporensis (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Madeira drainage, western Amazon basin, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

guaricana, Astyanax Oliveira [C. A. M.], Abilhoa [V.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2013:292, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 32756] Paraná State, municipality of São José dos Pinhais, Arraial, Guaricana Reservoir, affluent of the rio Cubatao, Brazil, 25°42'29"S, 48°58'25"W. Holotype: MZUSP 112224. Paratypes: Many at MHNCI, MZUSP; NUP 14319 (9). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax guaricana Oliveira, Abilhoa & Pavanelli 2013 -- (da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax guaricana Oliveira, Abilhoa & Pavanelli 2013. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: southeastern Mata Atlantica (Paraná State, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

guaruba, Moenkhausia Lima [A. de], Vita [G.], Dutra [G. M.], Ohara [W. M.] & Pastana [M. N. L.] 2023:587, Figs. 1, 3, 4 [Zootaxa 5330 (no. 4); ref. 40391] Upper rio Braço Norte, tributary of rio Peixoto de Azevedo, rio Tapajós basin, Novo Progresso, Pará, Brazil, 9°21'47.72"S, 54°54'14.44"W. Holotype: MZUSP 128235. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia guaruba Lima, Vita, Dutra, Ohara & Pastana 2023. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia guaruba Lima, Vita, Dutra, Ohara & Pastana 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Teles Pires River drainage, Tapajós River basin, Pará State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

guianensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1909:16 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1222] Warraputa, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53518 [ex CM 1013] [?51518]. Paratypes: (214, CM and IU) ANSP 39093 (1); BMNH 1911.10.31.314-318 and 319-320 (5 + 2); CAS 39208 [ex IU 11717 (26)/CAS-SU 21945 (6)] (32), 39209-11 [ex IU 11718-20] (1, 1, 10); FMNH 7452-53 (6, 2), 52682-83 (10, 1), 52862 (26); MCZ 29960-61 (xxx); NMW 58824 (4), 62783 (1); CAS-SU 21957 (2); USNM 66105-06 (5, 1), 120394 (2); ZMA 101028 (1), 101035 (3). Type catalog: Henn 1928:60 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:22 [ref. 12291], Nijssen et al. 1982:14 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:12 [ref. 12367], Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax guianensis Eigenmann 1909 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061], Garutti & Venere 2009:378 [ref. 30493], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], Marinho et al. 2015:569 [ref. 33708], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Makunaima guianensis (Eigenmann 1909) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Taphorn et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Makunaima guianensis (Eigenmann 1909). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo, Orinoco and Amazon River basins (Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

guianensis, Brachychalcinus Boeseman [M.] 1952:303 [Zoologische Mededeelingen (Leiden) v. 31 (no. 26); ref. 12683] Itabu Creek, New River drainage, Guyana. Lectotype: FMNH 51535. Paralectotypes: FMNH 59525 (8, now 5); RMNH 18473 (1), 23430 [ex FMNH 59525] (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:17 [ref. 12367]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke 1958:81 [ref. 12050]. •Valid as Brachychalcinus guianensis Boeseman 1952 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708]). •Synonym of Brachychalcinus orbicularis (Valenciennes 1850) -- (Reis 1989:60 [ref. 14219], Chang & Ortega 1995:7 [ref. 24302], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:209 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Brachychalcinus orbicularis (Valenciennes 1850). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

guyanensis, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] 1959:254, Fig. 3 [Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon v. 28 (no. 8); ref. 10038] Sable creek, tributary to upper Mana, French Guiana. Holotype: MHNG 2181.23 [ex Géry coll. T 18-1-19]. Paratypes: (23 + 56 + 14) ANSP 94718 (4), 112219 (4), 139701 (3); MNHN 1980-1436 (3); SMF 5378-79 (2); USNM 179756 (8); ZMA 100630 (2), 113854 (2); ZSM 26750 [ex Géry coll., ex MHNG 2181.24] (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:19 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621], Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707], Neumann 2011:246 [ref. 31652]. •Valid as Hemigrammus guyanensis Géry 1959 -- (Géry et al. 1991:59 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:276 [ref. 22818], Zarske & Géry 2002:26 [ref. 26553], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:23 [ref. 28749], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Lima et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34590], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[8] [ref. 35679], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507]). •Valid as Holopristis guyanensis (Géry 1959) -- (Melo et al. 2024:28 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Holopristis guyanensis (Géry 1959). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

gymnodontus, Psalidodon Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:166, Pl. 4 (figs. 2-3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54574 [ex CM 3204]. Paratypes: CAS 22779 [ex IU 13304] (1), FMNH 71559 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:67 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:70 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569, 573 [ref. 30986]). •Valid as Psalidodon gymnodontus Eigenmann 1911 -- (López et al. 2002:59 [ref. 26808], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Zanata et al. 2024:261 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon gymnodontus Eigenmann 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

gymnogenys, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:179, Pl. 9 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Porto União, middle Rio Iguaçu, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54707 [ex CM 3350]. Paratype: FMNH 54708 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:61 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax gymnogenys Eigenmann 1911 -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], López et al. 2002:59 [ref. 26808], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Vera Alcaraz et al. 2009:189 [ref. 30252], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:851 [ref. 31053], Mirande & Koerber 2015:23 [ref. 35117], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Oliveira et al. 2019:231 [ref. 36953]). •Valid as Psalidodon gymnogenys (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Zanata et al. 2024:261 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon gymnogenys (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: middle and lower Iguaçu River basin, Paraná and Santa Catarina (Brazil and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

haerteli, Opisthanodus Ahl [E.] in Schreitmüller 1935:97, Abb. 1 [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 32 (no. 7); ref. 21413] Amazon River at Pará, Brazil [aquarium import]; in error, probably northern Venezuela. Lectotype: ZMB 20793. Paralectotype: ZMB 32428 (1). Types mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:116, Fig. 11 [ref. 22674]. Described later by Ahl 1935:47 [ref. 79]. Also appeared as new in Ahl in Anonymous 1936:91 [ref. 35697]. Lectotype selected by Zarske & Géry 1995:116 [ref. 22674]. If the synonymy is correct, then the genus Opisthanodus Ahl 1935 is a senior synonym of Makunaima Terán, Benitez & Mirande 2020. •Synonym of Moenkhausia pittieri Eigenmann 1920 -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:119 [ref. 22674], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:234 [ref. 40817], Lima et al. 2025:57 [ref. 41921]). •Synonym of Makunaima pittieri (Eigenmann 1920). Current status: Synonym of Makunaima pittieri (Eigenmann 1920). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

hamatilis, Astyanax Camelier [P.] & Zanata [A. M.] 2014:477, Figs. 1-4 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 84 (no. 2); ref. 33136] Rio Utinga, tributary of Rio Santo Antônio, on road BR 242, Rio Paraguaçu basin, Sao José Village, Lençóis¸ Bahia State, Brazil, 12°30'14.7"S, 41°12'24.1"W, elevation 363 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 111500. Paratypes: ANSP, MCP, MZUSP. UFBA. •Valid as Astyanax hamatilis Camelier & Zanata 2014 -- (Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:270 [ref. 33857], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809]). •Valid as Deuterodon hamatilis (Camelier & Zanata 2014) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon hamatilis (Camelier & Zanata 2014). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia (Brazil) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

hamatus, Hyphessobrycon Bertaco [V. A.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2005:84, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 28297] Mambaí, córrego Cana Brava, tributary of rio Vermelho, rio Tocantins drainage, 14°29'S, 46°06'W, Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 34000. Paratypes: MCP 33929 (11), 33930 (10, 1 c&s), 33931 (6, 1 c&s); MZUSP 84411 (6). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon hamatus Bertaco & Malabarba 2005 -- (Miquelarena & López 2006:824 [ref. 29070], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088]). •Valid as Psalidodon hamatus (Bertaco & Malabarba 2005) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon hamatus (Bertaco & Malabarba 2005). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Vermelho River drainage, Goiás, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hamatus, Tyttobrycon Géry [J.] 1973:129, Figs. 31-34 [Studies on the Neotropical Fauna v. 8; ref. 1596] Upper Amazon basin, in a tributary of the Maranon, not far from Iquitos, Peru (precise locality unknown). Holotype: MHNG 2172.30 [ex Géry coll. 0677]. Paratypes: ANSP 139719 (1); Géry coll. (orig. 10, now 9, 1 c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621], Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Tyttobrycon hamatus Géry 1973 -- (Géry & Römer 1997:70 [ref. 23712], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:158-159 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2013:739 [ref. 33025], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Abrahão et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37182], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298], Marinho 2024:283 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Tyttobrycon hamatus Géry 1973. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

hanseni, Pristicharax Fowler [H. W.] 1949:1, Figs. 1-6 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 216; ref. 1460] Goiás, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 72104. Paratypes: ANSP 72105-08 (4), 72109 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hasemania hanseni (Fowler 1949) -- (Zarske & Géry 1999:95 [ref. 23982], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Serra & Langeani 2015:485 [ref. 33944], Teixeira et al. 2025:139 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Hasemania hanseni (Fowler 1949). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Goiás State (exact locality unknown), Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hanstroemi, Astyanax Dahl [G.] 1943:217 [3], Fig. [Förhandlingar / Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund = Proceedings of the Royal Physiographic Society at Lund v. 12 (no. 18); ref. 13198] Río Batatal, tributary to Río San Jorge, Magdalena system, Munic. of Ayapel, Bolivar Dept., Colombia. Holotype (unique): ZMUL. Originally as Hanströmi. On p. 3 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:3 [ref. 33698] with question). •?? Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:261 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

haraldi, Bryconella Géry [J.] 1965:28, Pl. 4 (fig. 13) [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 1584] Igarapé Préto, along Upper Amazon, near Belem, about 60 kilometers below Leticia, Brazil. Holotype: SMF 7220. Paratypes: Géry coll. 0189 (orig. 6); MNHN 1980-1427 (1); SMF 7221-35 (15); ZMA 113864 (1). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:15 [ref. 19236]. •Synonym of Bryconella pallidifrons (Fowler 1946) -- (Langeani in Reis et al. 2003:119 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Bryconella pallidifrons (Fowler 1946). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Habitat: freshwater.

haraldi, Hemigrammus pulcher Géry [J.] 1961:44, Fig. 2 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 10 (no. 2); ref. 9353] Lake between Paraná-Pará and Paraná-Comatia, upper Rio Solimões, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 196672. Paratypes: (5) ANSP 112214 (1); SMF 5382 (1), 7207 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:47 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:25 [ref. 19022]. Also appeared as new in Anonymous 1962:154 [ref. 31370]. •Valid as Hemigrammus haraldi Géry 1961 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:131-132 [ref. 27061], Lima et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34590], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137]). •Valid as Holopristis haraldi (Géry 1961) -- (Melo et al. 2024:28 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Holopristis haraldi (Géry 1961). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (western Brazil and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

haraldschultzi, Hyphessobrycon Travassos [H.] 1960:5, Fig. 1 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 8 (no. 6); ref. 11956] Ilha do Bananal, Goiaz, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 9207. Paratypes: MNRJ 9208-09 (2, c&s), 9210-11 (9, 33); USNM 179749 (39 of 41). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:27 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi Travassos 1960 -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:235 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:87 [ref. 28297], Hein 2009:9 [ref. 30362], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899]). •Valid as Megalamphodus haraldschultzi (Travassos 1960) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus haraldschultzi (Travassos 1960). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Araguaia River drainage, Tocantins State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hasemani, Hyphessobrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1913:545, Fig. 13 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira, above Falls of Guajaramirim, Brazil, about 10°47'S, 65°23'W. Holotype (unique): ANSP 39230. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:48 [ref. 13621]. •Valid, placement uncertain -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:238 [ref. 22743]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon hasemani Fowler 1913 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Sarmiento et al. 2016:184 [ref. 35004], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596], Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon hasemani Fowler 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Madeira River basin, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

hasemani, Moenkhausia lepidura Eigenmann [C. H.] 1917:102, Pls. 15 (fig. 3), 101 (fig. 5) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 1); ref. 1236] Santarém, Amazon River, Pará, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FNNH 55055 [ex CM 3746]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:66 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:57 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Moenkhausia hasemani Eigenmann 1917 -- (Géry 1992:73 [ref. 20972], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:61 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia hasemani Eigenmann 1917. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon basin and drainages of the Guiana Shield (Brazil, Guyana and Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

hastatus, Astyanax Myers [G. S.] 1928:87 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 10) v. 2 (no. 7); ref. 3100] Southeastern Brazil (possibly in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, aquarium import). Holotype: USNM 92952. Paratypes: USNM 94312 (29). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:6 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax hastatus Myers 1928 -- (de Melo 2001:11 [ref. 27458], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Mirande et al. 2007:37 [ref. 29333], Salgado 2021:9 [ref. 38719]). •Valid as Deuterodon hastatus (Myers 1928) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon hastatus (Myers 1928). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: coastal streams in vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hauxwellianus, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1870:560 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 11; ref. 914] Pebas, Peru. Syntypes: ANSP 8137 (Böhlke holotype), ANSP 8138-42 (5). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:48 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratypes. •Synonym of Ctenobrycon spilurus (Valenciennes 1850) -- (see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[12] [ref. 35679], Benine 2024:144 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus (Cope 1870) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:126 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2010:59 [ref. 31067], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:20 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:37 [ref. 39235]). Current status: Valid as Ctenobrycon hauxwellianus (Cope 1870). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

heikoi, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] & Zarske [A.] 2004:30, Figs. 1-7 [aqua, Journal of Ichthyology and Aquatic Biology v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 28287] Rio Iriri, a left-hand tributary of the Rio Xingu well above Altamira, at edge of island between Rio Novo and Igarapé Grota, about 10 kilometers below mouth of River Novo, Para, Brazil, about 4°25'S, 53°40'W. Holotype: MZUSP 83536. Paratypes: MHNG 2644.30 (1), MTD F 27909 (1). Plus one non-type specimen. •Valid as Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004 -- (Lima et al. 2006:32 [ref. 32268], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:395 [ref. 33384], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Lima & Flausino 2016:94 [ref. 34408], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia heikoi Géry & Zarske 2004. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Xingu River basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

heliacus, Hyphessobrycon Moreira [C. R.], Landim [M. I.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2002:428, Figs. 1-2 [Copeia 2002 (no. 2); ref. 26016] Ribeirão Macuco (= Córrego Duas-bocas), tributary of rio Teles Pires, rio Tapajós basin, 71.9 kilometers north from Sinop, munic. Cláudia, Mato Grosso state, Brazil, 11°15'S, 55°19'W. Holotype: MZUSP 52891. Paratypes: MCP 20697 (12); MZUSP 52893 (15), 62940 (4 c&s), 62941-43 (3, 2, 1); UFRJ 4646 (4 c&s), 4647 (3); USNM 348911 (12). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon heliacus Moreira, Landim & Costa 2002 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2003:95 [ref. 27437], Ingenito et al. 2013:38 [ref. 32568], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon heliacus Moreira, Landim & Costa 2002. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Teles Pires River in upper Tapajós basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hemigrammoides, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1965:109, Fig. 6 [Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde v. 35; ref. 7962] Matoekasie creek, on the road Albina-Moengo, Cottica River basin, Suriname. Holotype: ZMA 104227. Paratypes: (19) MNHN 1980-1446 (1); ZMA 104228-29 (4, 6). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:22 [ref. 19236]. Dated 1966 in Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287]. •Valid, placement uncertain -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:239 [ref. 22743]). •Valid as Moenkhausia hemigrammoides Géry 1965 -- (Planquette et al. 1996:302 [ref. 22818], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Pastana & Dagosta 2014:390 [ref. 33384], Dagosta & Marinho 2016:[7] [ref. 34498], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Carvalho et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35509], Méndez-López & Urbano-Bonilla 2019:868 [ref. 37004]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia hemigrammoides Géry 1965. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana, Suriname, Colombia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

henseli, Astyanax de Melo [F. A. G.] & Buckup [P. A.] 2006:46 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 28622] Porto Alegre, southern Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7479. Replacement for Tetragonopterus aeneus Hensel 1870, preoccupied in Tetragonopterus by T. aeneus Günther 1860. •Valid as Astyanax henseli de Melo & Buckup 2006 -- (Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:493 [ref. 33320], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:270 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561] with author as Melo & Buckup, Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Giora & Wingert 2023:125 [ref. 41026]). •Valid as Psalidodon henseli (de Melo & Buckup 2006) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Psalidodon henseli (de Melo & Buckup 2006). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

hepsetus, Hydrocyon Cuvier [G.] 1829:312 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] No locality stated [Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Non-types: MNHN A-9851 (3, poor condition) Buenos Aires. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:7-8 [ref. 19577] but dated to Valenciennes 1847. On Quoy & Gaimard 1824-25, pl. 48 (fig. 2) [ref. 3574]. •Valid as Acestrorhampus hepsetus (Cuvier 1829) -- (Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004]). •Valid as Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier 1829) -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:31 [ref. 20060], Gómez & Chebez 1996:47 [ref. 23791], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565] with author as Steindachner 1867, Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Koerber & Serra 2020:4 [ref. 37449], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus hepsetus (Cuvier 1829). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio de Janeiro south to Laguna dos Patos (southeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

herbertaxelrodi, Hyphessobrycon Géry [J.] 1961:29, Fig. 4 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 9 (no. 9, May); ref. 9352] Coxim on the Rio Taquary [= Taquari], Rio Paraguay [= Paraguai] basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: USNM 196089. Paratypes: Géry coll. M.1152-54 (orig. 3), SMF 5376 (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:27 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Géry 1961 -- (Britski et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], Mirande 2010:511 [ref. 31006], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ohara & Lima 2015:570 [ref. 33846], Marinho et al. 2016:247 [ref. 34376], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Lima et al. 2024:191 [ref. 40817], Faria et al. 2025:15 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi Géry 1961. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay River basin, Brazil and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

hermosus, Astyanax Miquelarena [A. M.], Protogino [L. C.] & López [H. L.] 2005:14, Fig. 1 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 112 (no. 1); ref. 28188] Valle Hermoso, 31°07'S, 64°29'W, San Francisco River, Primero River basin, Punilla Dept., Córdoba Province, Argentina. Holotype: CFA-IC 11690 [ILPLA 1690]. Paratypes: CFA-IC 11691 [ILPLA 1691] (18, 2 c&s), 11692 [ILPLA 1692] (6, c&s); MHNG 2647.68 (4), MLP 9665 [ex ILPLA 1691]. Type catalog: Koerber 2007:2 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena et al. 2009:42 [ref. 34389], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:4 [ref. 33466], Bogan et al. 2019:12 [ref. 37088]. •Valid as Astyanax hermosus Miquelarena, Protogino & López 2005 -- (Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:65 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:157 [ref. 29039], Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:24 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Psalidodon hermosus (Miquelarena, Protogino & López 2005) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon hermosus (Miquelarena, Protogino & López 2005). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Primero River basin (Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

heteresthes, Aphyocarax Ulrey [A. B.] 1894:612 [American Naturalist v. 28 (no. 331); ref. 12356] Brazil. Syntypes: (6, all juveniles) CAS 76377 (4), CAS-SU 2161 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:21 [ref. 12291]. Original genus should have been Aphyocharax. Species was also described as new in Ulrey 1895:293 [ref. 12371]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon heteresthes (Ulrey 1894) -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Dagosta et al. 2014:366 [ref. 33382]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lima et al. 2024:205 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Dubium. Current status: Uncertain. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Still known only from the type locality, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

heterorhabdus, Tetragonopterus Ulrey [A. B.] 1894:610 [American Naturalist v. 28 (no. 331); ref. 12356] Pará, Brazil [probably the outskirts of Belém]. Syntypes: (several) CAS 44415 [ex IU 5496] (9), 44416 [ex IU 5500] (6); CAS-SU 2174 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:27 [ref. 12291]. Species was also described as new in Ulrey 1895:286 [ref. 12371]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey 1894) -- (Zarske & Géry 1998:20 [ref. 23983], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928] as cf. heterorhabdus, Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2004:36 [ref. 28039], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671], García-Alzate et al. 2008:140 [ref. 29919], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:15 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30724], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al.2010:801 [ref. 30824], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Moreira & Lima 2017:133 [ref. 35562], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774] as gr. heterorhabdus, Faria et al. 2020:282 [ref. 37838], Faria et al. 2021:1 [ref. 38179], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Faria et al. 2025:14 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon heterorhabdus (Ulrey 1894). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: lower Amazon River basin (eastern Pará to the rio Curuá-Una basin and rio Cupari drainage, Tapajós River basin), Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

heterostomus, Probolodus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:164, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Campos on Rio Paraíba, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54328 [ex CM 2973]. Paratypes: FMNH 54329-30 (3, 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:59 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:70 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Probolodus heterostomus Eigenmann 1911 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:501 [ref. 31006], Santos & Castro 2014:405 [ref. 33386]). •Valid as Deuterodon heterostomus (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon heterostomus (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, coastal basins of southeastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

heterurus, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Wilson [C.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:11 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Río Truando, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56577 [ex CM 5392]. Paratype: CAS 39213 [ex IU 13085] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:61 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •? Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Zanata et al. 2024:260 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

hexastichos, Hyphessobrycon Bertaco [V. A.] & Carvalho [T. P.] 2005:440, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 3); ref. 28388] Comodora, rio Mutum on road BR 364 to cidade de Vilhena, tributary of rio Juruena, upper rio Tapajós drainage, 13°05'08"S, 59°53'32"W, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 37648. Paratypes: MCP 37649 (145, 4 c&s). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho 2005. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon hexastichos Bertaco & Carvalho 2005. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Mutum River, headwaters of Tapajós River, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

hildae, Gymnotichthys Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1950:10, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Novedades Cientificas, Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Serie Zoológica No. 2; ref. 1323] Río Autana, Hoya del Río Sipapo, Estado Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): MHNLS 963 [ex AFY 48164]. Type catalog: Lasso et al. 1997:41 [ref. 23639]. •Valid as Gymnotichthys hildae Fernández-Yépez 1950 -- (Géry 1992:78 [ref. 20972], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:128 [ref. 27061], Reis et al. 2016:13 [ref. 34496]). •Synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Marinho & Langeani 2016:340 [ref. 34416], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

hildae, Hyphessobrycon Fernández-Yépez [A.] 1950:18, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [Novedades Cientificas, Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Serie Zoológica No. 2; ref. 1323] Río Autana, Hoya del Río Sipapo, Estaso Amazonas, Venezuela. Holotype (unique): MHNLS 989 [ex AFY 48170]. Type catalog: Lasso et al. 1997:42 [ref. 23639]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon hildae Fernández-Yépez 1950 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Faria et al. 2025:15 [ref. 42414]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon hildae Fernández-Yépez 1950. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Autana River drainage, upper Orinoco River basin, Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

hubbsi, Anoptichthys Álvarez [J.] 1947:215, Fig. 1 [Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural v. 8 (nos 1-4); ref. 12993] Cueva de los Sabinos, San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Holotype: whereabouts unknown. Paratypes: BMNH 1951.12.3.14-17 (4), UANL 998 (3), UMMZ 164103 (33). Type catalog: Contreras-Balderas et al. 1998:2 [ref. 23752]. Genus misspelled in species heading as Anopitchthys. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus [complex] (Cuvier 1819) -- (Romero & Paulson 2001:23 [ref. 26040]). •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Miranda-Gamboa et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40047], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). •Synonym of Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:52 [ref. 28992]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

humilis, Tetragonopterus Günther [A.] 1864:327 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala. Syntypes: (at least 4) BMNH 1865.4.29.45-50 (6). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1352 [ref. 35414]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax aeneus (Günther 1860). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

hyanuary, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1918:151, Pl. 18 (fig. 4) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2); ref. 1240] Lake Hyanuary. Syntypes: (8) CAS 42676 [ex IU 12648; MCZ 20955] (2), MCZ 20955 (now 4). Author is M. L. Durbin. Appeared first in Eigenmann 1910:436 [ref. 1224] without description. •Valid as Hemigrammus hyanuary Durbin 1918 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Yunoki et al. 2025:327 [ref. 42013]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus hyanuary Durbin 1918. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Sout merica: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

hysterosticta, Moenkhausia Lucinda [P. H. F.], Malabarba [L. R.] & Benine [R. C.] 2007:62, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 1525; ref. 29183] Rio Tocantins, Ipueiras, about 11°19'S, 48°28'W, Tocantins, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 32559. Paratypes: MCP 32560 (2), 32561 (19, 4 c&s); UNT 3887 (15), 4474 (7), 4475 (2), 4476 (12). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Moenkhausia hysterosticta Lucinda, Malabarba & Benine 2007 -- (Marinho & Langeani 2010:60 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Bertaco et al. 2011:62 [ref. 31234], Bertaco et al. 2011:37 [ref. 31403], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia hysterosticta Lucinda, Malabarba & Benine 2007. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco and Amazon River basins, Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

iasy, Jupiaba Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Zanata [A. M.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Sousa [L. M. de] 2009:54, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 2262; ref. 30519] Paranaita, sandy beach on left riverbank of rio Teles, downstram of Sete Quedas rapids, 9°20'38"S, 56°46'42'W, Mat Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 100854. Paratypes: many at INPA, MNRJ, MZUSP. •Valid as Jupiaba iasy Netto-Ferreira, Zanata, Birindelli & Sousa 2009. Current status: Valid as Jupiaba iasy Netto-Ferreira, Zanata, Birindelli & Sousa 2009. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: Tributaries of rio Tapajós and from rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

icae, Moenkhausia lepidurus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Iça, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 20810 (1, missing), 20812 (30). Original as içae. •Synonym of Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Géry 1992:69 [ref. 20972]). •Valid as Moenkhausia icae Eigenmann 1908 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:66 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia icae Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Solimões, Iça and Japurá River drainages, Amazon basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ifati, Thayeria Géry [J.] 1959:128, Figs. 1-3 [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 40 (nos 3/4); ref. 11994] "Gaa Kaba", Maroni, Guiana, north of the 4th parallel. Holotype: SMF 4900. Paratypes: ANSP 112206 (2), 139700 (3); MHNG 2173.40 (43, now 13); MNHN 1980-1450 (2); SMF 4667-73 (7); Géry coll. 25T05b [=57T05b] (orig. 36), 30T05c (10), 32T05d (8); USNM 179762 [ex Géry] (9); ZMA 100650 (2), 113857 (1); ZMH H808 (3); ZSM 26763 (2). Type catalog: Wilkens 1977:156 [ref. 22013], Nijssen et al. 1982:24 [ref. 19236], Böhlke 1984:48 [ref. 13621], Vari & Howe 1991:41 [ref. 19022], Weber 1998:9 [ref. 32707] with holotype as MHNG 2173.42, Neumann 2011:247 [ref. 31652]. The status of paratypes is very confused; see online catalogs where possible; some specimens may not be paratypes. Holotype is SMF 4900 as confirmed by Sonia Fisch-Muller, Jan. 2011. •Valid as Thayeria ifati Géry 1959 -- (Géry et al. 1991:60 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:322 [ref. 22818], Lima & Moreira in Reis et al. 2003:157 [ref. 27061], Moreira & Lima 2017:146 [ref. 35664], Moreira 2024:282 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Thayeria ifati Géry 1959. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Maroni and Approuague River basins, French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

igneus, Hyphessobrycon Miquelarena [A. M.], Menni [R. C.], López [H. L.] & Casciotta [J. R.] 1980:237, Fig. 1a [Neotrópica (La Plata) v. 26 (no. 76); ref. 8687] Laguna in front of Escuela No. 12, camino Bella Vista-San Roque, Corrientes, Argentina. Holotype: ILPLA 23-IX-80-7. Paratypes: USNM 256727 [from CIMLP ?23-IX-80-8] (1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:27 [ref. 19022], Koerber 2007:1 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:7 [ref. 33466]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon igneus Miquelarena, Menni, López & Casciotta 1980 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:103 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987] dated to 1981, Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Miquelarena & López 2010:5 [ref. 30749], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Koerber & Litz 2014:2 [ref. 34967], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:413 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565] as aff. igneus, Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Giora & Wingert 2023:135 [ref. 41026], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:77 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon igneus Miquelarena, Menni, López & Casciotta 1980. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

iguape, Deuterodon Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, McAtee & Ward 1907:140, Pl. 41 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 2) (art. 7); ref. 1261] Iguapé, Brazil. Holotype (unique): CAS 44226 [ex IU 9265]. •Valid as Deuterodon iguape Eigenmann 1907 -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:129 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:502 [ref. 31006], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon iguape Eigenmann 1907. Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Ribeira de Iguapé River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

incaicus, Astyanax bimaculatus Tortonese [E.] 1942:62 [52], Pl. 3 [Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino (Serie 4) v. 49 (no. 117) (for 1941-1942); ref. 10294] Río Zamora, in Río Maranon basin, Ecuador. Holotype: MZUT 3560. Paratypes: (10) MSNG 35975 (3); MZUT (10). Type catalog: Tortonese 1961:183 [ref. 10343]. On p. 52 of separate. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920]). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax incaicus Tortonese 1942 -- (Bertaco & Garutti 2007:28 [ref. 29172], Garutti & Langeani 2009:372 [ref. 30985], Freitas et al. 2015:183 [ref. 34055]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax incaicus Tortonese 1942. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Río Zamora drainage (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

inconstans, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Ogle [F.] 1907:17, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Para (?), Brazil [possibly Colombia]. Holotype: USNM 34591 [not 55652]. Paratypes: USNM 306824 (orig. 4, now 1). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907) -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[9] [ref. 35679], Lima et al. 2024:192 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon inconstans (Eigenmann & Ogle 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: ? Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

innesi, Hyphessobrycon Myers [G. S.] 1936:97 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 49; ref. 13726] Likely near Iquitos, Peruvian Amazon. Holotype (unique): USNM 102109. Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:27 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon innesi Myers 1936 -- (Schreitmüller 1936:501 [ref. 27793]). •Valid as Paracheirodon innesi (Myers 1936) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Fuller et al. 1999:186 [ref. 25838], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:153 [ref. 27061], Marshall et al. 2012:378 [ref. 31785], Marinho 2017:2 [ref. 35491], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Bittencourt et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37634], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:24 [ref. 42137], Marinho 2024:247 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Paracheirodon innesi (Myers 1936). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Solimões River drainage (Brazil, Colombia and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

innesi, Stethaprion Myers [G. S.] 1932:149, fig'd [The Aquarium v. 1 (no. 6); ref. 12369] Lower Amazon River, Brazil. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 25228. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:27 [ref. 12291]. Appeared first as above, then in more detail in Myers 1933:604 [ref. 12370]. •Synonym of Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916 -- (Reis 1989:55 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Stethaprion crenatum Eigenmann 1916. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Habitat: freshwater.

inrai, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1992:74, Figs. 7-11 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 20972] "Crique Roche au-dessus du Saut Grand Canori, Approuague", French Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 1992-0943. Paratypes: (35) MNHN 1992-0944 (11, now 9), MTD F 27514 [ex Géry coll.] (1), ZMA 120798 (8); plus non-type material. Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Moenkhausia inrai Géry 1992 -- (Planquette et al. 1996:304 [ref. 22818], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Marinho & Langeani 2010:60 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Marinho & Benine 2024:228 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia inrai Géry 1992. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: French Guiana and Suriname. Habitat: freshwater.

insignis, Luetkenia Steindachner [F.] 1876:86 [38], Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Tabatinga, Santarém, Amazon system, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (several) NMW; ZSM 23662 (1). Type catalog: Neumann 2011:246 [ref. 31652]. On p. 38 of separate. Species originally as Lütkenia insignis; correction of genus spelling mandatory, •Valid as Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Reis in Reis et al. 2003:156-157 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:504 [ref. 31006], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner 1876). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

integer, Astyanax Myers [G. S.] 1930:67 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 43; ref. 12360] Guaicaramo, at junction of Río Guavio and Río Upía, Colombia. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 23726. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:22 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Astyanax integer Myers 1930 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Taphorn 1992:113 [ref. 23654], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745] as cf. integer, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax integer Myers 1930. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

intermedius, Astyanax scabripinnis Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:98 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio Paraíba and Rio Santa Clara, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 20684. Paralectotypes: (many) CAS 42485 [ex MCZ 20939 & IU 15253] (1), CAS 42486 [MCZ 20684 & IU 15254] (4); MCZ 20635 (2), MCZ 20684 (6, now 5), 20919 (38), 20930 (2), 95545 (1). Lectotype selected by de Melo 2001:17 [ref. 27458]. •Synonym of Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns 1842), but a valid subspecies -- (Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248], Oliveira et al. 2017:180 [ref. 35587]). •Valid as Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann 1908 -- (de Melo 2001:17 [ref. 27458], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], Vari & Castro 2007:159 [ref. 29039], Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Marinho et al. 2015:576 [ref. 33708], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984]). •Valid as Deuterodon intermedius (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon intermedius (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America. Paraíba do Sul River basin and coastal rivers of Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

intermedius, Moenkhausia dichrourus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20762 (2). See Planquette et al. 1996:306 [ref. 22818]. •Valid as Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908 -- (Fernández & Butí 1996:253 [ref. 22775], Miquelarena et al. 1997:67 [ref. 23469], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:34 [ref. 24147], Britski & de Silimon 2001:119 [ref. 27195], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147-148 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:107 [ref. 28130], Benine et al. 2004:72 [ref. 27502], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:507 [ref. 31006] as cf. intermedia, Sarmiento et al. 2014:49, 185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364] as aff. intermedia, Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759] as cf. intermedia, Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

interrupta, Tetragonopterus rivularis var. Lütken [C. F.] 1875:215 [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 3); ref. 2856] Not available, published in the synonymy of Tetragonopterus rivularis Lütken; also a junior homonym of Tetragonopterus interruptus Jenyns. •In the synonymy of Hyphessobrycon santae (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:140 [ref. 27061]). •Unavailable name -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:446 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae.

iota, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] 1909:60 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 6 (no. 1); ref. 1166] Gluck Island, Guyana. Holotype: FMNH 53034 [ex CM 1458]. Paratypes: (11) BMNH 1911.10.31.393 (1); CAS 44417 [ex IU 11913] (2), 44418 [ex IU 11914] (1); FMNH 7347 (1), 53035-36 (2, 1); MCZ 29975 [ex CM] (1); SU 21917 (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Böhlke 1953:24 [ref. 12291], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:44 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemigrammus iota Durbin 1909 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Carvalho 2005:147 [ref. 28675], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[8] [ref. 35679], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus iota Durbin 1909. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Essequibo River basin (Guyana) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

iris, Moenkhausia Marinho [M. M. F.] & Dagosta [F. C. P.] 2023:2, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 103 (no. 5); ref. 40358] Affluent of rio Galera, upstream Uirapuru waterfall, rio Guaporé drainage, rio Madeira basin, municipality of Nova Lacerda, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°24'50"S, 59°27'21"W. Holotype: MZUSP 125194. Paratypes: INPA, MCP, MUBIO, MZUSP, UFPB. •Valid as Moenkhausia iris Marinho & Dagosta 2023. Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia iris Marinho & Dagosta 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Galera drainage, upper Madeira River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

ischyognatha, Moenkhausia Petrolli [M. G.] & Benine [R. C.] 2015:404, Figs. 2-3, 9c [Zootaxa 3986 (no. 4); ref. 33887] Mato Grosso, Gaúcha do Norte, Rio Curisevo, afluente rio Xingu, Porto Vitório, next ribeirão Kevuaieli, Brazil, 13°02'05"S, 53°25'19"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117140. Paratypes: LBP, MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia ischyognatha Petrolli & Benine 2015 -- (Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia ischyognatha Petrolli & Benine 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Curisevo drainage, Xingu River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

isiri, Hyphessobrycon Almirón [A. E.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Koerber [S.] 2006:890, Figs. 1-4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 113 (no. 4); ref. 29163] Entre Ríos, río Uruguay basin, Arroyo Ubajay, 31°48.94'S, 58°12.41'W, Argentina. Holotype: MACN Ict 8907. Paratypes: AI 191 (1), 192 (19, 3 c&s); MHNG 2666.080 (2); MLP 10464 [ex Al 193] (2). Type catalog: Nadalin & López 2015:5 [ref. 34112]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon isiri Almirón, Casciotta & Koerber 2006 -- (Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Koerber 2014:5 [ref. 33621], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon isiri Almirón, Casciotta & Koerber 2006. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Uruguay River basin, Argentina. Habitat: freshwater.

ita, Astyanax Almirón [A. E.], Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] & Casciotta [J. R.] 2002:4, Figs. 1-4 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 52; ref. 26720] Arroyo Tateto, 25°47'12.8"S, 53°58'12.9"W, a headwater of Arroyo Deseado (tributary of Río San Antonio), Iguazu basin, Province of Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MLP 9599. Paratypes: MHNG 2630.09 (7); MLP 9560 [= 9600] (3); MTD F 26487-90 (4). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:14 [ref. 27474], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:4 [ref. 33466]. •Valid as Astyanax ita Almirón, Azpelicueta & Casciotta 2002 -- (López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:670 [ref. 28391], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], Mirande et al. 2006:65 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:157 [ref. 29039], Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:37 [ref. 29333], Vera Alcaraz et al. 2009:189 [ref. 30252], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Mirande & Koerber 2015:24 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587]). •Valid as Psalidodon ita (Almirón, Azpelicueta & Casciotta 2002) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon ita (Almirón, Azpelicueta & Casciotta 2002). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Río San Antonio drainage (Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

itaparicensis, Hyphessobrycon Lima [S. M. Q.] & Costa [W. J. E. M.] 2001:234, Figs. 1-2 [Cybium v. 25 (no. 3); ref. 25700] Small stream in ilha de Itaparica, Estado de Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 58539. Paratypes: MZUSP 57540 (6), UFRJ 4843-4844 (9, 8), UMMZ 365811 (20). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Camelier 2010:776 [ref. 31077], Brito et al. 2014:1157 [ref. 41492], Carvalho et al. 2014:248 [ref. 33371], Dagosta et al. 2014:373 [ref. 33382], Zanata et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35863], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon itaparicensis Lima & Costa 2001. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: small coastal streams in the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion, from Camamu municipality to tributaries of rio Sergipe in Areia Branca municipalit, Bahia to Sergipe (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

itau, Oligosarcus Mirande [J. M.], Aguilera [G.] & Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] 2011:4, Figs. 1-6 [Zootaxa No. 2994; ref. 31465] Río Bermejo basin, small tributary to Río Itau, near Campo Largo, 22°01'34"S, 63°56'06"W, General San Martín, Salta, Argentina, elevation 690 meters. Holotype: CI-FML 3856. Paratypes: CI-FML 3857 (1), 3858 (1 c&s). •Placement in Oligosarcus is controversial -- (Riveiro & Menezes 2015:41 [ref. 33768]). •Valid as Oligosarcus itau Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2011 -- (Koerber 2014:5 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Cancino et al. 2024:143 [ref. 41222], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus itau Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2011. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Bermejo River drainage (Argentina and Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

jackrobertsi, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2014:147, Figs. 7-10 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 64 (no. 2); ref. 33403] Iquitos (Import), Peru. Holotype: MTD F 33042. Paratypes: MTD F 33043-33051 (9), 33149-33158 (10). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon jackrobertsi Zarske 2014 -- (Guimarães et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37899], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon jackrobertsi Zarske 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Loreto (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

jacobinae, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.] & Camelier [P.] 2008:34, Figs. 4-5 [Zootaxa No. 1908; ref. 29887] Jacobina, Itaitu village, rio da Jaqueira, below Cachoeira Araponga, tributary of rio Itapicuru-mirim, rio Itapicuru basin, 11°22'19.8"N, 40°29'39.7"W, Bahia, Brazil, elevation 535 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 89570. Paratypes: MZUSP 89571 (3); UFBA 02793 (5, 1 c&s). •Valid as Astyanax jacobinae Zanata & Camelier 2008 -- (Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Zanata et al. 2017:508 [ref. 35145], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax jacobinae Zanata & Camelier 2008. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia (Brazil). endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

jacuhiensis, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1894:88, Pl. 6 (fig. 6) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lectotype: ANSP 21912. Paralectotypes and non-types: (should be 14) ANSP 21606-11 (6), 21683-701 (19) [21702-03 (2) exchanged with Géry], 21913-16 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:49 [ref. 13621]. Lectotype established by Fowler 1907:435 [ref. 1374]. •Affinities with Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) and same as Astyanax maculatus (Müller & Troschel 1845) -- (Malabarba 1989:128 [ref. 14217]). •Valid as Astyanax jacuhiensis (Cope 1894) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], de Melo & Buckup 2006:49 [ref. 28622], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:19 [ref. 30750], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Lucena et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al.2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:267 [ref. 33857], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565] as jacuihiensis). •Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Lucena & Soares 2016:103 [ref. 34169], Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

jacuiensis, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] & Ribeiro [A. C.] 2010:650, Figs. 1-2a [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 30976] Estrela Velha, rio Jacuí, 29°15'46"S, 53°14'05"W, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 28980. Paratypes: MCP 18876 (6), 26979 (13), 37930 (4), 44405 (8); MZUSP 104604 (4). •Valid as Oligosarcus jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro 2010 -- (Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Menezes & Ribeiro 2015:545 [ref. 33973], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus jacuiensis Menezes & Ribeiro 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay and Jacuí River basins, southern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

jamesi, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:102 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Iça; Obidos; Lago do Maximo; Tajapuru, Amazon River, Brazil. Syntypes: MCZ 20734 (1), 20742 (1), 20816 (2), 20827 (1) •Valid as Moenkhausia jamesi Eigenmann 1908 -- (Zarske & Géry 2002:19 [ref. 26554], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Petrolli & Benine 2015:411 [ref. 33887], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297], Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia jamesi Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana and Peru). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

janeiroensis, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:96 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 21057. •Valid as Astyanax janeiroensis Eigenmann 1980 -- (de Melo 2001:26 [ref. 27458], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061] Vari & Castro 2007:159 [ref. 29039], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556]). •Valid as Deuterodon janeiroensis (Eigenmann 1908) -- (dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon janeiroensis (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: streams around Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

jenynsii, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1877:580 [22], Pl. 3 (figs. 1-2) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Parahyba, Brazil. Syntypes: (7) NMW 57534-35 (3, 2). On p. 22 of separate. •Valid as Astyanax jenynsii (Steindachner 1877) -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001:224 [ref. 25645], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Salgado 2021:10 [ref. 38719]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax jenynsii (Steindachner 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Rio Paraíba do Sul basin, eastern Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

jenynsii, Xiphorhamphus Günther [A.] 1864:356 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Freshwater Lake of Maldonado, Uruguay [probably Laguna del Diario, 34°54'S, 55°00'W, Maldonado, Uruguay]. Holotype: UMZC [Darwin no. 661] whereabouts unknown. Based on Hydrocyon hepsetus of Jenyns 1840:129 [ref. 2344] (not of Cuvier). •Valid as Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864) -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307], Menezes 1987:22 [ref. 20060], Malabarba 1989:137 [ref. 14217], Haro et al. 1996:6 [ref. 25004] as jenynsi, Gómez & Chebez 1996:47 [ref. 23791], Miquelarena et al. 1997:68 [ref. 23469], Butí & Cancino 1999:71 [ref. 25277], López et al. 2002:63 [ref. 26808] as jenynsi, Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:29 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:87 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131] as jenynsi, Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Menezes & Ribeiro 2010:653 [ref. 30976], Mirande 2010:497 [ref. 31006] as cf. jenynsii, Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Fabiano et al. 2014:8 [ref. 33530], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Menezes & Ribeiro 2015:545 [ref. 33973], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35565] as jenynsi, Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Koerber & Serra 2020:1 [ref. 37449], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Giora & Wingert 2023:75 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:70 [ref. 40506], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: coastal areas and interior plains of Rio Grande do Sul State and Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

jequitinhonhae, Tetragonopterus rutilus var. Steindachner [F.] 1877:577, 693 [135], Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 57760:2. Paralectotypes: NMW 57759-61 (5, 2, 6). On p. 135 of separate. Description on p. 577, name given in caption on p. 693 for the plate. Lectotype selected by Queiroz et al. 2023:14 [ref. 40653]. •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819), but a valid subspecies -- (Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248]). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Valid as Astyanax jequitinhonhae (Steindachner 1877) -- (Salgado 2021:4 [ref. 38720]). •Valid as Psalidodon jequitinhonhae (Steindachner 1877) -- (Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440], Queiroz et al. 2023:9 [ref. 40653], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258], Zanata et al. 2024:261 [ref. 40718]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon jequitinhonhae (Steindachner 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Jequitinhonha and Pardo River drainages (northeastern and southeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

joaovitori, Astyanax Oliveira [C. A. M.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Bertaco [V. A.] 2017:174, Figs. 1a-c [Zootaxa 4320 (no. 1); ref. 35587] Headwaters of rio Araguaia, near Parque Nacional das Emas, municipality of Alto Taquari, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 17°53'52"S, 53°07'38"W. Holotype: MCP 51897. Paratypes: LIRP, MCP, MZUEL, NUP. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax joaovitori Oliveira, Pavanelli & Bertaco 2017 -- (Dagosta & Marinho 2022:12 [ref. 39122]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax joaovitori Oliveira, Pavanelli & Bertaco 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper rio Araguaia basin (Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jordanensis, Astyanax Alcaraz [H. S. V.], Pavanelli [C. S.] & Bertaco [V. A.] 2009:186, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 30253] Rio Iguaçu basin, middle rio Jacu, 25°37'S, 52°03'W, município de Candói, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 99137. Paratypes: MCP 41914 (10), 41915 (4); MHNCI 11714 (10); MZUSP 99138 (12); NUP 5242 (1, c&s), 5245 (1 c&s), 5248 (3), 5251 (4), 5252 (1). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax jordanensis Alcaraz, Pavanelli & Bertaco 2009 -- (Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Garavello & Sampaio 2010:861 [ref. 31053], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax jordanensis Alcaraz, Pavanelli & Bertaco 2009. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu basin (Paraná, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

jordani, Anoptichthys Hubbs [C. L.] & Innes [W. T.] 1936:5, Pl. 1 [Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan No. 342; ref. 2256] Subterranean stream in forested mountain region of southeastern San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Holotype: UMMZ 113514. Paratypes: (2) ?UMMZ 114486 (4). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus [complex] (Cuvier 1819) -- (Romero & Paulson 2001:23 [ref. 26040]). •Mention -- (Miller et al. 2006:156 [ref. 28615]). •Synonym of Astyanax mexicanus (De Filippi 1853) -- (Espinasa et al. 2020:1 [ref. 40046], Miranda-Gamboa et al. 2023:96 [ref. 40047]). •Valid as Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936) -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:24 [ref. 22290], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Proudlove 2006:52 [ref. 28992], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622], Zanata & Bertaco 2024:102 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax jordani (Hubbs & Innes 1936). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Southern North America: subterranean systems in San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas (Mexico) endemic. Habitat: freshwater.

juruna, Hyphessobrycon Faria [T. C.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Bastos [D. A.] 2018:2, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 166 [for 2017] (no. 1); ref. 35883] Rio Mogno, tributary of the Rio Carapanã, Rio Fresco basin, Ourilândia do Norte, Pará, Brazil, 6°33'19"S, 51°14'47"W. Holotype: MPEG 34066. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MNRJ, MPEG, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon juruna Faria, Lima & Bastos 2018. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon juruna Faria, Lima & Bastos 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Middle and lower Rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

justae, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:102 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] [Rio Parahyba do Norte at Joao Pessoa, Parahíba, Brazil]. Probably Manaus, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 21014. •Valid as Moenkhausia justae Eigenmann 1908 -- (Zarske & Géry 2002:19 [ref. 26554], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Petrolli & Benine 2015:413 [ref. 33887], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia justae Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco River basins: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

kalunga, Hasemania Bertaco [V. A.] & Carvalho [F. R.] 2010:28, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 8 (no. 1); ref. 30752] Cavalcante, córrego in the road GO 241 between Cavalcante and Minaçu, tributary of rio das Almas, rio Paranã drainage, upper rio Tocantins basin, 13°36'56.7"S, 47°31'06.6"W, Goiás State, Brazil, elevation 1163 meters. Holotype: MCP 44289. Paratypes: DZSJRP 12339 (12); MCP 44290 (12); MZUSP 104303 (12); UFRGS 11288 (37), 11289 (82, 5 c&s). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:438 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Hasemania kalunga Bertaco & Carvalho 2010 -- (Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Serra & Langeani 2015:485 [ref. 33944]). •Valid as Psalidodon kalunga (Bertaco & Carvalho 2010) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon kalunga (Bertaco & Carvalho 2010). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Tocantins River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kayabi, Hyphessobrycon Teixeira [T. F.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Zuanon [J.] 2014:613, Fig. 1-3 [Copeia 2013 (no. 4); ref. 33097] Mato Gosso State, Apiacás, Rio Teles Pires, Lagoa Azul, 9°06'01"S, 57°03'56"W, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 35100. Paratypes: ANSP 199664 (5); INPA 35099 (94), 37745 (4), 36646 (25, 3 c&s); MZUSP 112222 (20), 112223 (1) •Valid as Hyphessobrycon kayabi Teixeira, Lima & Zuanon 2014 -- (Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:12 [ref. 35494]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon kayabi Teixeira, Lima & Zuanon 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Lower Rio Teles Pires, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

keithi, Astyanax Géry [J.], Planquette [P.] & Le Bail [P.-Y.] 1996:26, Fig. 10; Pl. 1c [Cybium v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 22155] Maroni, Crique Balaté, Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 1995-1087. Paratypes: IRSNB uncat. (4); Géry coll. 988.1-28 (1 ea.); MHNG 2583.27 (4); MNHN 1996-0110 to 0113 (9, 3, 3, 8); MNRJ uncat. (3); MTD F 17014-17 (4); RMNH uncat. (4). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:14 [ref. 27474]. See also Planquette et al. 1996:256 [ref. 22818]. •Valid as Astyanax keithi Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996 -- (Planquette et al. 1996:258 [ref. 22818]). •Valid as Jupiaba keithi (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996) -- (Zanata 1997:125 [ref. 24112], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Soares & Benine 2019:491 [ref. 37120], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba keithi (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers (French Guiana, Suriname, northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

kennedyi, Astyanax (Astyanax) Géry [J.] 1964:28, Fig. 3 [Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 13 (no. 4, Dec.); ref. 2264] Upper Amazon region, surrounding Iquitos, Peru. Holotype: USNM 200425 [ex Géry coll. 399.1]. Paratypes: (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:7 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax kennedyi Géry 1964 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax kennedyi Géry 1964. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

kennedyi, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Kennedy 1903:520 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Campo Grande, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 44420 [ex IU 10016]. Paratypes: (41) AMNH 1464 (4, 2 c&s), ANSP 37129 (1); BMNH 1907.4.27.3-4 (2), 1909.6.15.8-9 (2); FMNH 52626 (4); CAS 44419 [ex IU 10012] (6), 44421 [ex IU 10018] (1), 44422 [ex IU 10019] (8), 44423 [ex IU 10063] (5); ZMB 17001 (1), 17145 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:49 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:45 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann 1903) -- (Fernández & Butí 1996:253 [ref. 22775], Gómez & Chebez 1996:51 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:40 [ref. 24147], Benine & Cassati in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:28 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:109 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:78 [ref. 28131], Mirande 2010:517 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Koerber et al. 2017:38 [ref. 35267], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809], Koerber et al. 2022:38 [ref. 39235], Vieira et al. 2023:17 [ref. 40759], Dagosta 2024:264 [ref. 40817], Kampfert et al. 2025:282 [ref. 42023], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:40 [ref. 41258]). •Valid as Ctenobrycon kennedyi (Eigenmann 1903) -- (Koerber et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41721], Melo et al. 2024:29 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Ctenobrycon kennedyi (Eigenmann 1903). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraguay and São Francisco River basins, Paraná River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

keronolepis, Astyanax Silva [P. C.], Malabarba [M. C.] & Malabarba [L. R.] 2019:117, Figs. 8-9 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 278; ref. 36458] Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba, rio Picinguaba (rio da Fazenda), Ubatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, 23°21'50"S, 4°49'47"W. Holotype: MNRJ 51290. Paratypes: MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFRGS. •Valid as Astyanax keronolepis Silva, Malabarba & Malabarba 2019. Current status: Valid as Astyanax keronolepis Silva, Malabarba & Malabarba 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Coastal streams from Ubatuba (São Paulo State) to Guapimirim River basin (Rio de Janeiro State), Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kerri, Inpaichthys Géry [J.] & Junk [W. J.] 1977:418, Figs. 1-3, 5 [Acta Amazonica v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 1601] Near Humboldt, Aripuanã, Brazil, 10°10'S, 59°25'W. Holotype: INPA 10408 [orig. no. 7600080]. Paratypes: (many) ANSP 139722 (3), MNHN 1980-1442 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:49 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Inpaichthys kerri Géry & Junk 1977 -- (Lima in Reis et al. 2003:141 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:524 [ref. 31006], Ferreira et al. 2024:15 [ref. 40854], Santos & Marinho 2025:[2] [ref. 42422]). Current status: Valid as Inpaichthys kerri Géry & Junk 1977. Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Aripuanã River drainage, upper Madeira River basin (Brazil). IUCN (2022): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

khardinae, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2008:6, Figs. 1-6 [Vertebrate Zoology v. 58 (no. 1); ref. 29615] Surroundings of Lago Cassianá, Tapaua, rio Itaparanga, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98667 [lost?]. Paratypes: MTD F31212-13 (2); NMW 95128 (1); ZMN 33796 (1), Géry coll. (3). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon khardinae Zarske 2008 -- (Lima et al. 2024:193 [ref. 40817]). •Valid as Megalamphodus khardinae (Zarske 2008) -- (Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus khardinae (Zarske 2008). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: Itaparanga River drainage, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

klausanni, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Urbano-Bonilla [A.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2017:128, Figs. 1, 2A, 3 [ZooKeys No. 668; ref. 35253] Upper Guaviare River drainage, Caño Claro, Mapiripán County, Meta, Colombia, 03°07'05.1"N, 72°30'14.8"W, elevation 209 meters. Holotype: UARC-IC 539. Paratypes: MPUJ, UARC-IC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon klausanni García-Alzate, Urbano-Bonilla & Taphorn 2017 -- (DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon klausanni García-Alzate, Urbano-Bonilla & Taphorn 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

kompi, Astyanax Hildebrand [S. F.] 1938:260, Fig. 3 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 12363] Laguna Gulnar or Grande, Volcán, Pacific slope, Panama, elevation 4500 feet. Holotype: USNM 106510. Paratypes: FMNH 36645-50 (6), USNM 109262 (40). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:7 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Astyanax kompi Hildebrand 1938 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Schmitter-Soto 2017:1416 [ref. 35414], Angulo et al. 2018:[17] [ref. 35879]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax kompi Hildebrand 1938. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Chririquí Viejo River basin, Panama. Habitat: freshwater.

krenakore, Hyphessobrycon Teixeira [T. F.], Netto-Ferreira [A. L.], Birindelli [J. L. O.] & Sousa [L. M. de] 2016:466, Figs. 3b, 6-8 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 88 (no. 2); ref. 34088] Pond below bridge at road BR163, near Castelo dos Sonhos, tributary of Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu basin, Altamira, Rará, Brazil, 8°15'17.0"S, 55°06'40.0"W. Holotype: MZUSP 97605. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCNIP, MZUSP. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon krenakore Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon krenakore Teixeira, Netto-Ferreira, Birindelli & Sousa 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu basin, Altamira, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kullanderi, Astyanax Costa [W. J. E. M.] 1995:258, Fig. 1 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 102 (no. 1); ref. 22032] Stream tributary of River Perdidos, 10 kilometers west of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 15°32'S, 54°18'W. Holotype: MNRJ 12427. Paratypes: MHNG 2542.17 (3); MNRJ 12428 (5); MZUSP 45288 (3); NRM 21000 (4); UFRJ 1290 (7), 1291 (4, c&s). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:451 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Astyanax kullanderi Costa 1995 -- (Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Garutti & Venere 2009:377 [ref. 30493]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax kullanderi Costa 1995. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Upper Das Mortes River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kuroobi, Hemigrammus Reia [L.] & Benine [R. C.] 2019:408, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4555 (no. 3); ref. 36527] São Gabriel da Cachoeira, tributary of the Rio Miuá, Rio Negro basin, Amazonas State, Brazil, 00°06'12"S, 66°53'8"W. Holotype: MZUSP 123957. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MNRJ, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hemigrammus kuroobi Reia & Benine 2019. Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus kuroobi Reia & Benine 2019. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Rio Miuá drainage, Rio Negro basin, Amazonas State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kurua, Jupiaba Birindelli [J. L. O.], Zanata [A. M.], Sousa [L. M. de] & Netto-Ferreira [A. L.] 2009:12, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 30143] Rio Curuá, rio Iriri drainage, in cofferdam of PCH (= small hydroelectric dam) Buriti, 8°46’09'S, 54°57’02'W, Altamira, Pará, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 98000. Paratypes (169): ANSP 187419 (5); AUM 47568 (2); INPA 28857 (2); MNRJ 31913 (2); MZUSP 31864 (1), 77566 (1), 96857 (70), 96939 (1), 97105 (60), 101299 (16), 101306 (1); UFBA 3943 (8). •Valid as Jupiaba kurua Birindelli, Zanata, Sousa & Netto-Ferreira 2009 -- (Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba kurua Birindelli, Zanata, Sousa & Netto-Ferreira 2009. Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: Rio Xingu basin, Pará, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

kyburzi, Pseudochalceus Schultz [L. P.] 1966:27, Figs. (p. 25, 29) [Ichthyologica, the Aquarium Journal v. 37 (no. 1); ref. 9064] Río Calima, Río Cauca Valley, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 231738 [was USNM 257403-F27]. Paratypes: USNM 171751 (1), 231739 [ex USNM 258173-F1] (1); Géry coll. (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:35 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Pseudochalceus kyburzi Schultz 1966 -- (Bertaco in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2006:37 [ref. 28750], Mirande 2010:498 [ref. 31006], Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:777 [ref. 33026], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Pseudochalceus kyburzi Schultz 1966. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: Pacific coastal rivers, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

lacortei, Nematobrycon Weitzman [S. H.] & Fink [W. L.] 1971:59, Figs. 1-4 [Beaufortia v. 19 (no. 248); ref. 19125] Probably from Río Calima, Colombia. Holotype: USNM 205594. Paratypes: BMNH 1971.3.16.1 (1), CAS 13396 (1), FMNH 70525 (1), USNM 205595-96 (3, 4), ZMA 110740 (2). Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:23 [ref. 19236], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:60 [ref. 12367], Vari & Howe 1991:31 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Nematobrycon lacortei Weitzman & Fink 1971 -- (Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:150 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:53 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Nematobrycon lacortei Weitzman & Fink 1971. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: San Juan River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

lacustris, Tetragonopterus Lütken [C. F.] (ex Reinhardt) 1875:131 [5] [Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider (Kjøbenhavn) 1874 (no. 3); ref. 2856] Lagoa Santa, 19°38'S, 43°53'W, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-9580 [ex ZMUC] (3), NMW 57540 (1), SMNS 2045 (2), ZMB 9200 (2), ZMUC uncat. (25). Type catalog: Bertin 1948:21 [ref. 19577], Nielsen 1974:46 [ref. 9588], Fricke 1995:9 [ref. 28100], Fricke 2005:26 [ref. 29864]. On p. 5 of separate. Also described in Lütken 1875:208 (and p. XIII of summary), Pl. 5 (fig. 15) [ref. 19674]. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758), but a valid subspecies -- (Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Britski 2001:21 [ref. 26046]). •Valid as Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875) -- (Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Zanata & Camelier 2009:175 [ref. 30252], Lucena & Soares 2016:103 [ref. 34169], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:301 [ref. 34966] as aff. lacustris, Koerber & Litz 2016:3 [ref. 35098], Melo et al. 2016:375 [ref. 35317], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35083], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Koerber et al. 2017:4 [ref. 35632], Zanata et al. 2018:486 [ref. 35984], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36506], Dickens 2019:162 [ref. 37135], Koerber et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36736], Azevedo-Santos et al. 2020:5 [ref. 39606], Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vita et al. 2020:[5] [ref. 37506], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Brandão et al. 2023:91 [ref. 40464], Koerber et al. 2022:37 [ref. 39235], Giora & Wingert 2023:126 [ref. 41026], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:71 [ref. 40506], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023], Silva-Sene et al. 2024:3 [ref. 41784], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258] as aff. lacustris). Current status: Valid as Astyanax lacustris (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Rio La Plata and rio São Francisco drainages (Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

lambari, Salmo Natterer [J.] in Kner 1859:176 [40] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 17; ref. 2631] Irisanga, Brazil. On p. 40 of separate. Not available, name mentioned in passing under Tetragonopterus scabripinnis Valenciennes. •In the synonymy of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with author as Kner, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698]). •Unavailable name -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:445 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier 1819). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae.

langeanii, Hyphessobrycon Lima [F. C. T.] & Moreira [C. R.] 2003:22, Figs. 1-4 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 27320] Kilometer 476.3 of Ferronorte railroad, 17°25'08"S, 53°13'60"W, córrego Mosquito, município de Alto Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 75127. Paratypes: DZSJRP 5467 (5); MCZ 162370 (5); MNRJ 20351 (2), 24780 (5); MZUSP 41405 (62), 41451 (99), , 73256 (259), 73272 (27), 73286 (6), 73309 (30), 73313 (166, 8 c&s), 73322 (97), 73362 (43); USNM 371922 (5); UZEC 6174 (5). Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:440 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon langeanii Lima & Moreira 2003 -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2005:86 [ref. 28297], Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Gomes et al. 2022:392 [ref. 40253]). •Valid as Psalidodon langeanii (Lima & Moreira 2003) -- (Teixeira et al. 2025:139 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon langeanii (Lima & Moreira 2003). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Araguaia basin, upper Rio Paraguay basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

langei, Deuterodon Travassos [H.] 1957:81, Figs. 9-10 [Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências v. 29 (no. 1); ref. 12121] Córrego da Divisa, Pôrto de Cima, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 8534. Paratypes: MNRJ 8532 (1), 8535 (1), 8610 (1, allotype), 8611-14 (4), 8877-79 (3). •Valid as Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957 -- (Lucena & Lucena 1992:134 [ref. 21970], Lucena & Lucena 2002:129 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:502 [ref. 31006], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon langei Travassos 1957. Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: coastal basins between Cubatão (northern) River, Santa Catarina State and the Njundiaquara River basin in Paraná State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

latens, Astyanax Mirande [J. M.], Aguilera [G.] & Azpelicueta [M. de las M.] 2004:215, Figs. 1-4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 111 (no. 1); ref. 27659] Arroyo El Oculto, 23°07'S, 64°30'W, río Bermejo basin, Province of Salta, Argentina. Holotype: CI-FML 3400. Paratypes: AL 110 (4), 112 (2 c&s); CI-FML 3401-02 (5, 10); MNHG 2640.36 (5). •Valid as Astyanax latens Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2004 -- (Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:14 [ref. 28757], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:158 [ref. 29039], Mirande et al. 2007:38 [ref. 29333], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Mirande 2010:513 [ref. 31006], Koerber 2011:3 [ref. 31122], Koerber 2014:4 [ref. 33621], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:270 [ref. 33857], Mirande & Koerber 2015:24 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358]). •Valid as Andromakhe latens (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2004) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Andromakhe latens (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta 2004). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Argentina and Bolivia. Habitat: freshwater.

laticeps, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1894:89, Pl. 6 (fig. 7) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 33; ref. 965] Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 21852. Paratypes: ANSP 21853-63 (11, missing), 21743-46 (4) Géry coll. [ex ANSP 21747] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:49 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratypes. Lectotype selected by Fowler 1906:348 [ref. 1373]. •Synonym of Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns 1842), but a valid subspecies laticeps (Cope 1894) -- (Malabarba 1989:130 [ref. 14217], Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565] as scinabripinnis). •Valid as 'Astyanax' laticeps (Cope 1894) -- (dos Reis et al. 2020:458 [ref. 38364]). •Valid as Astyanax laticeps (Cope 1894) -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001:231 [ref. 25645], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1053 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], de Melo & Buckup 2006:50 [ref. 28622], Azpelicueta & Loureiro 2009:3 [ref. 30196], Bertaco & Lucena 2010:12 [ref. 30750], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Bertaco et al. 2010:267 [ref. 30864], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Lucena et al. 2013:231 [ref. 32870], Lucena et al. 2013:542 [ref. 32914], Bertaco 2014:498 [ref. 33320], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:289 [ref. 33374], Litz & Koerber 2014:14 [ref. 33622], Bertaco & Vigo 2015:270 [ref. 33857], Bertaco et al. 2016:412 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:29 [ref. 35565], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Lucena et al. 2017:6 [ref. 35607], Salgado 2021:10 [ref. 38719], Loureiro et al. 2023:75 [ref. 40506] as''Astyanax' laticeps). •Valid as Psalidodon laticeps (Cope 1894) -- (Melo et al. 2024:30 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae, Silva et al. 2025:5 [ref. 41855]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon laticeps (Cope 1894). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: southeastern Brazil and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

latissimus, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) MCZ 20767 (9), 20769 (now 9); USNM 120277 [ex MCZ 20769] (3). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. •Valid as Moenkhausia latissima Eigenmann 1908 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia latissima Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

latus, Moenkhausia lepidurus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:103 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Northern part of Rio Tapajós, Pará, Brazil. Syntypes: (many) CAS 42760 [ex IU 15259 & MCZ 20860] (5, missing), MCZ 20860 (19), USNM 120278 [ex MCZ 20860] (4). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:30 [ref. 19022]. See Planquette et al. 1996:308 [ref. 22818]. •Valid as Moenkhausia lata Eigenmann 1908 -- (Géry 1992:72 [ref. 20972], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:42 [ref. 28287], Marinho & Langeani 2010:60 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Petrolli & Benine 2015:417 [ref. 33887], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares et al. 2017:261 [ref. 35237], Bogotá-Gregory et al. 2020:1400 [ref. 37878], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:229 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia lata Eigenmann 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: western Amazon, Tapajós, Madeira and Oyapock River basins (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana and Guyana). Habitat: freshwater.

leoni, Astyanax Ruiz-C. [R. I.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Taphorn [D. C.] 2023:196, Fig. 1 [Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 40361] Río Tavara, 2 km de Q. Grande, Tambopata-Candamo, Sandia, Puno, Perú. Holotype: MUSM 46844. Paratypes: MUSM. •Valid as Astyanax leoni Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Current status: Valid as Astyanax leoni Ruiz-C., Román-Valencia & Taphorn 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Madre de Dios River drainage, western Amazon River basin, Peru. Habitat: freshwater.

leonidas, Astyanax Azpelicueta [M. de las M.], Casciotta [J. R.] & Almirón [A. E.] 2002:245, Figs. 1-4, 6, 8, 12 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 109 (no. 2); ref. 26608] Headwaters of arroyo Urugua-í (26°10'S, 53°41'W), río Paraná basin, Misiones, Argentina. Holotype: MLP 9580. Paratypes: MHNG 2624.29 (11), MLP 9581 (4). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:4 [ref. 33466]. •Valid as Astyanax leonidas Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón 2002 -- (Almirón et al. 2002:9 [ref. 26720], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:332 [ref. 27401], Mirande et al. 2004:220 [ref. 27659], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena et al. 2005:18 [ref. 28188], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:670 [ref. 28391], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628], Protogino et al. 2006:11 [ref. 28780], Mirande et al. 2006:65 [ref. 28784], Vari & Castro 2007:157 [ref. 29039], Abilhoa & Duboc 2007:45 [ref. 29285], Mirande et al. 2007:37 [ref. 29333], Vera Alcaraz et al. 2009:189 [ref. 30252], Pavanelli & Oliveira 2009:569 [ref. 30986], Almirón et al. 2010:67 [ref. 30813], Soneira et al. 2010:785 [ref. 31078], Tagliacollo et al. 2011:41 [ref. 31138], Oliveira et al. 2013:292 [ref. 32756], Ingenito & Duboc 2014:282 [ref. 33374], Mirande & Koerber 2015:24 [ref. 35117], Terán et al. 2017:7 [ref. 35358], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587]). •Valid as Psalidodon leonidas (Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón 2002) -- (Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:460 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon leonidas (Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón 2002). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

leopoldi, Astyanax Géry [J.], Planquette [P.] & Le Bail [P.-Y.] 1988:9, Figs. 1-3, 6 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 6408] Alicoto Falls, upstream Camopi River, Moyen Oyapok, French Guiana. Holotype: IRSNB 731. Paratypes: IRSNB 732 (99, now 25), 733-737 (2, 8, 5, 3, 2); MHNG 2383-99 (1), 2393-98 (24); MNHN 1981-0367 to 0389 (3, 7, 2), 1981-0392 (2), 1981-0552 (2), 1981-0560 (1), 1981-0565 (5), 1981-0568 (2), 1981-0569 (5). •Valid as Astyanax leopoldi Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1988 -- (Géry et al. 1991:49 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:250 [ref. 22818], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Birindelli 2013:46 [ref. 32569], Marinho & Ohara 2013:476 [ref. 32713]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax leopoldi Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1988. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Approuague and Oyapock River basins: Brazil and French Guiana. Habitat: freshwater.

lepidurus, Tetragonopterus Kner [R.] 1858:80 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 30 (no. 13); ref. 13404] Rio Guaporé, Rio Madeira, Rio Amazonas basin, Brazil. Lectotype: NMW 57566. Appeared in more detail in Kner 1859:176, Pl. 8 [ref. 2631]. Lectotype selected by Marinho & Langeani 2016:344 [ref. 34416]. •Valid as Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Géry 1992 [ref. 20972], Taphorn 1992:275 [ref. 23654], Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225], Benine 2002:293 [ref. 26541], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Langeani 2010:878 [ref. 30927], Marinho & Langeani 2010:61 [ref. 30941], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Ramos et al. 2014:4 [ref. 35321], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:340 [ref. 34416], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], Soares et al. 2017:262 [ref. 35237], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35773], Silvano et al. 2020:79 [ref. 38133], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:34 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297] as cf. lepidura, Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco Lowlands (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

leucopomis, Moenkhausia chrysargyrea Fowler [H. W.] 1914:244, Fig. 7 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 66; ref. 1390] Rupununi River, Guyana, 2°-3°N, 50°20'W. Holotype: ANSP 39330. Paratype: ANSP 39331 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:49 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:146 [ref. 27061], Marinho & Benine 2024:225 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Moenkhausia chrysargyrea (Günther 1864). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

levidorsa, Moenkhausia Benine [R. C.] 2002:290, Fig. 1, 3a, 4a [Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 13 (no. 4); ref. 26541] Núcleo Aripuanã, Igarapé do Aeroporto, Furo Bahia, above cachoeira de Dardanelos, about 10°10'S, 59°25'W, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 16774. Paratypes: INPA 13259 (20, 2 c&s). •Valid as Moenkhausia levidorsa Benine 2002 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Benine et al. 2007:262 [ref. 29279], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia levidorsa Benine 2002. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Middle Tapajõs River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

levis, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:100 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lago Maximo [small lake near Parintins], Villa Bella and Lake Jose Assu, Brazil. Syntypes: (over 300) CAS 42677 [ex IU 12647 & MCZ 20738] (5), CAS 42678 [ex IU 15260 & MCZ 20749] (7); MCZ 89961-62 (64, 18), 20738 (194), 20749 (28), 20829 (3); USNM 120266 [ex MCZ 20738] (6). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:24 [ref. 19022]. Author is M. L. Durbin. Lectotype established as MCZ 20738 by Eigenmann 1918:149 but lot with more than 1 specimen so lectotype designation is not valid. •Valid as Hemigrammus levis Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Zarske et al. 2006:24 [ref. 28749], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Melo et al. 2016:132 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Koerber et al. 2022:32 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus levis Durbin 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

lineatus, Pseudochalceus Kner [R.] 1863:225, "Fig. 11" (unpublished) [Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München 1863, v. 2; ref. 5002] Western slopes of the Andes, Ecuador. Syntypes: ?NMW 56738-39 [ex ZSM] (1, 1); ZSM no. 146, 292 [old collection] (2) destroyed in WWII. Type catalog: Neumann 2006:269 [ref. 28925]. Also appeared as new in Kner & Steindachner 1864:35, Pl. 5 (fig. 1) [ref. 2649]. •Valid as Pseudochalceus lineatus Kner 1863 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Bertaco in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2006:37 [ref. 28750], Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:776 [ref. 33026], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:151 [ref. 34894], Escobar Camacho et al. 2024:8 [ref. 40892]). Current status: Valid as Pseudochalceus lineatus Kner 1863. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers on Pacific slope (Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

lineatus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1891:173 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 28 (18); ref. 12571] Iquitos, Peru. Syntypes: NMW 57589-90 (2, 2). Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1891:368, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [ref. 4236]. Objectively invalid, preoccupied by Tetragonopterus lineatus Perugia (Apr.) 1891; replaced by Tetragonopterus steindachneri Eigenmann 1893. •Synonym of Bario steindachneri (Eigenmann 1893) -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:114 [ref. 27061]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Bario steindachneri (Eigenmann 1893). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Habitat: freshwater.

lineatus, Tetragonopterus Perugia [A.] 1891:644 [44] [Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Serie 2) v. 10; ref. 3431] Cáceres (formerly Villa María), Río Paraguay, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Syntypes: ?CAS 39222 [ex IU 11520] (1), MSNG 9233 (2). Type catalog: Tortonese 1961:183 [ref. 10343]. On p. 44 of separate. •Valid as Astyanax lineatus (Perugia 1891) -- (Miquelarena et al. 1997:67 [ref. 23469], Gómez & Chebez 1996:50 [ref. 23791], Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1053 [ref. 26511] as linneatus, Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401] as linneatus, Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Miquelarena & Menni 2005:669 [ref. 28391], Mirande et al. 2006:58 [ref. 28784], Mirande 2010:519 [ref. 31006], Sarmiento et al. 2014:183 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:24 [ref. 35117], Koerber 2016:142 [ref. 35012], Koerber et al. 2017:37 [ref. 35267], da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556], Oliveira et al. 2017:179 [ref. 35587], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax lineatus (Perugia 1891). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: La Plata River basin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

lineomaculata, Moenkhausia Dagosta [F. C. P.], Marinho [M. M. F.] & Benine [R. C.] 2015:418, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4032 (no. 4); ref. 33998] Campos de Júlio, rio Juruena at Fazenda Tiroleza, upper rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 14°16’37"S, 59°5’22"W. Holotype: MZUSP 117108. Paratypes: MZUSP. •Valid as Moenkhausia lineomaculata Dagosta, Marinho & Benine 2015 -- (Soares et al. 2019:237 [ref. 36688], Reia et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38582]). •Valid as Bario lineomaculatus (Dagosta, Marinho & Benine 2015) -- (Melo et al. 2024:27 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Bario lineomaculatus (Dagosta, Marinho & Benine 2015). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: upper Tapajós River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

linnaei, Tetragonopterus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:142 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Cayenne, French Guiana. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9809. Type catalog: Bertin 1948:18 [ref. 19577]. •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698] with question). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

longianalis, Pseudochalceus (Pseudochalceus) Géry [J.] 1972:933, Figs. 1-2 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 79 (pt 2, no. 31); ref. 7613] Río Guiza, tributary of Río Mira, at Guayacana, Narino Province, south of Colombia, near border of Ecuador, elevation 240 meters. Holotype: MHNG 1226.90. Paratypes: (12) ANSP 140067 (1), Géry coll. 0690 (orig. 3), MHNG 1226.91-99 (9). Type catalog: Mahnert 1976:475 [ref. 21535], Böhlke 1984:50 [ref. 13621], Weber 1998:8 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Pseudochalceus longianalis Géry 1972 -- (Bertaco in Reis et al. 2003:155 [ref. 27061], Zarske & Géry 2006:37 [ref. 28750], Bertaco & Malabarba 2013:776 [ref. 33026], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34894], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:62 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Pseudochalceus longianalis Géry 1972. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Distribution: South America: Pacific coastal rivers, Ecuador and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

longior, Tetragonopterus Cope [E. D.] 1878:691 [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 17 (no. 101); ref. 945] Moyabamba on Río Huallaga, Peru. Lectotype: ANSP 21222. Paralectotypes: ANSP 21223 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:50 [ref. 13621] as holotype and paratype. Lectotype established by Fowler 1906:341, Fig. 29 [not 30] [ref. 1373]. •Valid as Astyanax longior (Cope 1878) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax longior (Cope 1878). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

longipinnis, Tetragonopterus Popta [C. M. L.] 1901:85, Fig. [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 23 (no. 2) (art. 10) (for Apr. 1901); ref. 20702] Below Nickerie, between le Manilie-kreek and l'Arrawarra, Suriname. Lectotype: RMNH 13033. Paralectotypes: ?BMNH 1908.1.27.4 (1), RMNH 7507 (7). Lectotype selected by Reis 1989:28 [ref. 14219]. •Valid as Poptella longipinnis (Popta 1901) -- (Reis 1989:27 [ref. 14219], Reis in Reis et al. 2003:210 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35633], Garcia-Ayala et al. 2017:572 [ref. 35695], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2019:7 [ref. 36770], Garcia-Ayala & Benine 2021:7 [ref. 38089], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507], Taphorn et al. 2022:19 [ref. 41297]). Current status: Valid as Poptella longipinnis (Popta 1901). Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin and coastal drainages of Suriname and lower Tocantins River (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

longirhinus, Astyanax Garavello [J. C.] & Sampaio [F. A. A.] 2010:853, Fig. 4 [Brazilian Journal of Biology v. 70 (no. 3); ref. 31053] Rio Iguaçu, downstream of Salto Santiago dam, between Laranjeiras do Sul and Chopinzinho, Laranjerias do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 105954. Paratypes: FMNH 105095 (38); MZUSP 105955 (1), 105956 (1); LISDEBE 2598 (4), 2599 (1), 2600 (3); NUP 10152 (16). Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax longirhinus Garavello & Sampaio 2010 -- (da Graça et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35556]). •Synonym of Astyanax gymnogenys Eigenmann 1911 -- (Oliveira et al. 2019:231 [ref. 36953]). •Synonym of Psalidodon gymnogenys (Eigenmann 1911). Current status: Synonym of Psalidodon gymnogenys (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

longirostris, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] & Géry [J.] 1983:576, Fig. 4 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 90 (no. 3); ref. 8307] Rio Iguaçu (Paraná basin) at Porto Lupion, Paraná State, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 25841. Paratypes: MHNG 2098.8-9 (2), MZUSP 25842-48 (7), USNM 228080 (2). Type catalog: Vari & Howe 1991:32 [ref. 19022], Oyakawa 1996:486 [ref. 23140]. Not treated in Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:152 [ref. 27061], added in Corrigenda (2005). •Valid as Oligosarcus longirostris Menezes & Géry 1983 -- (Menezes 1987:28 [ref. 20060], Braga 1994:18 [ref. 27878], Gómez & Chebez 1996:47 [ref. 23791], López et al. 2003:29 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:88 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:77 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Menezes & Camelier 2024:244 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus longirostris Menezes & Géry 1983. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin (Argentina and Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

longirostris, Tetragonopterus fasciatus var. Steindachner [F.] 1907:481 [7] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 116 (1. Abth.); ref. 18797] Rio Cubatao, Santa Catarina, Theresopolis, Brazil. Syntypes: (23) NMW 57508 (2), 57633 (4). On p. 7 of separate. For information regarding the type locality see Lucena & Lucena 1990 [ref. 16142]. •Valid as Astyanax longirostris (Steindachner 1907) -- (Bertaco & Malabarba 2001:232 [ref. 25645]). •Synonym of Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns 1842), but a valid subspecies -- (Triques et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27248]). •Valid as Deuterodon longirostris (Steindachner 1907) -- (Lucena & Lucena 2002:129 [ref. 26205], Lucena et al. in Reis et al. 2003:127 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucena 2006:58 [ref. 28628]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon longirostris (Steindachner 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: Cubatão River drainage, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

lopesi, Moenkhausia Britski [H. A.] & de Silimon [K. Z. de Sz.] 2001:113, Fig. 2 [Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS, Série Zoologia v. 14 (no. 2); ref. 27195] Ribeirão Sozinho na rovia BR 163, entre Rondonópolis e Coxim (ca. 17°30"S, 55°10'W), munic. de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 64480. Paratypes: ANSP 177924 (10), MCP 26672 (10), MNRJ 21045 (10), MZUSP 64481 (410). The original spelling was lopesi. Apparently apeared in the Zoological Record, printed version for 2006 as M. vanzoi. •Valid as Moenkhausia lopesi Britski & de Silimon 2001 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061] as lopezi, Bertaco et al. 2011:36 [ref. 31403], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Marinho & Benine 2024:230 [ref. 40817], Reia et al. 2024:13 [ref. 40849]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia lopesi Britski & de Silimon 2001. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

loretoensis, Hyphessobrycon Ladiges [W.] in Arnold 1938:645, Fig. 9 [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 35 (no. 41); ref. 30135] Upper Amazon River, Loreto State Peru. Lectotype: ZMH H59 [ex 17759 in part]. Paralectotypes (3): ZMH H183 [ex 17759] (1). Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:157 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:402 [ref. 21161]. Lectotype selected by Ladiges et al. 1958:157 [ref. 19181], not by Géry 1961, see Marinho et al. 2016:247 [ref. 34376]. Originally described as Hyphessobrycon loretonensis, which is obviously a spelling error for loretoensis. Since loretonensis was never used by subsequent authors, the name is here corrected to loretoensis for the sake of stability, though not fully in accordance with ICZN Art. 32.5. Also described by Ladiges 1938:51 [ref. 17153] as Hyphessobrycon loretoensis, which is the formal scientific description, but it is predated by Arnold 1938 by four days. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon loretoensis Ladiges 1938 -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:29 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Ohara & Lima 2015:570 [ref. 33846], Zarske 2015:295 [ref. 34028], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Zarske 2016:112 [ref. 34774], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:22 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon loretoensis Ladiges 1938. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Ecuador, Peru, Colombia and Brazil). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

lorien, Astyanax Zanata [A. M.], Burger [R.] & Camelier [P.] 2018:473, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa 4438 (no. 3); ref. 35984] Stream tributary of Rio Mucugezinho, itself a tributary of Rio Santo Antônio, Rio Paraguaçu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Lençóis, Bahia State, Brazil, 12°28'02"S, 41°24'56"W, elevation 734 meters. Holotype: MZUSP 123398. Paratypes: MCP, MZUSP, NUP, UFBA. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:6 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Astyanax lorien Zanata, Burger & Camelier 2018 -- (Burger et al. 2019:377 [ref. 36718], Zanata et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37072], Silva et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37809], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:37 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax lorien Zanata, Burger & Camelier 2018. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

loweae, Hyphessobrycon Costa [W. J. E. M.] & Géry [J.] 1994:71, Figs. 1-2 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 20 (no. 3) [for 1993]; ref. 21308] Rio Culune tributary, Rio Xingu basin, 40 kilometers south of Paranatinga, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 15°01'S, 54°03'W (corrected locality 14°43'S, 54°04'W). Holotype: MNRJ 12437. Paratypes: MZUSP 45749-51 (2, 1, 2); UFRJ 1281 (6), 1282 (4, c&s). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:468 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon loweae Costa & Géry 1994 -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:236 [ref. 22743], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137 [ref. 27061], Lucena 2003:95 [ref. 27437], Ingenito et al. 2013:38 [ref. 32568], Teixeira et al. 2014:613 [ref. 33097], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Pastana & Ohara 2016:396 [ref. 34716], Ohara et al. 2017:11 [ref. 35144], Lima et al. 2024:193 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon loweae Costa & Géry 1994. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Araguaia River drainage, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

loweae, Moenkhausia Géry [J.] 1992:73, Fig. 6 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 19 (no. 3); ref. 20972] Rio das Mortes at Xavantina, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 44560. Paratypes: BMNH 1992.9.8.2-4 (4); J. Géry coll. G.949 (1); MTD F 27524 [ex Géry coll.] (1), MZUSP 44561-62 (2), 44563 (1). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:481-482 [ref. 23140], Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Moenkhausia loweae Géry 1992 -- (Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225] as cf loveae, Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Lucinda 2006:66 [ref. 28492], Marinho & Langeani 2010:60 [ref. 30941], Marinho & Langeani 2010:887 [ref. 30927], Bertaco et al. 2011:62 [ref. 31234], Bertaco et al. 2011:37 [ref. 31403], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Soares et al. 2017:262 [ref. 35237], Koerber et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40665], Limeira-Filho et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41573], Marinho & Benine 2024:231 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia loweae Géry 1992. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Xingu, upper and middle rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, and coastal rivers of northern Brazil (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

lucenorum, Hyphessobrycon Ohara [W. M.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2015:563, Figs. 1-2, 5 [Zootaxa 3972 (no. 4); ref. 33846] Rondônia, Vilhena, rio Madeira basin, upper rio Machado, tributary of igarapé Piracolina, near road BR 364, Brazil, 12°48’56.5"S, 60°06’37.6"W. Holotype: MZUSP 115556. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCP, MNRJ, MZUSP, UFRO, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon lucenorum Ohara & Lima 2015 -- (Zarske 2015:295 [ref. 34028], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon lucenorum Ohara & Lima 2015. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

luelingi, Hemigrammus Géry [J.] 1964:7, Fig. 5 [Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 1580] Small creek connecting "Zapote Cocha" and "Caño Yarina", on edge of Río Pacaya, tributary of lower Río Ucayali, Peru. Holotype: ZFMK 1304. Paratypes: MHNG 2150.14-15 (2), ZFMK 1305 (1). Type catalog: Busse 1984:218 [ref. 28342], Herder et al. 2010:116 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Hemigrammus luelingi Géry 1964 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Zarske & Géry 2002:26 [ref. 26553], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Lima et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34590], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338]). •Valid as Holopristis luelingi (Géry 1964) -- (Melo et al. 2024:28 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Holopristis luelingi (Géry 1964). Acestrorhamphidae: Thayeriinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Peru, Ecuador and Colombia). Habitat: freshwater.

luetkenii, Tetragonopterus Boulenger [G. A.] 1887:173 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 5) v. 19 (no. 111) (art. 23); ref. 17020] San Lorenzo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Syntypes: BMNH 1885.2.3.78-80 (3), 1886.3.15.35-38 (4). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon luetkenii (Boulenger 1887) -- (Malabarba 1989:135 [ref. 14217], Britski et al. 1999:43 [ref. 24147], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:137-138 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:104 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131] as luetkeni, Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987] as luetkeni, Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Miquelarena & López 2010:6 [ref. 30749] as lüetkenii, Mirande 2010:512 [ref. 31006], Di Dario et al. 2013:262 [ref. 37503], Catelani et al. 2014:931 [ref. 37496], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Teixeira et al. 2016:474 [ref. 34088], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Deuterodon luetkenii (Boulenger 1887) -- (Koerber et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37480], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Terán et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37440], Koerber et al. 2021:3 [ref. 38894], Giora & Wingert 2023:131 [ref. 41026], Koerber et al. 2023:3 [ref. 40355], Loureiro et al. 2023:68 [ref. 40506], Kampfert et al. 2025:281 [ref. 42023], Koerber 2024:3 [ref. 41228]). Current status: Valid as Deuterodon luetkenii (Boulenger 1887). Acestrorhamphidae: Stygichthyinae. Distribution: South America: coastal river drainages and Uruguay River basin in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil); Paraíba do Sul River in Rio de Janeiro State; Paraguay River basin (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

lunatus, Hemigrammus Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1918:164 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2); ref. 1240] Amazon River basin [Lago Badajós, Codajás, about 3°21'S, 62°41'W]. Holotype: MCZ 20964 (1 of 3). Paratypes: CAS 42679 [ex IU 12649 & MCZ 20964] (1); MCZ 20964 (2 of 3), 89963 (1, missing). Author is M. L. Durbin. Appeared first in Eigenmann 1910:436 [ref. 1224] without description. •Valid as Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin 1918 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Britski et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24147], Lasso et al. 2001:95 [ref. 25928], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Ota et al. 2014:270 [ref. 33373], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633], Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267], Ota et al. 2019:343 [ref. 36619], Careaga et al. 2020:75 [ref. 37774], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Koerber et al. 2022:33 [ref. 39235], Lima & Marinho 2024:176 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin 1918. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Paraguay River basins in Bolivia (La Paz, Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Mato Grosso), Paraguay, Ecuador (Napo), Colombia and Peru (Loreto, Madre de Dios). Habitat: freshwater.

macal, Astyanax Schmitter-Soto [J. J.] 2017:1387, Figs. 10a, 35 [Journal of Natural History v. 51 (no. 23/24); ref. 35414] Between San Luis and Millonarios, Cayo District, Macal River, Maya Mountains, highlands of Belize. Holotype: UMMZ 250291. Paratypes: UMMZ •Valid as Astyanax macal Schmitter-Soto 2017. Current status: Valid as Astyanax macal Schmitter-Soto 2017. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Upper Macal River, Maya Mountains, Belize. Habitat: freshwater.

machadoi, Hemigrammus Ota [R. P.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Pavanelli [C. S.] 2014:266, Figs. 1-2 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 33373] Mato Grosso State, Pontes e Lacerda, igarapé Barreiro, tributary of rio Guaporé, rio Madeira basin, road to Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, 15°11’34"S, 59°25'26"W, Brazil. Holotype: INPA 39889. Paratypes: ANSP, INPA, MCP, UFRO-I, MZUSP, ZUEC. Plus non-type specimens. Type catalog: Oliveira et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39255]. •Valid as Hemigrammus machadoi Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2014 -- (Ota et al. 2019:343 [ref. 36619]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus machadoi Ota, Lima & Pavanelli 2014. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Paraguai and rio Madeira basins (Brazil) and Río Guaporé basin (Bolivia). Habitat: freshwater.

macrolepis, Xiphorhamphus Steindachner [F.] 1877:594 [36] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Syntype: (one ?) not yet found at NMW. On p. 36 of separate. •Valid as Oligosarcus macrolepis (Steindachner 1877) -- (Menezes 1987:21 [ref. 20060], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151-152 [ref. 27061], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:78 [ref. 33768], Wendt et al. 2019:5 [ref. 36952], Silva et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37809], Menezes & Camelier 2024:244 [ref. 40817], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:39 [ref. 41258]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus macrolepis (Steindachner 1877). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Jequitinhonha River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

macrophthalmus, Tetragonopterus Regan [C. T.] 1908:171, Pl. 26 (fig. 4) [Biologia Centrali-Americana; ref. 18482] Motzorongo, Veracruz, southern Mexico. Syntypes: (several) BMNH 1857.7.31.10 (1), 1905.12.6.19-22 (4), 1906.6.1.268 (1), 1906.6.1.269-278 (10?). •Synonym of Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27061] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:2 [ref. 33698] with question). •Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868) -- (Schmitter-Soto 2017:1384 [ref. 35414], Fricke et al. 2024:184 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax finitimus (Bocourt 1868). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

maculatus, Tetragonopterus Müller [J.] & Troschel [F. H.] 1845:14, Pl. 3 (fig. 4) [Horae Ichthyologicae Nos 1 & 2; ref. 3071] Brazil; Guiana; Suriname. Syntypes: MSNG 9226 [ex ZMB] (2). Type catalog: Tortonese 1961:183 [ref. 10343]. •Affinities with Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Malabarba 1989:128 [ref. 14217]). •Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Taphorn 1992:110 [ref. 23654], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:1 [ref. 33698]). Current status: Synonym of Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus 1758). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

maculicauda, Hyphessobrycon Ahl [E.] 1936:22 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 114 (nos 1/2); ref. 13683] Central Brazil [aquarium import]. Holotype (unique): ZMB (not found). Type mentioned: Paepke 1995:92 [ref. 21847], Zarske & Géry 1995:113 [ref. 22674]. •Questionably valid as Hyphessobrycon maculicauda Ahl 1936 -- (Zarske & Géry 1995:119 [ref. 22674]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon maculicauda Ahl 1936 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda -- (Toledo-Piza et al. 2024:287 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Uncertain. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

maculisquamis, Astyanax Garutti [V.] & Britski [H. A.] 1997:220, Fig. 1 [Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo v. 40 (no. 14); ref. 23650] Pontes e Lacerda (ca. 15°12'S, 59°22'W), small creek tributary of Rio Guaporé, tributary of Rio Madeira, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 37680. Paratypes: MZUSP 48181 (72). •Valid as Astyanax maculisquamis Garutti & Britski 1997 -- (Garutti 1998:121 [ref. 23797], Garutti 1999:587 [ref. 24920], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:110 [ref. 27061], Lucena & Soares 2016:120 [ref. 34169]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax maculisquamis Garutti & Britski 1997. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Upper Guaporé River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

madeirae, Moenkhausia lepidura Fowler [H. W.] 1913:540, Fig. 11 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Tributary of Rio Madeira near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39224 (with paratypes). Paratypes: ANSP 39225-27 (3), 39350 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:50 [ref. 13621], Lima et al. 2020:148 [ref. 38112]. •Synonym of Moenkhausia intermedia Eigenmann 1908 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:147 [ref. 27061], Mirande & Koerber 2015:27 [ref. 35117]). •Valid as Moenkhausia madeirae Fowler 1913 -- (Lima et al. 2020:148 [ref. 38112], Marinho & Benine 2024:231 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia madeirae Fowler 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper and middle Madeira River basin (Rondônia and Mato Grosso, Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

magdalenae, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] 1916:89 [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (nos 1/2) (art. 7); ref. 12361] Girardot, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 57006 [ex CM 5822]. Paratypes: CAS 39223 [ex IU 13611] (1). Type catalog: Henn 1928:61 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax magdalenae Eigenmann & Henn 1916 -- (Galvis et al. 1997:41 [ref. 23651], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], Ruiz-C. et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31365], Torres-Mejia et al. 2012:505 [ref. 32312], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). •Valid as Ctenobrycon magdalenae (Eigenmann & Henn 1916) -- (Melo et al. 2024:29 [ref. 41541] in Acestrorhamphinae). Current status: Valid as Ctenobrycon magdalenae (Eigenmann & Henn 1916). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Colombian rivers, Catatumbo River and Lake Maracaibo basins, Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

magnuspina, Poptella Garcia-Ayala [J. R.], Oliveira [C.] & Benine [R. C.] 2025:2, Figs. 1, 2a, 3, 4a-c, 5 [Journal of Fish Biology Early View; ref. 42420] Rio Tapirapé, Rio Tocantins basin, Tatuzão farm, municipality of Marabá, Pará State, Brazil, 05°35'45.0"S, 50°27'31.0"W. Holotype: ZUEC 18559. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MZUSP, NUP, UNT, ZUEC. •Valid as Poptella magnuspina Garcia-Ayala, Oliveira & Benine 2025. Current status: Valid as Poptella magnuspina Garcia-Ayala, Oliveira & Benine 2025. Acestrorhamphidae: Stethaprioninae. Distribution: South America: Tocantins-Araguaia River basin, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins States, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

mahnerti, Hemigrammus Uj [A.] & Géry [J.] 1989:154, Figs. 5-7 [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 96 (no. 1); ref. 16287] Swamp near Panchito Lopez, 4 kilometers from Yabebyry, Misiones, Paraguay. Holotype: MHNG 2412.82. Paratypes: MHNG 2412.83-84 (57, 2 c&s), 2412.85-86 (122, 2 c&s), 2412.87-88 (8, 2 c&s), 2412-89 (2). Type catalog: Weber 1998:7 [ref. 32707]. •Valid as Hemigrammus mahnerti Uj & Géry 1989 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366] as manherti, Casciotta et al. 2003:98 [ref. 28130], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131] as manherti, Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267], Albornoz-Garzón et al. 2019:937 [ref. 36872], Dickens 2019:163 [ref. 37135]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus mahnerti Uj & Géry 1989. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Paraguay River basins (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). Habitat: freshwater.

mamuruensis, Hyphessobrycon Faria [T. C.], Oliveira [C.], Monteiro [I. L. P.] & Lima [F. C. T.] 2025:5, Figs. 1-2, 3A-B [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 23 (no. 3); ref. 42414] Igarapé tributary of rio Mamuru, near comunidade Mamuru, Itaituba, Pará State, Brazil, 04°02'19.66"S, 56°15'24.5"W. Holotype: LBP 34880. Paratypes: LBP, MPEG, MZUSP, ZUEC. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon mamuruensis Faria, Oliveira, Monteiro & Lima 2025. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon mamuruensis Faria, Oliveira, Monteiro & Lima 2025. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Mamuru River drainage, Pará State, near the border with Amazonas State, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

mapinguari, Hyphessobrycon Pastana [M. N. L.], Dutra [G. M.], Ohara [W. M.], Teixeira [T. F.] & Menezes [N. A.] 2025:302, Figs. 1, 2A, 3-5 [Ichthyology & Herpetology v. 113 (no. 2); ref. 42141] Rio dos Couros, tributary of Rio Acari, Rio Madeira basin, Apuí, Amazonas, Brazil, 7°12'27.22"S, 59°30'55.69"W. Holotype: MZUSP 130000. Paratypes: INPA, MZUSP. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon mapinguari Pastana, Dutra, Ohara, Teixeira & Menezes 2025. Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon mapinguari Pastana, Dutra, Ohara, Teixeira & Menezes 2025. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Rio Acari drainage, Rio Madeira basin, Amazonas, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

marajoara, Tyttobrycon Marinho [M. M. F.], Bastos [D. A.] & Menezes [N. A.] 2013:740, Figs.1-9 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 11 (no. 4); ref. 33025] Pará State, Marajó Island, Salvaterra, Vila União, igarapé Olho d’água, 0°50’51"S, 48°34’01"W, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 1909196. Paratypes: ANSP 193488 (4); DZSKRP 18179 (4); INPA 39504 (4); MCP 47859 (4); MPEG 20751 (4), MZUSP 106110 (68, 6 c&s), 108820 (24), 109197 (21), Type catalog: Andrade et al. 2017:442 [ref. 35588]. •Valid as Tyttobrycon marajoara Marinho, Bastos & Menezes 2013 -- (Abrahão et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37182], Marinho 2024:283 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Tyttobrycon marajoara Marinho, Bastos & Menezes 2013. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Marajó Island, Pará State (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

marciae, Hemibrycon Godoy [M. P. de] 1971:155, Figs. 1-4 [Revista Brasileira de Biologia v. 31 (no. 2); ref. 7670] Cachoeira de Emas, Rio Mogi Guassu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Holotype: EEBP 710 [not found]. Paratypes: (54). •Synonym of Oligosarcus pintoi Amaral Campos 1945 -- (Menezes 1987:21 [ref. 20060], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267], Menezes & Camelier 2024:244 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Oligosarcus pintoi Amaral Campos 1945. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

marginata, Hasemania Meinken [H.] 1938:225, Fig. [Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde v. 35 (no. 15); ref. 17160] Southeast Brazil (aquarium import). Syntypes: NMB. •Synonym of Hasemania nana (Lütken 1875) -- (Zarske & Géry 1999:94 [ref. 23982], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Hasemania nana (Lütken 1875). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Habitat: freshwater.

marginatus, Hemigrammus Ellis [M. D.] 1911:159, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Itapicurú at Queimadas, Bahia, Brazil, circa 10°58'S, 39°38'W. Holotype: FMNH 54430 [ex CM 3053]. Paratypes: (141) FMNH 54431-33 (1, 20, 4), 54435-43 (6, 17, 42, 5, 6, 5, 3, 9, 1), 54452 (1), 54457-59 (1, 1, 1), 54756 (3), 54919 (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:65 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:45 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis 1911 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Taphorn 1992:209 [ref. 23654], Britski et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24147], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Ramos et al. 2014:3 [ref. 35321], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ota et al. 2015:228 [ref. 33748], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966] as aff. marginatus, Costa et al. 2017:44 [ref. 35684], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[8] [ref. 35679], Silva et al. 2020:6 [ref. 37809], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137], Lima et al. 2022:253 [ref. 39116], Quintela et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40727], Lima & Marinho 2024:177 [ref. 40817], Vieira-Guimarães et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41258], Lima et al. 2024:256 [ref. 41835]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: São Francisco River drainage and other river drainages (northeastern Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

margitae, Hyphessobrycon Zarske [A.] 2016:106, Figs. 1-4, 10A [Vertebrate Zoology v. 66 (no. 2); ref. 34774] Einzugsgebiet des río Nanay, Loreto, Peru (aquarium import, possibly from the Río Marañón drainage). Holotype: MTD F 35090. Paratypes: MTD. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon margitae Zarske 2016 -- (Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon margitae Zarske 2016. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon basin (Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

margitae, Moenkhausia Zarske [A.] & Géry [J.] 2001:7, Figs. 1-2 [Zoologische Abhandlungen; Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden v. 51 (no. 1); ref. 25156] Quebrada on road Campo Verde-Nueva Requena (about half way), Ucayali, Peru. Holotype: MTD F 17256. Paratypes: GÉRY Coll. 1029.1-3.2000 (3), 1029.4.2000 (1); MTD F 17257-58 (2); MHNG 2610.01-04 (3, 16, 1, 13); ZFMK 26448 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Zarske 2003:18 [ref. 27474], Herder et al. 2010:117 [ref. 31087]. •Valid as Moenkhausia margitae Zarske & Géry 2001 -- (Zarske & Géry 2002:19 [ref. 26554], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], Carvalho et al. 2014:378 [ref. 33383], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia margitae Zarske & Géry 2001. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: Sout America: Rio Ucayali drainage, upper Amazon River basin (Peru). IUCN (2016): Near Threatened. Habitat: freshwater.

marionae, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] 1911:175, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1) (art. 3); ref. 1226] Six miles from San Luiz de Cáceres, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54711 [ex CM 3353]. Paratypes: CAS 39225 [ex IU 13278] (1), FMNH 54712-13 (3, 5). Type catalog: Henn 1928:61 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367]. See Gómez & Chebez 1996:49 [ref. 23791]. •Valid as Astyanax marionae Eigenmann 1911 -- (Britski et al. 1999:37 [ref. 24147], Azpelicueta et al. 2002:1052 [ref. 26511], Almirón et al. 2002:8 [ref. 26720], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], Casciotta et al. 2003:333 [ref. 27401], Azpelicueta et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27696]). •Valid as Psalidodon marionae (Eigenmann 1911) -- (Terán et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37440]). Current status: Valid as Psalidodon marionae (Eigenmann 1911). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Paraguay River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

maroniensis, Astyanax Géry [J.], Planquette [P.] & Le Bail [P.-Y.] 1996:17, Fig. 7; Pl. 2a [Cybium v. 20 (no. 1); ref. 22155] Antecume Pata, Indian village at the confluence of Litani and Marouini, Maroni River basin, French Guiana. Holotype: MNHN 1995-1091. Paratypes: IRSNB uncat. (2); Géry coll. 986.1-6 (6); MNHN 1996-0102 (6), 1996-0103 (2); MHNG 2583.26 (2); MTD F 17007-08 (2); RMNH uncat. (2). Type catalog: Zarske 2003:15 [ref. 27474]. •Valid as Astyanax maroniensis Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996 -- (Planquette et al. 1996:262 [ref. 22818]). •Valid as Jupiaba maroniensis (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996) -- (Zanata 1997:125 [ref. 24112], Keith et al. 2000:13 [ref. 24547], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:142 [ref. 27061], Zanata & Lima 2005:273 [ref. 28235], Pereira & Lucinda 2007:54 [ref. 29302], Birindelli et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30143], Netto-Ferreira et al. 2009:65 [ref. 30519], Borstein et al. 2022:16 [ref. 39507]). Current status: Valid as Jupiaba maroniensis (Géry, Planquette & Le Bail 1996). Acestrorhamphidae: Jupiabinae. Distribution: South America: coastal rivers (French Guiana, Suriname). Habitat: freshwater.

marupiara, Priocharax Mattox [G. M. T.], Britz [R.], Souza [C. S.], Casas [A. L. S.], Lima [F. C. T.] & Oliveira [C.] 2023:9, Figs. 4E-F, 7-8 [Canadian Journal of Zoology v. 101 (no. 4); ref. 39984] Balneário do Canhoto on road to Guajará, a marginal pond at Igarapé Canela Fina, Cruzeiro do Sul municipality, Acre State, Brazil, 07°34'53"S, 72°45'35"W. Holotype: MZUSP 126919. Paratypes: INPA, LBP, MPEG, MZUSP, NIVAJ, ZUEC. •Valid as Priocharax marupiara Mattox, Britz, Souza, Casas, Lima & Oliveira 2023 -- (Mattox et al. 2024:547 [ref. 41562], Lopez et al. 2025:18 [ref. 42251]). Current status: Valid as Priocharax marupiara Mattox, Britz, Souza, Casas, Lima & Oliveira 2023. Acestrorhamphidae: Tyttobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Igarapé Canela Fina drainage, Rio Juruá basin, Acre, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

matei, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1918:152, Pl. 19 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 43 (pt 2); ref. 1240] Argentina [aquarium specimen]. Holotype: CAS 44436 [ex IU 11438]. Additional material or paratype: CAS 44437 [ex IU 11438] (1). Appeared first in Eigenmann 1910:436 [ref. 1224] without description. •Valid as Hemigrammus matei Eigenmann 1918 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:26 [ref. 27366] as mattei, Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131] as mattei, Marinho et al. 2008:58 [ref. 29547], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lima & Marinho 2024:181 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Uncertain as Hemigrammus matei Eigenmann 1918. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Argentina [if valid]. Habitat: freshwater.

mavro, Hyphessobrycon García-Alzate [C. A.], Román-Valencia [C.] & Prada-Pedreros [S.] 2010:445, Figs. 1-2, 5 [Caldasia v. 32 (no. 2); ref. 31066] Caño Payara, affuent of the Orinoco River, Puerto Carreño, ca. 6°12'N, 62°28'W, Vichada, Colombia. Holotype: IUQ 2791. Paratypes: (total 21) IMCN 3751 (2 c&s), IUQ 1964. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon mavro García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010 -- (García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Zarske 2016:114 [ref. 34774] as marvo, García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon mavro García-Alzate, Román-Valencia & Prada-Pedreros 2010. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

maxillaris, Aphyocarax Ulrey [A. B.] 1894:611 [American Naturalist v. 28 (no. 331); ref. 12356] Brazil [probably eastern Pará State]. Syntypes: (10) CAS-SU 2170 (1), 47059 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:21 [ref. 12291]. Original genus should have been Aphyocharax. Species was also described as new in Ulrey 1895:293 [ref. 12371]. •Valid as Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey 1894) -- (Géry et al. 1991:60 [ref. 21021], Planquette et al. 1996:334 [ref. 22818], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:237 [ref. 22743], Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:154 [ref. 27061], Mirande 2010:509 [ref. 31006], Melo et al. 2016:133 [ref. 34701], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[11] [ref. 35679], Guimarães et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35965], Conde-Saldaña et al. 2019:446 [ref. 36937], Lima et al. 2021:344 [ref. 38293], Koerber et al. 2022:35 [ref. 39235], Taphorn et al. 2022:19 [ref. 41297], Lima 2024:257 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey 1894). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon, Orinoco and coastal river drainages of the Guianas and Brazil (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana and Venezuela) (Guiana Mangrove Province). Habitat: freshwater.

maxillaris, Hasemania Ellis [M. D.] 1911:148, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Brazil. Holotype (unique): FMNH 54303 [ex CM 2937]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hasemania maxillaris Ellis 1911 -- (Zarske & Géry 1999:95 [ref. 23982], López et al. 2002:59 [ref. 26808], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2007:350 [ref. 29142], Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Serra & Langeani 2015:485 [ref. 33944], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Teixeira et al. 2025:139 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Hasemania maxillaris Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

maxillaris, Hyphessobrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1932:354, Fig. p. 350 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 84; ref. 16366] Descalvados, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 53660. Paratypes: ANSP 53661-63 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:50 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hemigrammus maxillaris (Fowler 1932) -- (Britski et al. 1999:39 [ref. 24147], Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin 1918 -- (Ota et al. 2014:270 [ref. 33373], Koerber et al. 2017:39 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Hemigrammus lunatus Durbin 1918. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Habitat: freshwater.

maximus, Tetragonopterus Steindachner [F.] 1876:593 [43], Pl. 7 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 72 (1. Abth.); ref. 18772] Tullumayo and Monterico, Peru. Syntypes: (several) NMW 57662-63 (1, 2). On p. 43 of separate. •Valid as Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:27 [ref. 37559], Ortega & Vari 1986:7 [ref. 9708], Zarske & Géry 1999:205 [ref. 24913], Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:106 [ref. 35745] as cf. maximus, DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:17 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:17 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876). Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon and Orinoco River basins (Peru, Ecuador?, Colombia and Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

meadi, Oligosarcus Menezes [N. A.] 1969:31, 117, Fig. 21 [Arquivos de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 18 (nos 1-2); ref. 7834] União de Caeté, Minas Gerais, Río das Velhas basin, Uruguay. Holotype: DZSASP 4618. Paratypes: DZSASP 4614-15 (3), 4718-19 (2); MCZ 45859 [ex DZSASP] (2). Type catalog: Oyakawa 1996:486-487 [ref. 23140]. •Valid as Oligosarcus meadi Menezes 1969 -- (Menezes & Géry 1983:589 [ref. 8307]). •Synonym of Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864 -- (Menezes 1987:22 [ref. 20060], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:151 [ref. 27061], Menezes & Camelier 2024:243 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Oligosarcus argenteus Günther 1864. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Habitat: freshwater.

megaceps, Hemigrammus Fowler [H. W.] 1945:1, Fig. 3 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 159; ref. 13141] Ninabamba near Ayacucho, Río Ucayali basin, Peru, elevation 1900 meters. Holotype: ANSP 71624. Paratypes: ANSP 71625 (1), 71626 (1, missing). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:50 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hemigrammus megaceps Fowler 1945 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:8 [ref. 9708], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], Zarske 2015:8 [ref. 33782], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:21 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus megaceps Fowler 1945. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: upper Ucayali River basin (Peru and Ecuador). Habitat: freshwater.

megalepis, Bryconamericus Fowler [H. W.] 1941:188, Fig. 98 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 93; ref. 1437] Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 69602. Paratypes: ANSP 69603-05 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:51 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Bryconamericus megalepis Fowler 1941 -- (Silva in Reis et al. 2003:117 [ref. 27061], Thomaz et al. 2015:Add. 5 [ref. 33893] genus uncertain). •Synonym of Compsura heterura Eigenmann 1915 -- (Jerep et al. 2024:132 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Synonym of Compsura heterura Eigenmann 1915. Acestrorhamphidae: Rhoadsiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

megalops, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann & Ogle 1907:29 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (no. 1556); ref. 1266] Itaituba, rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. Holotype (unique): CAS 71433 [ex IU 5192]. •Valid as Moenkhausia megalops (Eigenmann 1907) -- (Lucena & Lucena 1999:235 [ref. 24225], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], Sarmiento et al. 2014:185 [ref. 35004], Oliveira & Marinho 2016:573 [ref. 34342], Marinho & Langeani 2016:348 [ref. 34416], Azevedo-Santos & Benine 2016:208 [ref. 34837], Soares et al. 2017:256 [ref. 35237], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35633], Silvano et al. 2020:80 [ref. 38133], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Chuctaya et al. 2022:23 [ref. 42137], Taphorn et al. 2022:18 [ref. 41297], Marinho & Benine 2024:231 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia megalops (Eigenmann 1907). Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and ?Venezuela). IUCN (2023): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater.

megalopterus, Megalamphodus Eigenmann [C. H.] 1915:50, Fig. 14; Pl. 7 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 1231] Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 57823 [ex CM 6806]. Paratypes: CAS 78887 [ex IU 1362, 14333] (?, missing), FMNH 57824 [ex CM 6807a-b] (orig. 3, now 2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:59 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:55 [ref. 12367]. Species as melanopterus in caption to Fig. 14 (regarded as in error), elsewhere (3 times) as megalopterus. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon megalopterus (Eigenmann 1915) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:231 [ref. 22743] with comment on locality, Lima & Gerhard 2001:112 [ref. 25355], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061], Malabarba et al. 2012:57 [ref. 31810], Sarmiento et al. 2014:184 [ref. 35004], Ohara et al. 2017:10 [ref. 35494], Pastana et al. 2017:13 [ref. 35596]). •Valid as Megalamphodus megalopterus Eigenmann 1915 -- (Britski et al. 1999:44 [ref. 24147], Lasso et al. 2001:96 [ref. 25928], Melo et al. 2024:21 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Megalamphodus megalopterus Eigenmann 1915. Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Distribution: South America: upper Paraguay and Guaporé River basins, Bolivia and Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

megaspilura, Astyanax Fowler [H. W.] 1944:228, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 96; ref. 1452] A clear brook of Río Jurubidá, Nuquí, Colombia, elevation 3000 feet. Holotype: ANSP 71418. Paratypes: ANSP 71419-24 (6). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:51 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Astyanax megaspilura Fowler 1944 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax megaspilura Fowler 1944. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

melanochrous, Hemigrammus Fowler [H. W.] 1913:543, Fig. 12 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65; ref. 1389] Rio Madeira tributary, near Porto Velho, Brazil. Holotype: ANSP 39228. Paratypes: ANSP 39229 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:51 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Hemigrammus melanochrous Fowler 1913 -- (Lima & Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:132 [ref. 27061], Carvalho et al. 2010:253 [ref. 30862], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:48 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus melanochrous Fowler 1913. Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: Amazon River basin: Brazil and Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.

melanostichos, Hyphessobrycon Carvalho [T. P.] & Bertaco [V. A.] 2006:302, Figs. 1-3 [Neotropical Ichthyology v. 4 (no. 3); ref. 28812] Rio Doze de Outubro on road BR 364 between Comorodo and Vilhena, 12°58'39"S, 60°00'30"W, Comodoro, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Holotype: MCP 39510. Paratypes: MCP 38396 (203, 3 c&s), MZUSP 89646 (25). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006 -- (Bertaco et al. 2007:248 [ref. 29277], García-Alzate et al. 2008:48 [ref. 29671] as malanostichos, García-Alzate et al. 2013:861 [ref. 32692], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Marinho et al. 2014:263 [ref. 33372], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Ohara et al. 2017:249 [ref. 35067], García-Alzate et al. 2017:127 [ref. 35253], Dagosta et al. 2022:11 [ref. 39143], Marinho & Dagosta 2024:16 [ref. 41147]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon melanostichos Carvalho & Bertaco 2006. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Doze de Outubro River drainage, upper Tapajós River basin, Brazil. Habitat: freshwater.

melanura, Hasemania Ellis [M. D.] 1911:149, Pl. 1 (fig. 2) [Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (no. 1, art. 2); ref. 1269] Rio Iguaçu at Porto União, Brazil. Holotype: FMNH 54384 [ex CM 3002]. Paratypes: (49) CAS 44315 [ex IU 13292, CM 3003] (8), FMNH 54385 (39). Type catalog: Henn 1928:64 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Hasemania melanura Ellis 1911 -- (Zarske & Géry 1999:95 [ref. 23982], López et al. 2002:59 [ref. 26808], Pavanelli in Reis et al. 2003:129 [ref. 27061], Bertaco & Malabarba 2007:350 [ref. 29142], Zanata & Serra 2010:21 [ref. 30751], Serra & Langeani 2015:485 [ref. 33944], dos Reis et al. 2020:459 [ref. 38364], Teixeira et al. 2025:139 [ref. 42053]). Current status: Valid as Hasemania melanura Ellis 1911. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: Iguaçu River basin (Brazil). Habitat: freshwater.

melasemeion, Hyphessobrycon Fowler [H. W.] 1945:57, Fig. [The Fish Culturist v. 24 (no. 8); ref. 19306] Locality unknown (supposed to be lower Amazon). Holotype (unique): ANSP 71584. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:51 [ref. 13621]. •Status uncertain -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:234 [ref. 22743]). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon melasemeion Fowler 1945 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061]). •Species inquirenda -- (Lima et al. 2024:205 [ref. 40817]). Nomen Dubium. Current status: Uncertain. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Habitat: freshwater.

melasopterus, Hemigrammus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1903:518 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1260] Aguada, near Arroyo Trementina, Paraguay. Holotype: CAS 44381 [ex IU 10039]. Paratypes: (6) AMNH 1035 (1), CAS 44382 [ex IU 10040] (1), CAS [ex IU 10041] (orig. 5, not found); FMNH 52668 (2); ZMB 17147 (2). The spelling melasopterus possibly in error for melanopterus. •Synonym of Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner 1882) -- (Weitzman & Palmer 1997:224 [ref. 22743], Weitzman & Palmer 1997:148 [ref. 24509], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:136 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:15 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:41 [ref. 35267]). •Synonym of Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882). Current status: Synonym of Megalamphodus eques (Steindachner 1882). Acestrorhamphidae: Megalamphodinae. Habitat: freshwater.

melazonatus, Hyphessobrycon Durbin [M. L.] in Eigenmann 1908:101 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Lago do Maximo, near Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil. Lectotype: MCZ 20737. Paralectotypes: MCZ 21069 (1). Author is M. L. Durbin. Lectotype established by Eigenmann 1918:196. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Durbin 1908 -- (Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061], Barriga Salazar 2014:107 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Chuctaya et al. 2022:22 [ref. 42137]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon melazonatus Durbin 1908. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). IUCN (2022): Data deficient. Habitat: freshwater.

melogrammus, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1908:102 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 52 (no. 6); ref. 1221] Tabatinga, Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MCZ 20825. •Valid as Moenkhausia melogramma Eigenmann 1908 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:9 [ref. 9708], Benine in Reis et al. 2003:148 [ref. 27061], Géry & Zarske 2004:43 [ref. 28287], Barriga Salazar 2014:108 [ref. 35745], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Soares et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37743], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39298], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2024:137 [ref. 42338], Marinho & Benine 2024:231 [ref. 40817], Yunoki et al. 2025:329 [ref. 42013]). •Valid as Hemigrammus melogrammus (Eigenmann 1908) -- (Melo et al. 2024:24 [ref. 41541]). Current status: Valid as Hemigrammus melogrammus (Eigenmann 1908). Acestrorhamphidae: Pristellinae. Distribution: South America: upper Amazon River basin (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). Habitat: freshwater.

menezesi, Oligosarcus Miquelarena [A. M.] & Protogino [L. C.] 1996:112, Fig. [Iheringia, Série Zoologia (Porto Alegre) No. 80; ref. 23181] Upper Urugua-í creek, upper Río Paraná system, Misiones, Argentina, 25°57'S, 54°07'W. Holotype: CFA-IC 10299 [ex ILPLA 299]. Paratypes: CFA-IC 10300-10306 [ex ILPLA 300-306] (2, 1, 2, now 3, 1, 4, 4), MZUSP 48000-02 (3, 2, 3); MLP 10486 (3). Type catalog: Koerber 2007:1 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena et al. 2009:78-80 [ref. 34389], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:10 [ref. 33466], Bogan et al. 2019:15 [ref. 37088]. •Valid as Oligosarcus menezesi Miquelarena & Protogino 1996 -- (Miquelarena et al. 1997:68 [ref. 23469], López et al. 2002:61 [ref. 26808], Menezes in Reis et al. 2003:152 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:29 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:74 [ref. 28131], Ribeiro et al. 2007:52 [ref. 29321], Almirón et al. 2015:589 [ref. 33673], Ribeiro & Menezes 2015:78 [ref. 33768], Mirande & Koerber 2015:25 [ref. 35117], Menezes & Camelier 2024:244 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Oligosarcus menezesi Miquelarena & Protogino 1996. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Paraná River basin (Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.

meridionalis, Hyphessobrycon Ringuelet [R. A.], Miquelarena [A. M.] & Menni [R. C.] 1978:248, Figs. 2-3 [Limnobios (La Plata) v. 1 (no. 7); ref. 8888] Canal Delgado, Rio de La Plata, Los Talas, Argentina. Holotype: MLP 8339 [ex ILPLA 30.3.77.1]. Paratypes: MLP 8340 [ex ILPLA 30.3.77.2] (9). Type catalog: Koerber 2007:1 [ref. 29776], Miquelarena & Nadalin 2014:7 [ref. 33466]. •Valid as Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni 1978 -- (Malabarba 1989:135 [ref. 14217], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:27 [ref. 27366], Menni 2004:77 [ref. 28131], Almirón et al. 2004:674 [ref. 27987], Almirón et al. 2006:895 [ref. 29163], Miquelarena & López 2010:6 [ref. 30749], Litz & Koerber 2014:16 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:26 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:414 [ref. 34561], Petry et al. 2016:302 [ref. 34966], Nión et al. 2016:30 [ref. 35565], Giora & Wingert 2023:136 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon meridionalis Ringuelet, Miquelarena & Menni 1978. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: lower Paraná River and coastal river basins of Rio Grande do Sul State (Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

metae, Astyanax Eigenmann [C. H.] in Eigenmann, Henn & Wilson 1914:11 [Indiana University Studies No. 19; ref. 1259] Río Negro at Villavicencio, Colombia. Holotype: FMNH 56640 [ex CM 5457]. Paratypes: CAS 39229 [ex IU 13153] (4), FMNH 56641 (2). Type catalog: Henn 1928:61 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:13 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Astyanax metae Eigenmann 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:116 [ref. 23654], Marín 2000:66 [ref. 26252]). •Synonym of Astyanax maximus (Steindachner 1876) -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061] with question). •Valid as Astyanax metae Eigenmann 1914 -- (Buckup in Reis et al. 2003:111 [ref. 27061], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:90 [ref. 35773]). Current status: Valid as Astyanax metae Eigenmann 1914. Acestrorhamphidae: Acestrorhamphinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.

metae, Hyphessobrycon Eigenmann [C. H.] & Henn [A. W.] 1914:233 [Indiana University Studies v. 2 (no. 24); ref. 11067] Barrigona, Río Meta, Orinoco system, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 61751 [ex IU 13421]. Paratypes: (66) CAS 61752 (62). •Valid as Hyphessobrycon metae Eigenmann & Henn 1914 -- (Taphorn 1992:242 [ref. 23654], Lima & Malabarba in Reis et al. 2003:138 [ref. 27061], García-Alzate & Román-Valencia 2008:14 [ref. 30008], García-Alzate et al. 2010:39 [ref. 30724], García-Alzate et al. 2010:55 [ref. 30716], García-Alzate et al. 2010:456 [ref. 31066], García-Alzate et al. 2011:709 [ref. 31266], Carvalho & Langeani 2013:526 [ref. 32913], Lima et al. 2014:177 [ref. 33535], Ohara & Lima 2015:570 [ref. 33846], García-Alzate et al. 2015:223 [ref. 33855], Zarske 2015:295 [ref. 34028], Marinho et al. 2016:248 [ref. 34376], Dagosta et al. 2016:258 [ref. 34377], Marinho et al. 2016:519 [ref. 34591], Zarske 2016:110 [ref. 34774], García-Alzate et al. 2017:126 [ref. 35253], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35633], Urbano-Bonilla et al. 2018:87 [ref. 35773], Faria et al. 2020:374 [ref. 37543], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:455 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Hyphessobrycon metae Eigenmann & Henn 1914. Acestrorhamphidae: Hyphessobryconinae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela). Habitat: freshwater.

metae, Moenkhausia Eigenmann [C. H.] 1922:234, Pl. 34 (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 1243] Barrigón, Río Meta, Orinoco System, Colombia. Holotype: CAS 55610 [ex IU 15026a]. Paratypes: (20) CAS 55609 [ex IU 15026] (now 8), CAS 55608 [ex IU 13951] (6), FMNH 55214 (4). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:57 [ref. 12367]. Also appeared at same time in Eigenmann 1922:167 [ref. 12408]. •Valid as Moenkhausia metae Eigenmann 1922 -- (Benine in Reis et al. 2003:149 [ref. 27061], Bertaco et al. 2011:60 [ref. 31234], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:52 [ref. 35633], Marinho & Benine 2024:231 [ref. 40817]). Current status: Valid as Moenkhausia metae Eigenmann 1922. Acestrorhamphidae: Stichonodontinae. Distribution: South America: upper Meta River basin, Colombia. Habitat: freshwater.