Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Muraenidae: [ 569 ] records

accipiter, Leptocephalus Fowler [H. W.] 1938:20, Pl. 5 (figs. 1-2) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 2; ref. 1428] Tagus Cove, Isabela Island [Albemarle Island], Galápagos Islands. Holotype: ANSP 68298 (with paratype). Paratypes: ANSP 68299 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:119 [ref. 13621]. Muraenidae. Habitat: marine.

acutirostris, Muraena Abbott [C. C.] 1860:476 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 998. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:129 [ref. 13621] with remark on locality and status, Böhlke & Smith 2002:90 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:90 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

acutis, Muraena Seale [A.] 1917:89 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] San Miguel, Pearl Islands, Gulf of Panama, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): MCZ 3960. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:90-91 [ref. 26380]. Genus originally misspelled Mauraena. •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

acutus, Uropterygius Parr [A. E.] 1930:16, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 3 (art. 4); ref. 3370] West Caicos Island, Bahamas, depth 30 fathoms (stomach content). Holotype (unique): YPM 2604. Type catalog: Moore & Boardman 1991:19 [ref. 16741], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380] More than one species may be involved -- Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Uropterygius acutus Parr 1930 -- (Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204]). •Valid as Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 1982:128 [ref. 502], Böhlke et al. 1989:191 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:905 [ref. 13285], Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:261 [ref. 24493], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Randall et al. 2002:154 [ref. 26192], Collette et al. 2003:99 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:718 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Randall 2005:49 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:125 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1640 [ref. 34557], Smith & Böhlke 2022:67 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:117 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Circumglobal in warm waters. Habitat: marine.

afer, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] 1795:85, Pl. 417 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Guinea. Syntypes: ZMB 3991 (1,), 7784 (1, stuffed), 7785 (1, stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282]. On p. 73 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 12 [ref. 21381]. As Muraenophis afra in Lacepède 1803:628, 641 [ref. 4930]. •Valid as Lycodontis afer (Bloch 1795) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Santos et al. 1997:121 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1626 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:59 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Namibia, including São Tomé and Principe; possibly at Azores and Madeira. Habitat: brackish, marine.

afra, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Coast of Guinea, Africa. Perhaps an emendation of Gymnothorax afer Bloch; see Strophidon africana McClelland 1844. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

africana, Muraena Shaw [G.] 1803:30 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Guinea. Unneeded new name for Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

africana, Strophidon McClelland [J.] 1844:214 [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Coast of Guinea. Apparently a new name for Muraenophis afra of Lacepède 1803:628, 641 [ref. 4930]. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

agassizi, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:458 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 16841] Cocos Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.250. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

albigutta, Muraena Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:132, Fig. 30 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Lobos de Afuera Island, Peru, 6°56'S, 80°43'W. Holotype: USNM 127840. Paratypes: USNM 127841 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax argus Steindachner 1870 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380] but in Muraena on p. 94). •Synonym of Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:426 [ref. 9341], Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

albimarginata, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:267, Pl. 118 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan [Nagasaki]. Holotype (unique): RMNH D2236 (stuffed). Type information: Boeseman 1947:190 [ref. 12876]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380]. As Muraena albomarginata in Bleeker 1853:20 [ref. 340]. •Valid as Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Böhlke 1997:94 [ref. 23177], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:226 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:211 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:211 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:91 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Heemstra 2004:5 [ref. 27849], Randall 2005:38 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:116 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:83 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Allen & Erdmann 2012:80 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Smith et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36035], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dewa et al. 2021:22 [ref. 38627], Watanabe et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40711], Allen & Erdmann 2024:89 [ref. 40796], Luo et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41630]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western and central Pacific: Java and Bali (Indonesia) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Kagoshima Prefecture (Japan), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

albimentis, Lycodontis Evermann [B. W.] & Marsh [M. C.] 1900:78, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 20 (pt 1) [for 1900]; ref. 14876] Off Culebra Island, Puerto Rico, Fish Hawk station 6093, depth 15 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 49527. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:180 [ref. 13286], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

alboguttatus, Uropterygius Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:427, Pl. 60 (fig. E) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Assumption Island, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 411. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 845-849 (2, 2, 1, 1, 1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Uropterygius xanthopterus Bleeker 1859 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:176 [ref. 5645]). •Valid as Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith 1962 -- (Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829] (changed from xanthopterus Bleeker 1859 on attached errata sheet), Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:51 [ref. 28239], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:163 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:73 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius alboguttatus Smith 1962. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles and Mascarenes east to central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

albomaculatus, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:57 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5946. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:91-92 [ref. 26380] Species originally as albo maculatus. •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962) but an older name needing action by the ICZN -- (Fricke 1999:49 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

albomarginata, Muraena (Muraena) Pfaff [J. R.] 1933:305, Pl. 6 (figs. 1-3) [Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kjøbenhavn v. 94; ref. 16517] Dakar, western Africa. Holotype (unique): ZMUC. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:53 [ref. 9588]. •Synonym of Muraena melanotis (Kaup 1859) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena melanotis (Kaup 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

allardicei, Anarchias Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan & Seale 1906:204, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Pago Pago, Tutuila Island, American Samoa. Holotype: USNM 51715. Paratypes: CAS-SU 8726 (2), USNM 144296 [ex USNM 51715] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:15 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:126 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:54 [ref. 22258], Myers 1999:51 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:156 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as Jordan & Seale, Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Mundy 2005:112 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:244 [ref. 29005], Loh et al. 2008:137 [ref. 29930], Reece et al. 2010:421 [ref. 30969], Zhang et al. 2010:227 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:151 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:32 [ref. 35805], Smith & Böhlke 2022:70 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa (Kenya south to Mozambique), Madagascar and Chagos Archipelago east to Johnston Atoll, Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands, north to China, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

alusis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:67 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] No types known. Based on Muraena catenata of Richardson. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

amblyodon, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:72 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 1 (6); ref. 352] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.318. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:76 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna amblyodon (Bleeker 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: northern Sulawesi (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

ambonensis, Rhinomuraena Barbour [T.] 1908:40 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 21; ref. 177] Tide pool, Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): MCZ 87067. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Rhinomuraena ambonensis Barbour 1908 -- (Shen 1974:184 [ref. 41072]). •Synonym of Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888 -- (Randall et al. 1990:41 [ref. 15987], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:49 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

anatina, Muraena Lowe [R. T.] 1838:192 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira. Neotype: BMNH 1869.3.7.1. Neotype designated by Böhlke et al. 1989:136 [ref. 13286]. •Valid as Lycodontis anatinus (Lowe 1838) -- (Blache et al. 1973:225 [ref. 7185]). •Valid as Enchelycore anatina (Lowe 1838) -- (Ben-Tuvia & Golani 1984:541 [ref. 25573], Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:539 [ref. 13676], Edwards & Glass 1987:624 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:136 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:139 [ref. 19379], Santos et al. 1997:19 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:54 [ref. 24952], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:132 [ref. 25013], Smith 2002:4 [ref. 26440], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Böhlke & Smith 2003:704 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Golani 2005:16 [ref. 37112], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Fricke et al. 2007:23 [ref. 29533], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Smith & Brito 2016:1624 [ref. 34557], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250], Bariche & Fricke 2020:33 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37519], Golani 2021:13 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39014], Ibrahim et al. 2022:62 [ref. 39386], Gerovasileiou in Kapiris et al. 2024:202 [ref. 41067]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore anatina (Lowe 1838). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Azores, Madeira, Canary, Cape Verde Islands; southern-central Atlantic: Saint Helena Island. Habitat: marine.

andamanensis, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Kiruba-Sankar [R.], Praveenraj [J.] & Mohanty [S. R.] 2019:190, Figs. 1-4A [Zootaxa 4661 (no. 1); ref. 36929] Port Mout, Port Blair, South Andaman, India, 11.659327°N, 92.696148°E. Holotype: EBRC/ZSI F11227. Paratype: CIARI MF-05 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj & Mohanty 2019 -- (Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064], Allen & Erdmann 2024:89 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax andamanensis Mohapatra, Kiruba-Sankar, Praveenraj & Mohanty 2019. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northeastern Indian Ocean: South Andaman, Andaman Islands (India). Habitat: marine.

anguina, Muraena Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:18 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Central America. No types known. •Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:142 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

angusticauda, Muraena (Priodonophis) Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.] 1916:389, Fig. 388 [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 3; ref. 4604] Near Supiori, Schouten Islands, Papua, Indonesia, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): ZMA 102162. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:9 [ref. 19236], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber & de Beaufort 1916) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:92 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:411 [ref. 33460], Fricke 2015:1 [ref. 33807], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Ho et al. 2018:12 [ref. 36050], Smith et al. 2018:40 [ref. 36035], Smith et al. 2019:17 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:47 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber & de Beaufort 1916). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

angusticeps, Priodonophis Hildebrand [S. F.] & Barton [O.] 1949:5, Fig. 2 [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (no. 10); ref. 13015] Talara, Peru. Holotype (unique): USNM 144254. Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917]. Böhlke & Smith 2002:92-93 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & Barton 1949) -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36248], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & Barton 1949). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Peru, including Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

annasona, Gymnothorax flavimarginatus Whitley [G. P.] 1937:220 [Australian Zoologist v. 8 (pt 4); ref. 4690] Middleton Reef, North of Lord Howe Island, South Pacific. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6867. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax annasona Whitley 1937 -- (Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:83 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax annasona Whitley 1937. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

annulata, Echidna Forster [J. R.] (ex Pallas) 1795:14, Pl. 2 (fig. 3) [Zoologia Indica, sistens descriptiones animalium selectorum; ref. 18091] Name only, India. Based on Pallas (1783, [ref. 20763], "II. t. 2, f. 3"). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae.

annulatus, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:179, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23215] Visayan Sea between northern Negros and Masbate Islands, southwestern Caduruan Point, 11°38'20"N, 123°58'38"E, Philippines, depth 0-80.5 meters. Holotype: ANSP 141418. Paratypes: ANSP 141417 (3), 141419 (1); BPBM 23497 (1); CAS 34296 (2), 85588 (1); USNM 343861 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax annulatus Smith & Böhlke 1997 -- (Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax annulatus Smith & Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific: Andaman Sea and Gulf of Thailand east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

appendiculata, Murenophis Guichenot [A.] 1848:341 [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Valparaíso, Chile. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. Based on an incomplete description and unfinished drawing (not found). Original should have been Muraenophis. •Valid as Muraena appendiculata (Guichenot 1848) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125]). •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]). Current status: Uncertain as Muraena appendiculata (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Chile. Habitat: marine.

aquaedulcis, Muraena Cope [E. D.] 1872:474 [U. S. Geological Survey Territitories Annual Report v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 923] Río Grande, near San José, Costa Rica. Holotype (unique): ANSP 14925. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:129 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380]. Originally as aquae-dulcis, correction mandatory. Locality questioned, San Jose is too far inland -- see Smith 2012:6 and 31 [ref. 32155]. •Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842 -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:475 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

arabicus, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Bogorodsky [S. V.], Dandar [J.] & Zajonz [U.] 2024:468, Figs. 2-3 [Zootaxa 5477 (no. 4); ref. 41318] Di Hamri, a large coral block, Socotra Island, Socotra Archipelago, Yemen, 12°40'N, 54°11'E, depth 8 - 10 meters. Holotype: SMF 34700. Paratypes: BPBM, KAUMM, SMF, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax arabicus Smith, Bogorodsky, Dandar & Zajonz 2024. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax arabicus Smith, Bogorodsky, Dandar & Zajonz 2024. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman and Socotra Archipelago. Habitat: marine.

arae, Gymnothorax Borodin [N. A.] 1928:8 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Oceanographic Museum v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 526] Darwin Bay, Tower Island [Genovesa], Galápagos Islands. Holotype: AMNH 222126 [ex VMM 74]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:425 [ref. 9341]). •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:93 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

arenata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:61 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] China. Holotype: BMNH uncat. (651 mm TL). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:85 [ref. 2573]. Probably should be regarded as an unneeded replacement name for Muraena thyrsoidea Richardson 1845, based on a Cuvier museum name, with type the Richardson specimen. Kaup's description probably possibly based on MNHN A.8810 from Pondicherry, which Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] regard as the tentative holotype of arenata. •Objective synonym of Siderea thyrsoidea Richardson 1845 -- (Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] as thysoidea and thysoideus, Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

arenatus, Muraenophis Cuvier [G.] in Kaup 1857:85 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Name only in synonymy of Thrysoidea arenata Kaup. •Apparently a museum name never published -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

argus, Gymnothorax (Limamuraena) Steindachner [F.] 1870:639 [17], Pl. 4 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4218] Altata, Sinaloa, west coast of Mexico, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): NMW 75551. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:47 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1312 [ref. 22830], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:157 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:41 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380], McCosker & Smith 2004:248 [ref. 27620], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36248], Dale et al. 2021:316 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:99 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:117 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Muraena argus (Steindachner 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador); straying to southern California (U.S.A.). Habitat: marine.

aterrima, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:22, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. Holotype: ZMH H389. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:160 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:404 [ref. 21161]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

atlantica, Thyrsoidea Johnson [J. Y.] 1862:168 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1862 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 10 June 1862); ref. 2357] Sea near Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1862.2.5.2. •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Blache et al. 1973:224 [ref. 7185], Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857) -- (Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

atlanticus, Uropterygius Vaillant [L. L.] in Roule 1919:135 [Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert 1er, prince souverain de Monaco v. 52; ref. 17861] Not available, name only with collection station (off Azores); see Bauchot et al. 1993:128 [ref. 20810]. •In the synonymy of Anarchias grassii (Roule 1916) -- (Blache et al. 1973:226 [ref. 7185]). •In the synonymy of Anarchias euryurus (Lea 1913) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:136 [ref. 19379]). •Not available, nomen nudum -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). •In the synonymy of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae.

atolli, Heteromyrus Pietschmann [V.] 1935:93 [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 72 (no. 11); ref. 3477] Pearl and Hermes Reef, South East Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): NMW 65106. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:227 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:398 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:84 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:116 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann 1935). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea, western Pacific: southern Japan, Lord Howe Island, Hawaiian Islands Chain (Pearl and Hermes Reefs to Midway Atoll). Habitat: marine.

atomaria, Muraena Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Society Islands. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380]. Based on Solander manuscript. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:94 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

atra, Muraena Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Klunzinger 1871:614 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. Not available, name published in synonymy of Muraena corallina Klunzinger 1871. •In the synonymy of Lycodontis corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Unavailable name -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]). •In the synonymy of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (based on current placement of corallina). •Not available, nomen nudum -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

augusti, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:88 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Madeira. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810]. Not a synonym of Muraena helena -- Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]. •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379]). •Valid as Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:195 [ref. 13286], Santos et al. 1997:20 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952] with Günther 1870 as author, Jiménez et al. 2007:101 [ref. 29038], Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1633 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:62 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Portugal to Madeira and Azores. Habitat: marine.

auloptera, Muraena De Filippi [F.] 1853:168 [6] [Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (Sér. 2) v. 5; ref. 17378] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MZUT 235. Type catalog: Tortonese 1940:141 [ref. 21559], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. On p. 6 of separate. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

aurea, Muraena Mowbray [L. L.] 1931:unnumb. p. 2 [Fauna Bermudensis v. 1; ref. 13453] South shore of Bermuda. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013]). •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

aurocephalus, Gymnothorax Nashad [M.], Mohapatra [A.], Varghese [S. P.], Ramalingam [L.], Bineesh [K. K.] & Mohanty [S. R.] 2020:363, Figs. 2-7A [Zootaxa 4877 (no. 2); ref. 37900] Off Swaraj Dweep Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indian Ocean, 12°39.3'N, 93°03.4'E, depth 125 - 130 meters. Holotype: EBRC/ZSI 11800. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI, FSI, ZSI/ANRC. •Valid as Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty 2020. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax aurocephalus Nashad, Mohapatra, Varghese, Ramalingam, Bineesh & Mohanty 2020. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

australiae, Muraena helena Richardson [J.] 1848:80, Pl. 49 (figs. 1-6) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Eastern Atlantic [Australia is erroneous]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1847.5.10.16. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380] with remarks on type locality. Use of the term australiae in figure caption of Pl. 49 may have been intended as an indication of locality and not a new name, as that term does not appear in the text (p. 80) or list of species. It has been treated, however, as an available name by recent authors. •Valid as Muraena australiae Richardson 1848 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847]). •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:96 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

australicola, Gymnothorax Lavenberg [R. J.] 1992:59, Figs. 1-2 [Pacific Science v. 46 (no. 1); ref. 20054] Anakena Cove, east side 100 meters northeast of sand beach, Easter Island, 27°03.5'S, 109°19.5'W, depth 4.5 meters. Holotype: LACM 6560-48. Paratypes: ANSP 165743 (1); BPBM 12262 (1), 12872 (7), 14945 (1), 16844 (1), 16877 (5), 17304 (5), 16975 (3), 17014 (1); LACM 6560-45 (17); SIO 65-624 (2), 65-626 (12), 65-628 (7, 4); UCR 2195-1 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Angulo et al. 2015:375 [ref. 35212].. •Valid as Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992 -- (Pequeño 1997:80 [ref. 23536], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906], Böhlke 2000:402 [ref. 24954], Meléndez C. & Cornejo C. 2001:67 [ref. 26163], Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax australicola Lavenberg 1992. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southern Pacific: Lord Howe Island east to islands off Chile. Habitat: marine.

austrinus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & McCosker [J. E.] 2001:85, Figs. 4-5, Pl. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 25226] Half Moon Bay, Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia, 37°58'S, 145°01'E. Holotype (unique): NMV A.17858. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380]. Known from one very old specimen. •Valid as Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke & McCosker 2001 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:95 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:248 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:158 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax austrinus Böhlke & McCosker 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Victoria, Australia. Habitat: brackish.

bacalladoi, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Brito [A.] 1987:459, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 139; ref. 12411] Barranco Hondo, Tenerife Island, Canary Islands, depth 604 meters. Holotype: TFMC (ZM-2). Paratypes: ANSP 159041 (1), CAS 60405 (1). Species epithet misspelled in title as baccaladoi. •Valid as Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke & Brito 1987 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:189 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1639 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax bacalladoi Böhlke & Brito 1987. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

baranesi, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Brokovich [E.] & Einbinder [S.] 2008:63, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa No. 1678; ref. 29432] Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, 29°29'33.0"N, 34°55'07.8"E, Red Sea, depth 200 meters. Holotype: HUJ 18976. Paratypes: HUJ 18975 (1), USNM 388603 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder 2008 -- (Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:19 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax baranesi Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder 2008. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea: Gulf of Aqaba endemic. Habitat: marine.

barbatula, Nettastomops Steindachner [F.] 1906:299 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 43 (no. 17); ref. 4241] Upolu Island, Samoa Islands. Holotype (unique): NMW 61038. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:95-96 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinomuraena quaesita Garman 1888. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bathyphilus, Gymnothorax Randall [J. E.] & McCosker [J. E.] 1975:20, Figs. 11-13 [Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) No. 264; ref. 7466] Off Mt. Tere Vaka, western coast of Easter Island, depth 250 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 6801. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall & McCosker 1975 -- (Pequeño 1989:24 [ref. 14125] as bathiphylus, Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906] as bathyphylus, Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446] as bathiphylus, Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax bathyphilus Randall & McCosker 1975. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Easter Island, Juan Fernandez, Desventuradas Islands (Chile). Habitat: marine.

batuensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:241 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 12 (no. 1); ref. 16862] Batu Island, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.253. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bauchotae, Channomuraena Saldanha [L.] & Quéro [J.-C.] 1994:308, Fig. 1 [Cybium v. 18 (no. 3); ref. 21529] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean, 19°41.4'S, 54°08.7'E, depth 55 meters. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1992-1386. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Channomuraena bennettii (Günther 1870) -- (Fricke 1999:41 [ref. 24106]). •Valid as Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha & Quéro 1994 -- (Quéro & Saldanha 1995:64 [ref. 22017], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380], Fricke et al. 2009:14 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:71 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha & Quéro 1994. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: western Mascarenes (La Réunion) endemic; Taiwan and New Caledonia if formosa is a synonym. Habitat: marine.

bayeri, Gymnothorax Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:124, Figs. 23f, 26 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon coral head at Kieschiechi Island, Rongelap Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific, depth 20 feet. Holotype: USNM 141608. Paratypes: FMNH 62583 [ex USNM 141604] (1); USNM 116053 (1), 141605-07 (1, 1, 1), 141609 (1), 152976-77 [ex UW] (1, 1), 202542 [ex UW 8742] (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:42 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz 1953) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:135 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:7 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Randall & Golani 1995:852 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Nakabo 2000:200 [ref. 25086], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:200 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:36 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:246 [ref. 29005], Shibukawa et al. 2007:187 [ref. 29475], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:79 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:13 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:41 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:87 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore bayeri (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: western Mascarenes (La Réunion), Maldives and Chagos Archipelago east to Line Islands, Society Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, south Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

bennettii, Gymnomuraena Günther [A.] 1870:135 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.2.24.7 (stuffed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Channomuraena bennettii (Günther 1870) -- (Fricke 1999:41 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Channomuraena vittata (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:50 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]). Current status: Synonym of Channomuraena vittata (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

berndti, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:518, Pl. 4 (fig. 8) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Hololulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50867. Paratypes: CAS-SU 12791 (1). Possible paratypes: USNM 52618 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:105, 325 [ref. 8057], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:228 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:204 [ref. 25086], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:204 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:96 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], McCosker & Stewart 2006:91 [ref. 28702], Randall 2007:84 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:229 [ref. 34233], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax berndti Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, New Caledonia and northern Kermadec Ridge. Habitat: marine.

bettencourti, Muraena Osório [B.] 1911:76, Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [Memorias do Museu Bocage, Lisboa v. 2; ref. 13025] Ilha de Santo Antão, Cape Verde Islands. Holotype (unique): MB (destroyed in 1978 fire). •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Blache et al. 1973:224 [ref. 7185], Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857) -- (Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1633 [ref. 34557]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bicolor, Muraena Bleeker [P.] (ex Reinwardt) 1864-65:99 [Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises v. 4; ref. 4860] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:96-97 [ref. 26380]. Not available, museum name mentioned in passing in the synonymy of Gymnothorax reticularis. •Unavailable name published in synonymy; perhaps the same as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

bikiniensis, Gymnothorax Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:116, Figs. 23e, 24 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Cherry Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands. Holotype: USNM 141575. Paratypes: FMNH 62584 [ex USNM 141573] (1); USNM 116054 (1), 141571-72 (1, 2), 141573 (orig. 2, now 1), 141574 (1), 141576 (1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:42 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Enchelycore bikiniensis (Schultz 1953) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:135 [ref. 13286], Chen et al. 1994:47 [ref. 22258], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:36 [ref. 28239], Zhang et al. 2010:254 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore bikiniensis (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

bilineata, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:84 [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype: SMF 911. Paratypes: SMF 7186 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bleekeri, Enchelynassa Kaup [J. J.] 1855:214, Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 21 (pt. 1); ref. 2570] Pacific. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3722. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:222 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:247 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

blochii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:49 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.330. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:97-98 [ref. 26380]. Type could not be located in 1995 according to Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:97 [ref. 26380] with question, Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

borneensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:169 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17004] Borneo. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3797. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. Original as borneënsis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

boschii, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:52 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7205. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax boschii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Zhang et al. 2010:257 [ref. 31511] as Gymnothorax boschi). •See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

breedeni, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:162, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 41 (no. 3); ref. 7267] Itsandra, Grande Comore Island, Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype: CAS 35250. Paratypes: ANSP 134222 (1), BPBM 11903 (1), USNM 215283 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall 1977 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:168 [ref. 5645], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Randall et al. 2005:118 [ref. 28745], Allen & Erdmann 2012:81 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Koeda & Akita 2017:32 [ref. 35353], Eudeline 2022:136 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:90 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax breedeni McCosker & Randall 1977. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa (Mozambique), Seychelles, Comoros and Mayotte (France) east to Caroline Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

brevicauda, Gymnomuraena Regan [C. T.] 1903:414, Pl. 13 (fig. 1) [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MHNG 665.54. Type catalog: Mahnert 1976:473 [ref. 21535], Weber 1998:5 [ref. 32707], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 1997:172 [ref. 23214], Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:265 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:96 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

breviceps, Gymnomuraena Schmeltz [J. D. E.] 1879:38 [Museum Godeffroy. Catalog VII; ref. 30283] Savai'i Island, Samoa. No types known. Unneeded replacement name for Ichthyophis tigrinus Lesson 1828. Not available, no description; from w. Samoa. •In the synonymy of Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson 1828) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:265 [ref. 24493]). •Not available, nomen nudum -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson 1828). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae.

brummeri, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1858:137 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 17 (no. 1); ref. 16980] Atapupu, Timor Island, southern Malay Archipelago. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.259. Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:413 [ref. 21161], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Strophidon brummeri (Bleeker 1858) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:22 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:54 [ref. 22258], Zhang et al. 2010:238 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858) -- (Böhlke 1995:462 [ref. 21738], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Böhlke 1997:103 [ref. 23177], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:199 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:199 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:49 [ref. 28239], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Allen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:162 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:39 [ref. 35805], Eudeline 2022:146 [ref. 39191], Freeman & Pogonosky 2022:47 [ref. 39764], Smith & Böhlke 2022:67 [ref. 39681], Parrinha & Silva 2023:2 [ref. 40733], Allen & Erdmann 2024:105 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Mayotte (France) and Madagascar east to Cook Islands, north to southern Japan, south to northern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Erroneously recorded from Portugal, based on misidentification of a flatworm. Habitat: marine.

brunneus, Gymnothorax Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1923:212 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 23 (no. 2); ref. 2117] Analao, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, depth 0-3 meters. Neotype: ANSP 164931. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:98-99 [ref. 26380]. Unique holotype lost; neotype selected by Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920, replaced by Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. •Valid as Gymnothorax brunneus Herre 1923 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Zhang et al. 2010:259 [ref. 31511]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933 -- (Randall & Golani 1995:860 [ref. 21744], Böhlke 2000:403 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & Smith 2002:98 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

brunneus, Gymnothorax Nichols [J. T.] 1920:59 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 33; ref. 3173] Castle Harbor, Bermuda. Holotype (unique): AMNH 7309. •Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:143 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:133 [ref. 25013], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

bullata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Borneo. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.4.9.4. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

buroensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1857:79 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 13 (no. 1); ref. 16866] Kajeli, Buru Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, Holotype (unique): RMNH 7197. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. Original as buroënsis. See Böhlke & Randall 2000:230 [ref. 24493] for remarks on type. •Valid as Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:168 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:819 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:80 [ref. 29360], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Zhang et al. 2010:261 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Fujiwara et al. 2022:88 [ref. 39094], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:48 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) and Amami Islands (Japan), south to northwestern Australia and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Panama, Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

callorhyncha, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:122 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Fremantle, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1861.5.18.7. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cancellata, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:87, Pl. 46 (figs. 1-5) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Western Australia; northern Australia; Sumatra, Indonesia. Syntypes: BMNH (3, not found), MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:96 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:99 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:257 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

canina, Muraena Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:247 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Waigiou [Pulau Waigeo, Papua Barat, Indonesia, western Pacific]; Rawak Island, Bismarck Archipelago [Papua New Guinea, western Pacific]. Syntypes: MNHN (not found) Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380] for comments on status and prior use of this name. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. Also see Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Enchelycore canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Allen & Robertson 1994:44 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1308 [ref. 22830]). •Valid as Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:222 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:38 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:247 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:82 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Zhang et al. 2010:288 [ref. 31511], Caratini & Soriano 2011:61 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:80 [ref. 31980], Biswas et al. 2012:254 [ref. 41461], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Dale et al. 2021:312 [ref. 38298], Smith & Böhlke 2022:43 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:88 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:114 [ref. 41622], Hibino et al. 2024:43 [ref. 41280]). Current status: Valid as Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) and Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to Tonga; eastern Pacific: Michoacán (Mexico) south to Panama, including Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico) and Clipperton Island (France). Habitat: marine.

cantonensis, Uropterygius Schultz [L. P.] 1943:27, Pl. 4; Fig. 3a [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 180; ref. 3957] Lagoon of Canton Island, Phoenix Islands, southern central Pacific. Holotype: USNM 115904. Paratypes: MCZ 37260 [ex USNM 115905] (2); USNM 115905 (10, now 8), 115906-07 (1, 1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz 1943) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Myers 1999:51 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Mundy 2005:112 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:244 [ref. 29005], Reece et al. 2010:423 [ref. 30969], Zhang et al. 2010:226 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:70 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias cantonensis (Schultz 1943). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives east to the Phoenix and Line Islands in the central Pacific, north to China and Taiwan, south to Tonga. Habitat: marine.

caramuru, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:82, Pl. 43 (fig. 1) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN B-2437 (1), B-3168 (2). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

carcinognathus, Gymnothorax Fowler [H. W.] 1912:22, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 38163. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

carychroa, Enchelycore Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1976:138, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 127; ref. 7364] West of Delaporte Point, Great Bahama Bank, New Providence Island, Bahamas, depth 12 feet. Holotype: ANSP 100000. Paratypes: (589) ANSP (321, 2 c&s), CAS, FMNH 83913 (2), GCRL, LACM (2 lots, 2), MCZ (6 lots, 32), MBUCV (4 lots, 12), MNHN 1975-0891 (8), MZUSP, UF (15 lots), UF [ex UMML] (40 lots), USNM 214784-85 (2, 9), ZMB 24095 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:34 [ref. 12367], Bauchot et al. 1993:98 [ref. 20810], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917], Provenzano et al. 1998:8 [ref. 24196]. •Valid as Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke & Böhlke 1976 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:54 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:140 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:139 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:35 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:232 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:133 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:704 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1638 [ref. 34557], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448] with question, Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke & Böhlke 1976. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermusa and Bahamas south to eastern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island and Saint Helena Island; eastern Atlantic: Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

castanea, Sidera Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:647 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 335) (for 26 June 1883); ref. 10617] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 29591. Paralectotypes: USNM 28246 (1, lost), 29535 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:225 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:150 [ref. 24023], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Dale et al. 2021:313 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:114 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert 1883). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

castlei, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1999:550, Figs. 1-3 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 24552] North of Mauimere, Wailiti Reef, 8°34'40"S, 122°11'55"E, Flores, Indonesia, depth 18 meters. Holotype: ANSP 177738. Paratypes: ANSP 141410 (2), 141416 (9), 144443 (1); BPBM 26812 (1), 28690 (1), 28700 (1), 32161 (6), 37664 (1); USNM 263101-02 (6, 4), 312479 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke & Randall 1999 -- (Böhlke 2000:396 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax castlei Böhlke & Randall 1999. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, south to Great Barrier Reef, Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

catenatus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] 1795:84, Pl. 415 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 9; ref. 464] Suriname. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4012. Non-types?: ZMB 4013-14 (1, 2). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282] with ZMB 4012 as holotype. On p. 69 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 12 [ref. 21381]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:37 [ref. 28867]). •Valid as Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:54 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:46 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:366 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:231 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:132 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Böhlke & Smith 2003:706 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1638 [ref. 34557], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:49 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:115 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Florida (U.S.A.) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island; ?eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

catenula, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Suriname. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810]. Unneeded new name for Gymnothorax catenatus Bloch 1795, Pl. 415 (fig. 1). •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

caudatum, Leptocephalus Shen [S.-C.] 1963:263, Figs. 4-8 [Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum (Taipei) v. 16 (nos 3-4); ref. 5280] Estuary of the Tam-sui River, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): NTUM uncat. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:64 [ref. 31432]. •Larvae, may belong to a species of Muraena -- (Ho & Shao 2011:64 [ref. 31432]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cephalospilus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & McCosker [J. E.] 2001:86, Figs. 6-7, Pl. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 53 (no. 1); ref. 25226] Off Port Macquarie, 31°16'S, 153°10'E, New South Wales, Australia, depth 134 meters. Holotype: AMS I.37982-001. Paratypes: ANSP 177865 (1), CAS 212449 (1), CSIRO CA 2928 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke & McCosker 2001 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:100 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], McCosker & Randall 2008:713 [ref. 29941], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cephalospilus Böhlke & McCosker 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

ceramensis, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:297 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Wahai, northern Ceram, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7200. Paralectotypes: (2) BMNH 1867.11.28.272 (1), RMNH 7200 (2, ? Now 1). Bleeker specimens: NMV 46150-51 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:100-101 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:100-101 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cerinonigra, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1846:314 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 15th meeting [1845]; ref. 3742] Canton, China. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380]. Originally as cerino-nigra. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:208 [ref. 11606]). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Siderea picta (Ahl 1789) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:248 [ref. 31511]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chalazius, Gymnothorax Waite [E. R.] 1904:145, Pl. 17 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 4561] Lord Howe Island. Syntypes: AMS I.5479 (1), I.6271 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380]. Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380] regard AMS I.5479 as the holotype, but it is technically the syntype on which mmost of the description was based. See Smith & Böhlke 2006:35 [ref. 28678] for remarks on types. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Randall & McCosker 1975:25 [ref. 7466], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chilensis, Muraena Günther [A.] 1872:674 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1871 (pt 3) (art. 1) (for 21 Nov. 1871); ref. 1997] Chile. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1871.9.13.88. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], •Valid as Gymnothorax chilensis Günther 1872 -- (Pequeño 1989:24 [ref. 14125]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:101 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chilospilus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:52 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] East Indian Archipelago [Indonesia]. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.328. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7491 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:101-102 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:232 [ref. 24493]. •Valid as Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:viii [ref. 21953], Randall 1995:55 [ref. 22896], Böhlke 1997:654 [ref. 22972], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:231 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:103 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:117 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:278 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:82 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871] as cf. chilospilus, Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:136 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:49 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:91 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Timor Sea and Queensland (Australia), Norfolk Island and Rapa (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

chionostigma, Echidna Fowler [H. W.] 1912:28, Fig. 7 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] Probably from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Holotype: ANSP 14519. Paratypes: ANSP 14520 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:424 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chlamydatus, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1908:94 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 35 (no. 1635); ref. 4150] Naha market, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype: USNM 62232. Paratypes: CAS-SU 21101 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. •Probably valid -- (Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917]). •Valid as Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:49 [ref. 22258], Smith & Böhlke 1997:180 [ref. 23215], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Zhang et al. 2010:269 [ref. 31511], Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chlamydatus Snyder 1908. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines, north to Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

chlevastes, Sidera Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1883:208 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 6 (nos. 13-14, no. 369) (for 5 Oct. 1883); ref. 10621] Galápagos Islands. [probably in error]. Holotype (unique): USNM 20385. Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. Type locality probably Indo-Pacific and not Galapagos Is. (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:423 [ref. 9341]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chlorostigma, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:63 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Seychelles. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-4427. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:89 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:244 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Gymnothorax chlorostigma (Kaup 1856) -- (Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:203 [ref. 26001], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax chlorostigma (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

chrysops, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:70 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-2118. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:102-103 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cinerascens, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:120 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Al Muwaylih, Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 3486. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:102-103 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Lycodontis undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273]). •Valid as Gymnothorax cinerascens (Rüppell 1830) -- (Smith et al. 2019:22 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cinerascens (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

clepsydra, Muraena Gilbert [C. H.] in Jordan & Evermann 1898:2805 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2445] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: CAS-SU 6807. Paratypes: BMNH 1903.5.15.443 (1), CAS-SU 12899-900 (1, 1), USNM 50423 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380] Author is C. H. Gilbert. Holotype figured in Gilbert & Starks 1904, Pl. 7 (fig. 13) [ref. 1639]. •Valid as Muraena clepsydra Gilbert 1898 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:47 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1312 [ref. 22830], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:158 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:127 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:41 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:117 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Muraena clepsydra Gilbert 1898. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

cocosa, Echidna Garman [S.] 1899:313 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Cocos Island, eastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28452. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

colubrina, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:627, 641, Pl. 19 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] New Britain and islands. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380]. Possibly Lacepède took the name from the ophichthid , Myrichthys colubrinus Boddaert ["Boddaert apud Pallas ..."] is one entry in Lacepède's synonymy; based on several literature sources. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:103 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae. Habitat: marine.

concolor, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:479 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Veracruz, Mexico. Holotype (unique): ANSP 970. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

concolor, Uropterygius Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:83, Pl. 20 (fig. 4) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 746. Paralectotypes: SMF 7422 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:157-158 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype established by Böhlke 1982:40 [ref. 26388], also by Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757]. May involve more than one species -- Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838 -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:26 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:175 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:10 [ref. 13251], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:64 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:871 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:51 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Nakabo 2000:196 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Sakai et al. 2001:85 [ref. 25693], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:196 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:157 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as Rüppell 1837, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Allen et al. 2006:258 [ref. 29005], Fricke et al. 2009:18 [ref. 30213], Zhang et al. 2010:230 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:97 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:26 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:21 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:40 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:52 [ref. 36673], Smith et al. 2019:63 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:74 [ref. 39681], Huang et al. 2023:274 [ref. 40092], Allen & Erdmann 2024:107 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:81 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Mariana Islands and Marquesas Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

congeroides, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1860:87 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 2); ref. 375] Benkulen, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.338. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.248 (1) Sumatra. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:103-104 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

conspersus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1867:259 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Matanzas, Cuba. No types known. Type catalog: Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]. Poey's manuscript illustration of this species is reproduced as Fig. 1 (p. 219) in Böhlke & Böhlke 1980 [ref. 8738]. •Valid as Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867 -- (Böhlke & Böhlke 1980:218 [ref. 8738], Uyeno & Sasaki in Uyeno et al. 1983:104 [ref. 14275], Böhlke et al. 1989:161 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:909 [ref. 13285], Cervigón 1991:43 [ref. 24472], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Figueroa & Ehrlich 2006:236 [ref. 29812], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:40 [ref. 37485], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195], Klautau et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37903], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: South Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil). Habitat: marine.

corallina, Muraena Klunzinger [C. B.] 1871:614 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax corallinus (Klunzinger 1871) -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], DiBattista et al. 2015:19 [ref. 35706]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:854 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264] as corallinus, Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cormura, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:23, suppl. 4, Pl. 3 (fig. 2) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Puerto Cabella, Venezuela. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cribroris, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] 1932:330, Pl. 39 (fig. 2) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] Northwest Islet, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia. Holotype: AMS IA.5012. Paratypes: AMS IA.4619 (1?), IA.5012 (1), IA.5027 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932 -- (Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477] as criboris, Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977] as criboris, Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:87 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:59 [ref. 41223]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax cribroris Whitley 1932. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

cristini, Muraenophis Risso [A.] 1810:368 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype: MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Lycodontis unicolor (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:225 [ref. 7185]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche 1809). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

crudelis, Eurymyctera Kaup [J. J.] 1856:59 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 3776. Paralectotypes: whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380] Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 25226]. •Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:104 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cubensis, Channomuraena Poey [F.] 1868:266, Pl. 3 (fig. 6) [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 9191. Paratypes: MCZ 87063 [ex MCZ 9191a] (1). Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:175 [ref. 22926] [but holotype not clearly stated so probably all specimens are syntypes]. •Synonym of Channomuraena vittata (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:122 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:137 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]). Current status: Synonym of Channomuraena vittata (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

curvilineata, Murenophis Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:81, Pl. 42 (fig. 2) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNHN B-2436. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

cyamommatus, Uropterygius Huang [W.-C.], Liao [T.-Y.] & Tan [H. H.] 2023:270, Figs. 3-7 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 71; ref. 40092] Whip Cave, a cave system with a narrow cave mouth and lower chambers filled with anchialine water affected by tidal changes, Christmas Island, Australia, 10°25.377ʹS, 105°42.081ʹE. Holotype: WAM P.35403.001. Paratypes: (4) NMMB, WAM, ZRC. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Uropterygius cyamommatus Huang, Liao & Tan 2023. Current status: Valid as Uropterygius cyamommatus Huang, Liao & Tan 2023. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Southwest Pacific: anchialine caves in Christmas Island, Australia and Panglao Island, the Philippines. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cyanopunctatus, Gymnothorax Howell Rivero [L.] 1932:17 [Proceedings of the New England Zoölogical Club v. 13; ref. 3765] Matanzas, Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 32787. Paratypes: MCZ 87056 [ex MCZ 32787] (1). •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dakini, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Colefax [A. N.] 1938:285, Pl. 14 (fig. 2) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 63 (pts 3-4) (nos. 277-278); ref. 4736] Nauru, Gilbert Islands. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6990 (missing in 1975 and 1997). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:104-105 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dalmatian, Diaphenchelys Hibino [Y.], Satapoomin [U.] & Kimura [S.] 2017:[2], Figs. 1-3, 4a [Ichthyological Research v. 64 (no. 4); ref. 35174] Off Phuket, Thailand. Holotype: PMBC 27945. Paratypes: KAUM-I, THNHM-F. •Valid as Diaphenchelys dalmatian Hibino, Satapoomin & Kimura 2017 -- (Mohanty & Mohapatry 2020:[2] [ref. 37701], Huang et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38612], Allen & Erdmann 2024:84 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Diaphenchelys dalmatian Hibino, Satapoomin & Kimura 2017. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Bay of Bengal (Odisha, India); Phuket (Thailand); Gulf of Thailand (Thailand). Habitat: marine.

davidsmithi, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 2008:712, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 59 (No. 16); ref. 29941] East of Maumere Bay, Flores, Indonesia, depth 3-4 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 34009. •Valid as Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker & Randall 2008 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax davidsmithi McCosker & Randall 2008. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Flores (Indonesia); Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea). Habitat: marine.

davisi, Rabula Fowler [H. W.] 1912:21, footnote [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] San Diego, California, U.S.A. [perhaps from further south]. Holotype (unique): USNM 6673. Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380] Based on Gymnothorax aquaedulcis of Jordan & Davis 1888 (1892). •Synonym of Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859) -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:422 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dawydoffi, Strophidon Prokofiev [A. M.] 2020:129, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of Ichthyology v. 60 (no. 2); ref. 37498] Nha Trang Bay, Vietnam, 12°10'060 - 12°12′480N, 109°16'126 - 109°13'879E, depth 15.8 - 19.2 meters. Holotype (unique): IO RAS 3598. •Valid as Strophidon dawydoffi Prokofiev 2020 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:107 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Strophidon dawydoffi Prokofiev 2020. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: South China Sea (Vietnam); Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea). Habitat: marine.

delicatulus, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Molucca, Islands. Holotype (unique): RMNH 7212. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Chen et al. 2008:134 [ref. 29929], Zhang et al. 2010:246 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Moore et al. 2020:109 [ref. 37357] as delicatulus, Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Fiji and Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

dentatus, Uropterygius Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:152, Fig. 32 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Northern ocean reef, Johnston Island, Pacific. Holotype (unique): USNM 141637. Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380]. The Hawaiian population has much higher vertebral numbers, so sentatus may be a valid species -- Smith 2012:38 [ref. 32155]. •Either a synonym of Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan 1909) or a valid species -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan 1909) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:271 [ref. 24493], Randall 2005:53 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:127 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:98 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:38 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius supraforatus (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

dentex, Gymnothorax de Buen [F.] 1961:12, Fig. 4 [Montemar No. 1; ref. 698] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype: EBMC 97. Paratypes: EBMC 103 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Randall & McCosker 1975:25 [ref. 7466], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

detactus, Gymnothorax Bryan [W. A.] & Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1903:126 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 15652] Marcus Island, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): BPBM 2403. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], •Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 with question -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:105 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dinocephala, Muraena Metzelaar [J.] 1919:211, Fig. 58-58a [Report on the fishes; ref. 2982] Cape Blanc [Blanco], [Mauritania/Spanish Sahara], northwestern coast of Africa. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:9 [ref. 19236] with locality as Malaya. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

diopus, Uropterygius Böhlke [J. E.] 1967:91, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 118 (no. 4); ref. 602] Sandy Cay, near Nassau, Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas, depth 0-20 feet. Holotype: ANSP 106286. Paratypes: ANSP (12 lots, 16 spec., 1 c&s); LACM 6828-1 (5), 6370-17 (1); MCZ 41475 (1); UF 10687 (2), 11312 (6), 11364 (5); UF [ex UMML] (16, 7 lots); UMML 185417 (6); UMMZ; UPRM; USNM 107046 (1), 199285-88 (1, 1, 1, 2). Type catalog: Gilbert 1974:112 [ref. 21035], Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:24-25 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Uropterygius diopus Böhlke 1967 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:52 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1991:? [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:370 [ref. 23827]). •Synonym of Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:127 [ref. 13286], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:136 [ref. 25013], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2024:118 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

diplodon, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:460 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Ibo, Querimba Island, Mozambique. Syntypes: ZMB 4006 (2), 4007 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:105-106 [ref. 26380]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:272 [ref. 13448]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dizona, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1860:260 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 22 (no. 3-6); ref. 383] Kupang, Timor Island, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.340. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

doliata, Gymnomuraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:648, 649, Pl. 19 (fig. 4) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2376. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:98 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:224 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:247 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:10 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dorsalis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:92 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Hong Kong. Holotype: MCZ 31060. Paratypes: USNM 153610 [ex MCZ 31061] (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:17 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax doralis Seale 1917 -- (Böhlke 1997:96 [ref. 23177], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:19 [ref. 34464], Psomadakis et al. 2015:145 [ref. 34104], Mohapatra et al. 2016:591 [ref. 34667], Kumar et al. 2020:[2] [ref. 37539]). •Valid as Strophidon dorsalis (Seale 1917) -- (Ho et al. 2015:162 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504], Kang et al. 2020:192 [ref. 38054], Mohapatra et al. 2021:420 [ref. 38368], Cabebe-Barnuevo et al. 2023:220 [ref. 40621]). Current status: Valid as Strophidon dorsalis (Seale 1917). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Pakistan east to Philippines, north to southern Korea. Habitat: marine.

dovii, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:103 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Panama (Pacific). Holotype (unique): BMNH 1861.8.13.2. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:106-107 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:26 [ref. 39147]). •Valid as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:45 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1309 [ref. 22830], Allen & Robertson 1997:819 [ref. 41086], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:103 [ref. 24550], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:106 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36248], González-Murcia et al. 2019:289 [ref. 36544], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:114 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, including Gulf of California (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

duivenbodei, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:385 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 10; ref. 16853] Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.275. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. Original as duivenbodeï. •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dumerili, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:62 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] A nomen oblitum -- Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]. •Questionable in the synonymy of Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857) -- (Smith 2012:30 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Uncertain as Muraena augusti (Kaup 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

dussumieri, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] 1857:151, Pl. 19 (fig. 17) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Malabar, India. Syntypes: (4) MNHN 0000-2629 (1, poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin 1935:101 [ref. 21550]. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

echidna, Gymnothorax Suckow [G. A.] 1799:181 [Naturgeschichte der Thiere v. 4, pt. 1; ref. 18858] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. A new combination for Muraena echidna (Muraena echidna Gmelin 1789 ?); Suckow cited Ellis in Cooks und Clarks Reise, I, 53. •Not available, nomen nudum -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]). •New combination for Muraena echidna and not available -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

echidna, Gymnothorax Forster [J. R.] in Bloch & Schneider 1801:526 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Huahina [Huahine] Island, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4000. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. Apparently independent of Muraena echidna Gmelin 1789. Based on description of Echidna in manuscript by Forster (Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798, German explorer and naturalist of Cook's second voyage). •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

echidna, Muraena Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1135 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Palmerston Island, central Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

edentata, Leptocephalus Shen [S.-C.] 1963:265, Figs. 9-12 [Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum (Taipei) v. 16 (nos 3-4); ref. 5280] Tam-sui River estuary, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): NTUM uncat. Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:64 [ref. 31432]. •Larva; may belong to a species of Muraena -- (Ho & Shao 2011:64 [ref. 31432]). Muraenidae. Habitat: marine.

efatensis, Gymnothorax Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1935:384 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Vila, Efaté Island, Vanuatu (from stomach of sea snake). Holotype (unique): FMNH 17193. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:42 [ref. 12367], Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:107 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna delicatula (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

elaborata, Muraena Poey [F.] 1860:323 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: probably not USNM 24961. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21, 22 under multiocellata [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

elaineheemstrae, Gymnothorax Sithole [Y.], Smith [D. G.] & Gouws [G.] in Sithole et al. 2020:170, Figs. 3, 5 [Zootaxa 4767 (no. 1); ref. 37459] Cape Vidal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 28°9.8'S, 32°34.1'E. Holotype: SAIAB 86307. Paratypes: AMS, CSIRO, SAIAB, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax elaineheemstrae Sithole, Smith & Gouws 2020. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax elaineheemstrae Sithole, Smith & Gouws 2020. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal south to Eastern Cape (South Africa). IUCN (2024): Not Assessed. Habitat: marine.

elegans, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] 1883:60 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5954. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:107-108 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Randall et al. 1993:227 [ref. 21003], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:857 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:44 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Randall et al. 2002:154 [ref. 26192], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:25 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:49 [ref. 39681], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Samoa. Habitat: marine.

elegans, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:91 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5954. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. Independent of, and preoccupied by Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883; Seale was unaware of the descriptions by Bliss; name objectively invalid. •Objective synonym and homonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

elegantissima, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Australia? Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2466. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first as name only in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

emmae, Gymnothorax Prokofiev [A. M.] 2010:583, Figs. 1-2 [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 50 (no. 5); ref. 31007] Coastal waters of Vietnam, 12°10' - 12°07'N, 109°27' - 109°26'E, depth 91-95 meters. Holotype: ZIN 54263. Paratypes: (53) at ASIZP, IORAS, NMMBP, ZIN, ZMMU. Plus non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev 2010 -- (Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Luo et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41630]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax emmae Prokofiev 2010. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam and Bohai Gulf (southern China). Habitat: marine.

enigmaticus, Gymnothorax McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1982:18, Figs. 1, 4 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 43 (no. 2); ref. 8445] Off Ngatchab Beach, Angaur Island, Palau Islands, Western Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: CAS 48815. Paratypes: BPBM 7715 (2), 8184 (1), 9491 (1), 12354 (1), 22339 (2), 22827 (1), 22809 (2); CAS 42377 (1), 48816-26 (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 8, 2, 1, 1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380] with holotype as 4881. •Valid as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:45 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:249 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:83 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Ho et al. 2018:12 [ref. 36050], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith & Böhlke 2022:50 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:92 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255], Furuhashi et al. 2024:10 [ref. 41415]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax enigmaticus McCosker & Randall 1982. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, East Africa, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Aldabra (Seychelles), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan and southern Japan, south to Timor Sea and Queensland (Australia), and Samoa. Habitat: marine.

equatorialis, Priodonophis Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:134, Fig. 31 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Gulf of Guayaquil, off Mt. Organos, near Cabo Blanco, Peru, 4°13'S, 80°13'W, depth 12 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 127842. Paratypes: USNM 127843 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand 1946) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:40 [ref. 23101], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:226 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Thomson et al. 2000:44 [ref. 25640], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Robertson et al. 2017:31 [ref. 35676], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:97 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand 1946). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

ercodes, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:428, Fig. 8 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50843. Type catalog: Smith 1994:17-18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108-109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:108 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

erebus, Muraena Poey [F.] 1861:426 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

eritima, Rhinamuraena Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.] 1906:196, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Pago Pago, American Samoa. Holotype (unique): USNM 51717. Type catalog: Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. The original genus is correctly Rhinomuraena. •Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

eritonia, Rhinechnida Jordan [D. S.] 1927:4 [Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution v. 2 (no. 4) (for Oct.-Dec. 1927); ref. 18346] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. Name only, not available. •Apparently a lapsus for Rhinemuraena eritima Jordan & Seale 1906 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

erythraeus, Leptocephalus D'Ancona [U.] 1928:87, Pl. 4 (figs. 17-17a) [Memoria, Reale Comitato Talassografico Italiano No. 146; ref. 15917] Assab, Eritrea, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Leptocephalus is a catch-all name for larval eels. •Mention -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as "Leptocephalus erythraeus" D'Ancona 1928 -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356]). •Unidentifiable -- (See Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264]). Current status: Uncertain as Leptocephalus erythraeus D'Ancona 1928. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

erythroptera, Muraena Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:86 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Society Islands. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

euptera, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:122 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1855.8.16.50. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:90 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

eurosta, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:478 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 984. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380]. There may be more than one species passing under this name -- Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Fricke 1999:45 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Shinohara et al. 2000:176 [ref. 25987], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624] dated 1861, Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], McCosker & Stewart 2006:92 [ref. 28702], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130] with question, Stewart & McCosker 2015:230 [ref. 34233], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Smith et al. 2019:22 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:50 [ref. 39681], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific, antitropical: Transkei (South Africa) north to Mozambique, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) and Easter Island, north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Ogasawara Islands (Japan), Minami Tori Shima, south to Shark Bay (Western Australia), Lord Howe Island (Australia), Kermadec Islands and Austral Islands (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

eurygnathos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2001:2, Figs. 1-2 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 49 (Supplement 1); ref. 25774] Gulf of California, 26°11.4-15.5'N, 109°50.7-39.5'W, depth 406-396 meters. Holotype (unique): SIO 72-199. •Valid as Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001 -- (Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax eurygnathos Böhlke 2001. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Gulf of California (Mexico) south ton El Salvador. Habitat: marine.

euryrhina, Enchelycore Kaup [J. J.] 1856:60 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Locality unknown. Holotype: MNHN B-2362. Paratypes: MNHN B-2363 (1), B-2501 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:98 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:73 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:142 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

euryurus, Leptocephalus Lea [E.] 1913:25, Figs. 21-22; Pl. 4 (no. 4) [Scientific Results of the Michael Sars North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910 v. 3 (pt 1, no. 7); ref. 14158] North Atlantic, 28°52'N, 14°16'W, station 34, 200-500 m; 28°42'N, 20°00'W, station 45, depth 1000 meters. Syntypes: (2) ZMUB 2502 (2?). Type catalog: Frøiland 1979:146 [ref. 21547]. •Valid as Anarchias euryurus (Lea 1913) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:538 [ref. 13676], Smith & Böhlke 1990:136 [ref. 19379], Santos et al. 1997:19 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:54 [ref. 24952]). •Synonym of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877) -- (Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1637 [ref. 34557], Kovačić et al. 2021:88 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Azores south to Gulf of Guinea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

exulatus, Anarchias Reece [J. S.], Smith [D. G.] & Holm [E.] 2010:425, Figs. 3 (bottom), 6, 8 [Copeia 2010 (no. 3); ref. 30969] Tonga, Eru, fringing reef at base of cliff on northwest shore, Tonga Islands. Holotype: USNM 328944. Paratypes: many at BPBM and USNM •Valid as Anarchias exulatus Reece, Smith & Holm 2010 -- (Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias exulatus Reece, Smith & Holm 2010. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Anti-tropical in the central Pacific: Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll, Rapa, Gambier and Pitcairn islands; Tonga Islands. Habitat: marine.

fasciata, Gymnomuraena Kaup [J. J.] 1856:68 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: MNHN 0000-4425. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1952.9.13.100 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:98 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380] with type as 445. Also in Kaup 1856:103, Pl. 14 (fig. 69) [ref. 2573]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:225 [ref. 24493]. •Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:224 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:109 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:10 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fasciata, Muraena Richardson [J.] (ex Banks & Solander) 1848:88 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Not available, name in the synonymy of Muraena colubrina; from the Society Is. See Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. • Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:54 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

fasciatus, Muraenophis Hardwicke [T.] in Kaup 1857:103 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. Not available, name mentioned in synonymy of Gymnomuraena fasciata Kaup. •In the synonymy of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:224 [ref. 24493]). •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

fascigula, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:459 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Mozambique, 15°S. Holotype (unique): ZMB 4004. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. Also described as new in Peters 1855:271 [ref. 13448]. •Valid as Echidna fascigula (Peters 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286]). •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fasciolata, Gymnomuraena Regan [C. T.] 1909:438 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14420] Duke of York Island, Tokelau Islands, Pacific. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1877.2.24.84. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius fasciolatus (Regan 1909) -- (Myers 1999:51 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen & Erdmann 2012:97 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:21 [ref. 33932], Koeda & Hibino 2017:207 [ref. 40088], Allen & Erdmann 2024:108 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius fasciolatus (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia east to Palau and Phoenix Islands, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan); south to Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine.

favagineus, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:525, Pl. 105 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7782 (stuffed skin). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:103 [ref. 24282], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:169 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:36 [ref. 15987], Randall 1994:260 [ref. 21644], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:55 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:36 [ref. 25919], Fricke 1999:46 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:31 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:103 [ref. 28072], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:80 [ref. 29360], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511], Allen & Erdmann 2012:84 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:145 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Jawad et al. 2018:99 [ref. 36262], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:26 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 5 [ref. 38321], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:137 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:51 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:93 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Sydney (New South Wales, Australia). Habitat: marine.

feyhonnieni, Gymnothorax Chen [J. T. F.] 1929:38, Pl. 3 [Bulletin of the Biology Department, Science College, Sun Yatsen University v. 1 (no. 1); ref. 16075] Daipo, Kwangtung, China. Holotype: ZLSYU 0871 (apparently lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium, in genus Gymnothorax -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:288 [ref. 31511]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelynassa canina (Quoy & Gaimard 1824). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fijiensis, Uropterygius Fowler [H. W.] & Bean [B. A.] 1923:9 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 63 (no. 2488); ref. 1474] Lebukea, Fiji Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 82774. Type catalog: Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

fimbriata, Muraena Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.2.15.16 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:110-111 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:166 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:20 [ref. 26476] dated 1831, Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:46 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Nakabo 2000:210 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:110 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:210 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:110 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:10 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Chen & Loh 2007:79 [ref. 29360], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:280 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:84 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:155 [ref. 34130], Motomura et al. 2017:29 [ref. 35490], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:272 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:138 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:51 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:93 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255], Furuhashi et al. 2024:10 [ref. 41415]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Mariana Islands, Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, southern Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

flaveola, Muraenophis Lesson [R. P.] 1831:128, Poissons Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Kosrae, Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown, not found at MNHN. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavimarginata, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MNHN A-8811 (1, dry), A-8812 (1, dry). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena flavimarginata Rüppell 1830. •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:25 [ref. 37159]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavimarginata, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:119, Pl. 30 (fig. 3) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 765. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Sometimes misspelled as flavomarginatus. •Valid as Lycodontis flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginata (Rüppell 1830) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:819 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:153 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576] dated 1828, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:71 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:264 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:27 [ref. 37159], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Eudeline 2022:138 [ref. 39191], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Revillegigedo Islands (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France), Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

flavocula, Siderea Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1996:95, Figs. 1-5 [Journal of South Asian Natural History v. 2 (no. 1); ref. 22470] Eastern side of Masirah Island, central coast of Oman, Arabian Sea, depth 6 meters. Holotype: BPBM 36155. Paratypes: ANSP 173400 (1), BPBM 36382 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380]. Apparently inadvertently appeared first in Randall 1995:59 [ref. 22896] with authorship as Böhlke & Randall 1995. •Valid as Siderea flavocula Böhlke & Randall 1996 -- (Randall 1995:59 [ref. 22896]). •Valid as Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke & Randall 1996) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Chen et al. 2008:134 [ref. 29929], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke & Randall 1996). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen), southern Oman and Gulf of Oman. IUCN (2019): Least concern. Habitat: marine.

flavofasciata, Echidna Poey [F.] 1867:264 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. Holotype: not found. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavopicta, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:64 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:90 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Edwards & Glass 1987:624 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286]). •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

flavoscriptus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1876:200 [158], Pl. 9 [6] (fig. 2) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5 (for 5 Apr. 1876); ref. 3510] Cuba. No types known. On p. 158 of separate. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

florisiana, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1854:334 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 343] Larantuka, Flores Island, Lesser Sunda Island, Indonesia. Apparenttly not syntypes: RMNH 7200 (2) not identifiable from lot of 6 specimens; . Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:111-112 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:111 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

formosa, Cirrimaxilla Chen [H.-M.] & Shao [K.-T.] 1995:330, Fig. 1 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 57 (no. 2); ref. 22201] Nanwan, southern tip of Taiwan, Ping-tung County, Hengchon, 21°57'N, 120°46'E, tide pool. Holotype (unique): ASIZP 056729. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. •Possibly a synonym of Channomuraena bauchotae Saldanha & Quéro 1994 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Channomuraena bauchotae (Saldanha & Quéro 1994) -- (Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Cirrimaxilla formosa Chen & Shao 1995 -- (Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Loh et al. 2008:138 [ref. 29930], Séret et al. 2008:192 [ref. 29993], Zhang et al. 2010:234 [ref. 31511], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Valid as Cirrimaxilla formosa Chen & Shao 1995. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

formosus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:51 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Wahai, Ceram, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.241. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. Takes precedence over Gymnothorax rhodocephalus Bleeker 1856 -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus Bleeker 1864 -- (Alllen & Erdmann 2012:95 [ref. 31980]). •Valid as Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall et al. 2002:154 [ref. 26192], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax formosus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

forsstromi, Leptocephalus Strömman [P. H.] 1896:24, Pl. 2 (figs. 1-3) [Leptocephalids in the University Zoological Museum at Upsala; ref. 4294] Central Atlantic, 3°-4°S, 30°-34°W. Syntypes: ZMUU 694a-d (4). Type catalog: Wallin 1996:61 [ref. 32133]. Species correctly spelled forsströmi, umlaut is dropped without modification since name is derived from a non-German word. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286] as forstromi, Smith 1989:912 [ref. 13285] as forstromi, Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379] as forstromi, Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

forsteri, Echidna Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:695 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. New name for Muraena echidna Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fuliginosus, Leptocephalus Strömman [P. H.] 1896:34, Pl. 3 (figs. 6-7) [Leptocephalids in the University Zoological Museum at Upsala; ref. 4294] Central Atlantic, 24°N, 68°W. Holotype (unique): ZMUU 699. Type catalog: Wallin 1996:61 [ref. 32133]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:906 [ref. 13285], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fulva, Muraenophis Risso [A.] 1810:367 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Blache et al. 1973:224 [ref. 7185], Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

funebris, Gymnothorax Ranzani [C.] 1839:77 [13], Pl. 11 (figs. 2a-b) [Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 [1840]; ref. 18606] Brazil. No types at MZUB. Appeared first without description as Ranzani in Alessandrini 1838:433 [ref. 25852]. Dates to publication in a separate, on p. 13 and Pl. 5 in 1839; journal version in 1840. •Valid as Lycodontis funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221]). •Valid as Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:52 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:81 [ref. 25518], Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], McAllister 1990:47 [ref. 14674], Cervigón 1991:37 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:368 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204] as Gymnotorax, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:234 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Gimnothorax and dated 1840, Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784] dated 1840, Böhlke & Smith 2003:708 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192] dated 1840, Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621] dated 1840, Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Robertson et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34961], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:98 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:51 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: New Jersey (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), ncluding Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

fusca, Gymnomuraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1866:524 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1866; ref. 3439] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ZMB 6180. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fuscoguttatus, Uropterygius Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:156, Fig. 33 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon off Amen Island, Bikini Atoll., Marshall Islands, western Pacific, depth 30 feet. Holotype: USNM 141680. Paratypes: FMNH 62588 [ex USNM 141678] (1); USNM 141675-77 (1, 1, 2), 141679 (1), 141681 (2). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:84 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:158-159 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz 1953 -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:10 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:266 [ref. 24493], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:51 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:126 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:258 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:96 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:98 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:40 [ref. 35805], Smith & Böhlke 2022:74 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:108 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius fuscoguttatus Schultz 1953. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Comoros, Madagascar and Maldives east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Marshall Islands, south to Western Australia, Chesterfield and Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

fuscomaculata, Echidna Poey [F.] 1867:263 [Repertorio Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 14079] Cuba. No types known. Echidna flavoscripta Jordan & Davis 1891 is a lapsus. •Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:131 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

fuscomaculata, Rabula Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:147, Fig. 30 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef at Latoback, Island, Rongerik Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 141639. Paratypes: FMNH 62585-66 [ex USNM] (1, 1); USNM 141638 (16), 141640-43 (9, 1, 3, 2), 141645-46 (1, 1), 141648-53 (2, 18, 9, 2, 5, 6). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:74 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:23-24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculata (Schultz 1953) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz 1953) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Winterbottom et al. 1989:8 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:37 [ref. 15987], Randall et al. 1997:37 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:237 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:41 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:250 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:52 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles and Comoros east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Philippines and Mariana Islands, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

fuscus, Anarchias Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:428, Pl. 53 (fig. G) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Delgado, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 311. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 5146-48 (3, 1, 1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias fuscus Smith 1962 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:126 [ref. 12442], Zhang et al. 2010:227 [ref. 31511]). •Synonym of Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:158 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

galapagensis, Uropterygius Seale [A.] 1940:6, Pl. 1 [Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-40, Los Angeles v. 9 (no. 1); ref. 12332] Post Office Bay, Santa María Island [Charles Island], Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): CAS 5744. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias galapagensis (Seale 1940) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286], Allen & Robertson 1994:43 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1307 [ref. 22830], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:159 [ref. 24023], Thomson et al. 2000:47 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Reece et al. 2010:421 [ref. 30969], Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:32 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:112 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias galapagensis (Seale 1940). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur and southern Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

galetae, Gymnothorax Rubinoff [I.] 1966:1, Fig. 1 [Breviora No. 240; ref. 9063] Galeta Island, 9°24'20"N, 79°52'18"W, Panama Canal Zone, Atlantic, 6 in. Holotype (unique): MCZ 44035. •Synonym of Muraena robusta Osório 1911 -- (Böhlke & Ross 1981:123 [ref. 14570], Böhlke et al. 1989:203 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena robusta Osório 1911. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

garsiae, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Colefax [A. N.] 1938:286, Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 63 (pts 3-4) (nos. 277-278); ref. 4736] Nauru, Gilbert Islands. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.7171 (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

genie, Uropterygius Randall [J. E.] & Golani [D.] 1995:872, Figs. 7-9 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 56, No. 3; ref. 21744] Ras Muhammad, Sinai Peninsula, South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Holotype: HUJ 5863. Paratypes: USNM 312814 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380], Type catalog: Golani 2006:21 [ref. 28840]. •Valid as Uropterygius genie Randall & Golani 1995 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:66 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:74 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius genie Randall & Golani 1995. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

geographica, Muraena Richardson [J.] (ex Banks & Solander) 1848:94 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380]. Not available, published in the synonymy of Muraena variegata; from Uhhietea. •In the synonymy of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:112 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239]). • Nomen numen, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

geometrica, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:118, Pl. 30 (fig. 1) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 130. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:112-113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159]) Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

gilberti, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1908:25, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Bonin [Ogasawara] Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): SMF 21030. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

gillii, Leptocephalus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1902:88, Figs. 7, 7a-b [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 (1901); ref. 11071] Atlantic, 38°25'N, 72°40'W, Albatross. Holotype (unique): USNM 49748. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20-21 [ref. 21917]. •Probably young of Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]). •See Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285]. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

golanii, Uropterygius McCosker [J. E.] & Smith [D. G.] 1997:1011, Fig. 3 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 60 (no. 3); ref. 22980] Strait of Jubal, southern end of Sinai Peninsula at Ras Muhammed, Egypt, Red Sea, depth 0-10 meters. Holotype: USNM 312830. Paratypes: HUJ 5266 (2); USNM 312831 (1, c&s). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius golanii McCosker & Smith 1997 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:159 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], DiBattista et al. 2015:19 [ref. 35706], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:66 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:75 [ref. 39681], Huang et al. 2023:274 [ref. 40092]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius golanii McCosker & Smith 1997. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Northern Red Sea endemic. Habitat: marine.

goldsboroughi, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:167 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50617. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883 -- (Randall et al. 1993:227 [ref. 21003], Böhlke & Randall 2000:233 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax elegans Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

goslinei, Uropterygius McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:167, Figs. 3c, 5 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 41 (no. 3); ref. 7267] Kayangel Atoll, Palau Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: CAS 35253. Paratypes: AMS I.17600-001 (1); ANSP 117434 (1), 124812 (1); BPBM 19927 (1); CAS 13972 (1), 29103 (1); USNM 215282 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:159-160 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius goslinei McCosker & Randall 1977 -- (Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830]). •Synonym of Uropterygius fasciolatus (Regan 1909) -- (see Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380], Allen & Erdmann 2012:97 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:108 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius fasciolatus (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

gracilicauda, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:426, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Reef in front of Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50679. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977] as gracilicaudus, Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:6 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:239 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as gracilicaudus, Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510] as gracilicaudus, Randall 2005:42 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Shao et al. 2008:238 [ref. 29952], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007] as gracilicaudus, Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:18 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins 1903. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: Caroline Islands and Papua New Guinea east to Hawaiian Islands and Pitcairn Group, south to Queensland (Australia) and Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia); possibly Cocos Island (eastern Pacific). Habitat: marine.

gracilis, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:92 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] India. Lectotype: not distinguishable. Lectotype and paralectotype: BMNH 2008.4.9.5-6 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:113-114 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:113 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

grandimaculis, Muraena Regan [C. T.] 1903:418, Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Bahia, Rio de Janero, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MHNG 665.39. Type catalog: Mahnert 1976:474 [ref. 21535], Weber 1998:5 [ref. 32707]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

grassi, Uropterygius Roule [L.] 1916:6 [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 320; ref. 3818] 3/4 mile southwest of St. Lucia, Cape Verde Islands, station 1155, depth 52 meters. Syntypes: (6) MOM 0091-0557 (4). Type catalog: Belloc 1949:3 [ref. 21544], Bauchot et al. 1993:128 [ref. 20810]. •Valid as Anarchias grassii (Roule 1913) -- (Blache et al. 1973:226 [ref. 7185]). •Synonym of Anarchias euryurus (Lea 1913) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:538 [ref. 13676], Smith & Böhlke 1990:136 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877) -- (Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1637 [ref. 34557]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

grassianus, Leptocephalus D'Ancona [U.] 1928:70, Pl. 4 (figs. 8-8a) [Memoria, Reale Comitato Talassografico Italiano No. 146; ref. 15917] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea; Bab el Mandeb Strait; Perim Island, Bab el Mandeb Strait, Yemen, Red Sea. Syntypes: (7) MSNVE P-11 (1). •Mention -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as "Leptocephalus" grassianus D'Ancona 1928 -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356]). •Unidentifiable -- (See Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264]). Current status: Uncertain as Leptocephalus grassianus D'Ancona 1928. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

griffini, Gymnothorax Whitley [G. P.] & Phillipps [W. J.] 1939:229 [Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand v. 69 (no. 2); ref. 4737] White Island, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): AIM AK99608 [ex AIM PS 29.1]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380] but type not seen. New name for Gymnothorax meleagris of Griffin 1927:138, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [ref. 15788]. •Valid as Gymnothorax griffini Whitley & Phillipps 1939 -- (Paulin et al. 1989:69 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932) -- (Gomon et al. 1994:207 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:91 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380] with some question). •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (McCosker & Stewart 2006:93 [ref. 28702], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

grisea, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:629, 642, Pl. 19 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality stated [Madagascar]. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:57 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Based on description and drawing in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). •Valid as Siderea grisea (Lacepède 1803) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757], Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:68 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:58 [ref. 22896], Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106], Caratini & Soriano 2011:60 [ref. 39915]). •Valid as Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Böhlke & Randall 1999:551 [ref. 24552], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:104 [ref. 28072], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:112 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:139 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:53 [ref. 39681], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax griseus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa to Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues). Habitat: marine.

griseobadia, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:89 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Tonga Islands. Holotype (unique): BMNH (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]. Originally griseo-badia. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

guarapariensis, Lycodontis Pinto [S. Y.] 1975:401, Figs. 1-2 [Physis Seccion A los Oceanos y sus Organismos v. 34 (no. 89); ref. 7456] Guarapari, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Holotype: MHNI 208. Paratypes: MHNI 209 (1). •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

guttata, Limmamuraena Duméril [A. M. C.] 1856:200 [Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences : tirés des registres de cette Académie. v. 27 (no. 1); ref. 1154] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155])., Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

guttata, Limomuraena Kaup [J. J.] 1856:65 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Apparently a new combination for Muraena guttata of Solander & Richardson 1848, based on Banks and Solander MSS -- David G. Smith, pers. comm. Nov. 2011. •An unavailable new combination. Current status: Synonym of Muraena. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

guttata, Muraena Risso [A.] 1827:191 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena guttata Forsskål 1775. •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

guttata, Muraena Solander [D. C.] & Richardson [J.] 1848:90 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Madeira and Brazil. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. Based in part (verbatim) from Solander manuscript, plus Richardson description as well. Preoccupied by Muraena guttata Forsskål 1775. Not in database until Nov. 2011 on David G. Smith pers. comm. 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Muraena. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

hansi, Gymnothorax Heemstra [P. C.] 2004:2, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 515; ref. 27849] South coast off Itsounzou, 11°52'S, 43°23'E, Grand Comoro (Ngazidja), Comoro Islands, depth about 143 meters. Holotype: SAIAB 38673. Paratypes: SAIAB 74102 (1), USNM 376770 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004 -- (Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:53 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hansi Heemstra 2004. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Grand Comoro (Ngazidja) Island (Comoros). Habitat: marine.

hauy, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:629, 646, Pl. 17 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Rouen, France. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810] as hüy, Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]. Originally haüy, correction mandatory. Based on an illustration. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

helena, Muraena Linnaeus [C.] 1758:244 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea, western North Atlantic [original: "in Europæ, Americæ Oceano"]; localities include Spain; France; Rome and Sicily, Italy; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria; Bahamas. Syntypes: ZMUU Linn. Coll. 57 (1, only surviving specimen). Type catalog: Lönnberg 1896:24 [ref. 23530], Wheeler 1991:160-161, Fig. 5 [ref. 20102]. Lectotype or neotype fixation needed: the type locality should be restricted to Mediterranean Sea according to current usage. Originally based on multiple species and at least 36 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:25 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:41 [ref. 30349] as Muraena pinnis pectoralibus carens; Rondelet 1554:402 [ref. 30354] as Muræna, Salviani 1558:60, Pl. (p. 59) [ref. 30229] as Muræna, Charleton 1668:126 [ref. 30580] as Muræna, Willughby 1686:103 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:34 [ref. 30231] as Muræna, Catesby 1743:20, 21, Pl. 20-21 [ref. 774] as Muræna maculata nigra & viridis and Muræna maculata nigra. The surviving syntype is not this species, and a neotype would be desirable (see Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Blache et al. 1973:224 [ref. 7185], Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:543 [ref. 13676], Böhlke et al. 1989:195 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379], Randall & Golani 1995:869 [ref. 21744], Santos et al. 1997:20 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:31 [ref. 26753], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Golani 2005:16 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:23 [ref. 29533], Jiménez et al. 2007:101 [ref. 29038], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:18 [ref. 36649], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155], Stern & Goren 2013:197 [ref. 32673], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1634 [ref. 34557], Vieira et al. 2016:[4] [ref. 34869], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[22] 260 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:23 [ref. 36273], Martins & Carneiro 2018:21 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:553 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:62 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:92 [ref. 36864], Iglésias et al. 2019:278 [ref. 37098], Smith et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37159], Bariche & Fricke 2020:34 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:11 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:50 [ref. 38883], Golani 2021:15 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:115 [ref. 39448] with question, Smith & Böhlke 2022:67 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Cape Verde Islands [but now excluding augusti]; Red Sea (Mediterranean Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine.

hemprichii, Muraena Klunzinger [C. B.] (ex Ehrenberg) 1871:613 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea; Red Sea. Surviving syntype: ZMB 4048 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380]. Based on Muraena hepatica in manuscript of Ehrenberg with underlying ZMB holotype, and on material from Kosseir, Egpt.. •Synonym of Lycodontis hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (authors). •Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:15 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore schismatorhynchus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

hepatica, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:120 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 3554. Non-types: ZMB 4015 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:114-115 [ref. 26380]. Records from the Pacific probably refer to G. monochorus -- Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]. Muraena Hepatica and M. cinerascens were described in the same publication; apparently Randall and Golani 1995 serve as first revisers -- Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Lycodontis hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:viii [ref. 21953], Randall & Golani 1995:858 [ref. 21744], Böhlke 2000:395 [ref. 24954], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:38 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:83 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:260 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:154 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:31 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; ? western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

herrei, Gymnothorax Beebe [W.] & Tee-Van [J.] 1933:138 [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 13 (no. 7); ref. 16101] Analao, Batangas, Philippines, 13°45'N, 120°55'E, depth 0-3 meters. Neotype: ANSP 164931. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. Replacement name for Gymnothorax brunneus Herre 1923, preoccupied by Gymnothorax brunneus Nichols 1920. Unique holotype lost; neotype selected by Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954]. •Valid as Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933 -- (Ferraris 1985:518 [ref. 19663], Randall & Golani 1995:860 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:403 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:114 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Allen & Erdmann 2012:85 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:20 [ref. 34464], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Hibino in Motomura et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38121], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:94 [ref. 40796], Smith et al. 2024:473 [ref. 41318]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax herrei Beebe & Tee-Van 1933. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to northeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

hilonis, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:167 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50618. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Probably valid as Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann 1903 -- (Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

hubbsi, Gymnothorax Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1977:238, Figs. 1-3 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 2); ref. 7233] Off Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.A., 28°33'N, 80°03'W, depth 38 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 214833 [ex ANSP 115230]. Paratypes: ANSP 88787 (1), 115256 (1), 115269 (1), 115270 (1, c&s), 115272 (1), 115293 (1), 130200 (1), 133321 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke & Böhlke 1977 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:52 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:150 [ref. 13286], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax hubbsi Böhlke & Böhlke 1977. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

indicus, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Ray [D.], Smith [D. G.] & Mishra [S. S.] 2016:592, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4150 (no. 5); ref. 34667] Shankarpur, West Bengal, India (21°06.55'N, 87°58.68'E). Holotype: ZSI F 11370/2. Paratypes: MARC/ZSI/F, ZSI F. •Valid as Gymnothorax indicus Mohapatra, Ray, Smith & Mishra 2016 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax indicus Mohapatra, Ray, Smith & Mishra 2016. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

indong, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1910:491 [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype (unique): BSMP 4445 (apparently destroyed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax zonipectis Seale 1906. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

infernalis, Muraena Poey [F.] 1861:347, 354 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype (unique): USNM 4808 (lost). Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

inornatus, Uropterygius Gosline [W. A.] 1958:225, Figs. 1e, 2a [Pacific Science v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 12067] Off Waikiki reef, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 25-35 feet. Holotype: USNM 175007. Paratypes: BPBM [ex UH 1686] (2, possibly lost), BPBM [ex UH 1788] (1, possibly lost); BPBM 14204 [ex UH 2362] (2). Type catalog: Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius inornatus Gosline 1958 -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:10 [ref. 13251], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:268 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Mundy 2005:126 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:97 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:75 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius inornatus Gosline 1958. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), south to Tonga and Pitcairn Island. Habitat: marine.

insignis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:93 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 5912. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:245 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

insuetus, Anarchias Whitley [G. P.] 1932:272, Fig. 1 [Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928-29: scientific reports. v. 4 (no. 9); ref. 4676] Low Isles, off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia. Holotype: AMS IA.4458. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380]. Species misspelled insuentus in Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416]. •Valid as Anarchias insuetus Whitley 1932 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442] as insuentus). •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226]). •Probably a synonym of Uropterygius concolor Rüppell 1838 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380]). •Incertae sedis -- (Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005]). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

insularum, Muraena Jordan [D. S.] & Davis [B. M.] 1891:609 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 16 (for 1888) (art. 9); ref. 2437] San Cristóbal Island [Chatham Island], Galápagos Islands. Holotype: USNM 38300. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:115-116 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Muraena insularum Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:130 [ref. 24555]). •Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

intermedia, Muraena tessellata var. Günther [A.] 1870:107 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] No locality. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1855.12.18.2 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

interrupta, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:67, Pl. 10 (fig. 51) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2470. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99-100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Lycodontis rueppelli (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Smith et al. 2019:57 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

intesi, Lycodontis Fourmanoir [P.] & Rivaton [J.] 1979:426, Fig. 16 [Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 8833] Lifou Island, Loyalty Islands, southwestern Pacific, depth 400 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1980-0304. Paratypes: BPBM 22614 (1); MNHN 1991-0697 (1), 1991-0698 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:99 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979) -- (Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:156 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Sumod et al. 2019:363 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Koeda et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38857], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Smith & Böhlke 2022:54 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton 1979). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarenes (Mauritius); Philippines, eastern Indonesia and New Guinea, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan) east to Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

irregularis, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:65 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: MNHN B-3120 [not B-2758]. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:95 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

isingleenoides, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:48 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 25 (art. 5); ref. 339] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 7191. Paralectotypes: (3, with other specimens). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.235 (1), NMV 46444 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. Original as isingleenoïdes. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett 1832). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

isingteena, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:[108], Pl. 48 (fig. 1) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] China seas; Canton, China. Holotype and second specimen: BMNH 2008.4.9.2 (1, stuffed), 2008.4.9.3 (1, alcohol). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:116-117 [ref. 26380]. Available from plate before appearing in the text; technically the holotype is the specimen represented in the figure. Text in Richardson 1845:108 [ref. 20575]. Also in Richardson 1846:314 [ref. 3742] as isengleena. Lectotype (2008.4.9.3) designation by Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380] is not appropriate; however the holotype can not be discerned from the second specimen (D. G. Smith, 2/15/2012). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:210 [ref. 25086], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:210 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:116 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Ho & Shao 2011: 21 [ref. 31432], Allen & Erdmann 2012:86 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Balisco et al. 2023:5 [ref. 39932], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:95 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Comoros and Mascarenes (Mauritius); Myanmar; Indonesia and Vietnam north to Korea and Japan, south to northern Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

jacksoniensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:450 [Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afdeling Natuurkunde. v. 15; ref. 17014] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3780. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

januarius, Gymnothorax ocellatus var. Jordan [D. S.] & Davis [B. M.] 1891:607 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 16 (for 1888) (art. 9); ref. 2437] Replacement name for Murenophis variegata Castelnau 1855, preoccupied. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

javanica, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1859:347 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 19; ref. 368] Patjitan, Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.214. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. See Smith 2012:17-18 [ref. 32155] for nomenclatural remarks. •Valid as Lycodontis javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:50 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Randall & Golani 1995:861 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:21 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:240 [ref. 24493], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Thomson et al. 2000:43 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:42 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:119 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Imamura 2009:18 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Zhang et al. 2010:266 [ref. 31511], Caratini & Soriano 2011:57 [ref. 39915], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:86 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:36 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:21 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:113 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:35 [ref. 37159], Psomadakis et al. 2020:273 [ref. 37272], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:140 [ref. 39191], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:95 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), and Pitcairn Group, north to Amami Islands (southern Japan), south to northern Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Panama, including Cocos Island (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

johnsoni, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:438, Pl. 56 (figs. C-D) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Algoa Bay, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 40 fathoms (75 meters). Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 104. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 5019 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Baranes & Golani 1993:302 [ref. 22372], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:862 [ref. 21744], Fricke 1999:48 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:95 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Sumod et al. 2019:363 [ref. 36895], Smith et al. 2019:37 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith 1962). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa to Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues). Habitat: marine.

jordani, Lycodontis Evermann [B. W.] & Marsh [M. C.] 1899:352 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 25 (for 1899) Appendix 7; ref. 1283] Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. Holotype (unique): USNM 49358. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

juliae, Leptocephalus Tommasi [L. R.] 1960:91, Fig. 1 [Neotrópica (La Plata) v. 6 (no. 21); ref. 11955] Off Recife, Brazil, 7°41'S, 34°25'W, station 355, depth 0-91 meters. Holotype (unique): (lost). •Synonym of Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:126 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:903 [ref. 13285], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Melo & Caires 2016:2 [ref. 34981]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

kailuae, Muraena Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:165 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Kailua, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50614. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:117-118 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:221 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kamar, Uropterygius McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 1977:164, Figs. 3b, 4 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 41 (no. 3); ref. 7267] Itsandra, Grande Comore Island, Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean, depth 25 meters. Holotype: CAS 35251. Paratypes: ANSP 124794 (3), 134217 (11); CAS 35252 (20); SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 4557 (5); BPBM 12051 (1), 9442 (2), 16471 (4), 16606 (1), 17005 (1), 17047 (1); USNM 215281 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius kamar McCosker & Randall 1977 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:175 [ref. 5645], Winterbottom et al. 1989:11 [ref. 13251], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall 2005:52 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:98 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:36 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:21 [ref. 33932], Smith & Böhlke 2022:76 [ref. 39681], Huang et al. 2023:274 [ref. 40092], Allen & Erdmann 2024:108 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius kamar McCosker & Randall 1977. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros and Agalega Island east to Marshall Islands and Pitcairn Islands, south to Solomon Islands. Habitat: marine.

kamara, Enchelycore Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1980:173, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 132; ref. 8739] Tongareva Atoll, on lagoon side of some small islets south of Molokai Island [Penrhyn Atoll, northern Cook Islands, South Pacific], depth 3-5 feet. Holotype: USNM 221161. Paratypes: ANSP 143055-56 (1, 1); CAS 39752 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:16 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Enchelycore kamara Böhlke & Böhlke 1980 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:135 [ref. 13286], Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Prokofiev 2005:704 [ref. 28366], Shibukawa et al. 2007:187 [ref. 29475], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore kamara Böhlke & Böhlke 1980. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

kauila, Muraena Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:424, Fig. 4 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50684. Type catalog: Smith 1994:21-22 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:221 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kaupii, Thyrsoidea Abbott [C. C.] 1860:477 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 12; ref. 15619] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 916. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380] •Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:258 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:124 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:94 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kidako, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:266, Pl. 117 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3957. Paralectotypes: RMNH D2027 (1, stuffed), 3779 (3). Possible paralectotypes: (stuffed) RMNH D2219 (1, dry), D2220 (1, dry), D2235 (1, dry), D2259 (1, dry), D2302 (1, dry). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:118-119 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:190 [ref. 12876]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Böhlke & Randall 1995:3 [ref. 21580], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:118 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:317 [ref. 28867], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:277 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Allen et al. 2018:46 [ref. 36275], Huang et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36534], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637], Huang et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38612], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: southern China and nprthern Taiwan north to central Japan. Hybridizes with Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Habitat: marine.

kishinouyei, Echidna Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:885, Fig. 21 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1239); ref. 2508] Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6481. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

knighti, Anarchias Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan & Seale 1906:205, Fig. 10 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 25 (for 1905); ref. 2497] Apia, Upolu Island, Samoa. Holotype: USNM 51716. Paratypes: USNM 147772 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:15 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160-161 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:269 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:160 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:52 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:126 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:97 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

kolpos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [J. E.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1980:223, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 132; ref. 8738] Alabama, U.S.A., 29°19'N, 88°04'W, Oregon station 3201, depth 120 meters. Holotype: ANSP 107093. Paratypes: ANSP 107092 (1), 107098 (1, c&s), 116135 (1), 127501 (1, c&s), 134031 (1); GCRL 1066 (1), 2790 (1); MCZ 35110 (1); MNHN 1974-0105 [ex USNM 158730] (1); TU 82455 (2); UF 70683 [ex FSU 20683] (1), 70721 [ex FSU 20721] (1), 72266 [ex FSU 22266] (1), 72292 [ex FSU 22292] (1), 217424 [ex UMML 17424] (1), 220524 [ex UMML 20524] (1); USA 03127 (2); USNM 154982 (1), 158729 (1), 158739 (1), 158741 (1), 215279 [ex USNM 158740] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Bart & Taylor 1993:50 [ref. 20906], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke & Böhlke 1980 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:164 [ref. 13286], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:235 [ref. 23897], Böhlke & Smith 2003:709 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kolpos Böhlke & Böhlke 1980. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina south to Floridfa (U.S.A.), including Gulf of Mexico (U.S.A., Mexico). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

kontodontos, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2000:411, Figs. 2G, 3E, 8 [Pacific Science v. 54 (no. 4); ref. 24954] Outside reef 300 yards northwest of entrance to English Harbor, Tabuaeran [= Fanning Island], Line Islands, central Pacific, depth 6 meters. Holotype: ANSP 177771. Paratypes: BPBM 9392 (2), 31780 (1), 33391 (1), 37448 (1); ROM 38924 (1), 57311 (1); USNM 357423 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Smith & Böhlke 2022:55 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax kontodontos Böhlke 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Comoros and Chagos Archipelago east to Line Islands and Johnston Atoll. Habitat: marine.

kowanensis, Gymnothorax pictus Aoyagi [H.] 1943:27, Fig. 9 [Coral fishes. Part 1; ref. 17936] Bay of Kowan, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): not at YCM, apparently lost. Type information: Hayashi 1995:7 [ref. 22717]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

krulli, Muraena Hector [J.] 1877:468, Pl. 8 (bottom) [Transactions of the New Zealand Institute v. 9 (art. 62); ref. 14244] Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): AIM (missing). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

kuhlii, Polyuranodon Kaup [J. J.] 1856:65 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Ceram, Indonesia. No types known. Bleeker specimens: ?AMS I.101 (1), BMNH 1867.11.28.242 (1) no locality, RMNH. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:96 [ref. 2573]. Unneeded replacement name for Muraena polyuranodon Bleeker 1854, apparently to avoid "Strickland tautonymy" when Polyuranodon was treated as a genus. •Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989] as kuhli). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

laimospila, Diaphenchelys Huang [W.-C.], Smith [D. G.] & Liao [T.-Y.] in Huang, Smith, Loh & Liao 2021:2, Figs. 1-3 [Zoological Studies v. 60: 24; ref. 38612] Donggang, Pingtung County, southwestern Taiwan. Holotype: NMMBP 26218. Paratype: USNM 407544 (1). •Valid as Diaphenchelys laimospila Huang, Smith & Liao 2021. Current status: Valid as Diaphenchelys laimospila Huang, Smith & Liao 2021. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: North-West Pacific: southwestern Taiwan and Luzon, Philippines. Habitat: marine.

lampra, Muraena Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:423, Fig. 3 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50680. Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:221 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

latus, Leptocephalus Eigenmann [C. H.] & Kennedy [C. H.] 1902:87, Figs. 6, 6a-b [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 21 (1901); ref. 11071] 55 miles south-southeast of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, U.S.A., 34°15'00"N, 76°11'30"W, Albatross station 2611, depth 0-31 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 49760. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917]. See Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285]. •Probably young of Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891 -- (Smith 1994:21 [ref. 21917]). Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax saxicola Jordan & Davis 1891. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

laysana, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1900:177 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 37 (no. 16) (for 21 June 1900); ref. 20498] Laysan Island, Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Islands. Lectotype: UMB 151 [RK UMB 4735]. Paralectotypes: [UMB 152-155] UMB 4689-90 (1, 1), 4733-34 (1, 1). Type catalog: Wahlert 1955:323-324 [ref. 21527], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380]. Species later illustrated and described in detail in Steindachner 1900:515 Pl. 6 (figs. 1-2) [ref. 14892]; on p. 33 of separate. Lectotype selected by Wahlert 1955:324 [ref. 21527]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:119 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:86 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lecomtei, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Gabon. Syntypes: MNHN B-2364 (1), B-2502 (1), B-2503 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:103 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Echidna peli (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna peli (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leecote, Gymnothorax Scott [E. O. G.] 1965:54, Fig. 1 [Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania v. 99; ref. 9253] Off George Rock, north of St. Helen's, Tasmania, Australia, depth 10 fathoms. Holotype (unique): QVM 1964:5:0015 [ex QVM type 123]. Type catalog: Green 1974:3 [ref. 19267], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:208 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leihala, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:428, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Reef in front of Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50844. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7783 [at one time 23316] (2), ? [ex USFC 2752] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lemayi, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1949:108 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 2 (no. 14) (art. 13); ref. 4077] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lentiginosa, Muraena Jenyns [L.] 1842:143 [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle; ref. 2344] Santa María Island [Charles Island], Galápagos Islands. Lectotype: BMNH 1917.7.14.13. Paralectotypes: ?BMNH uncat. (1) not found. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:48 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1312 [ref. 22830], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:156 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:127 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:41 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:117 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

leopardina, Muraena Kuhl [H.] in Kaup 1856:61 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:81 [ref. 2573]. Not available, name in synonymy of Muraena bullata Richardson; from Java. See Böhlke & Smith 2002:120 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

leucacme, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:427, Fig. 7 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50682. Paratypes: CAS-SU 23325 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:120-121 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucostictus, Gymnothorax Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:425-426, Fig. 5 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50681. Paratypes: CAS-SU 23289 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucostigma, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Richardson [R. E.] 1909:174, Pl. 68 [Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 4 (no. 4); ref. 2493] Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Holotype (unique): FMNH 52124 [ex CM 253]. Type catalog: Henn 1928:54 [ref. 12305], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:43 [ref. 12367], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Gymnothorax leucostigma Jordan & Richardson 1909 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Zhang et al. 2010:283 [ref. 31511], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

leucotaenia, Echidna Schultz [L. P.] 1943:22, Pl. 3 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 180; ref. 3957] Reef of Enderbury Island, Phoenix Islands [central Pacific], 3°08'30"S, 171°05'34"W. Holotype: USNM 115949. Paratypes: MCZ 37302 [ex USNM 115954] (2); USNM 115950-53 (21, 1, 2, 3), 15955-57 (3, 2, 2). Type catalog: Smith 1994:15 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380] •Valid as Echidna leucotaenia Schultz 1943 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:166 [ref. 5645], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952] as not Hawaiian Islands, Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:41 [ref. 32989], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Smith & Böhlke 2022:39 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Allen & Erdmann 2024:85 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echidna leucotaenia Schultz 1943. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros and Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Johnston Island, north to Philippines, south to New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

leucurus, Uropterygius Snyder [J. O.] 1904:521, Pl. 6 (fig. 12) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Auau Channel, between Maui Island and Lanai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3874, depth 21-28 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 50871. Type catalog: Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias leucurus (Snyder 1904) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Böhlke & Randall 2000:262 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:113 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:95 [ref. 30952], Reece et al. 2010:421 [ref. 30969], Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias leucurus (Snyder 1904). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll, Marquesas Islands and Austral Islands. Habitat: marine.

lichenosa, Aemasia Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:883, Fig. 20 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1239); ref. 2508] Wakanoura, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, Inland Sea, Western North Pacific. Holotype: CAS-SU 6480. Paratypes: USNM 49976 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:46 [ref. 12291], Smith 1994:14 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380]. Types: Shinohara & Williams 2006:548 [ref. 31656]. Galápagos population may be a separate species -- Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Enchelycore lichenosa (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Böhlke et al. 1989:135 [ref. 13286], Allen & Robertson 1994:44 [ref. 22193], Chen et al. 1994:47 [ref. 22258], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:159 [ref. 24023], Nakabo 2000:200 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:200 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:121 [ref. 26380], Smith 2002:4 [ref. 26440], Shibukawa et al. 2007:187 [ref. 29475], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Zhang et al. 2010:252 [ref. 31511], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dale et al. 2021:312 [ref. 38298], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Oomori et al. 2022:26 [ref. 39429]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore lichenosa (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan; eastern Pacific: Panama south to Colombia, including Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

lineata, Muraenophis Lesson [R. P.] 1831:127, Poissons Pl. 11 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Kosrae, Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): MNHN (whereabouts unknown). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lineopinnis, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:89 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Puerto Caballo, South America. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1847.5.14.43. Originally as lineo-pinnis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:176 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:16 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

lita, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:84 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1846.2.16.111. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

literata, Lycodontis McClelland [J.] 1844:186 (203, 215), Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Calcutta market, Bengal, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. As Strophidon literata on pp. 203 and 215. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

longicauda, Muraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1877:850 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876; ref. 3454] South of Leton Rock, Atlantic, 15°40'01"N, 23°05'08"W, depth 38 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZMB 9776. Possible types: ZMB 9776 (1). Apparently longicauda is treated as a noun by Smith 2012:34 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Anarchias longicaudus (Peters 1877) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117, 120 [ref. 13286], Reece et al. 2010:421 [ref. 30969]). •Valid as Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877) -- (Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1637 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:60 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:63 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:113 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Anarchias longicauda (Peters 1877). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Atlantic: Western Sahara south to Congo, including Azores and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

longicaudata, Lycodontis McClelland [J.] 1844:187 (203, 215), Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Bengal, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. As Strophidon longicaudata on p. 203 and longicandata [sic] on p. 215. Unneeded replacement name for Muraenophis sathete Hamilton 1822. •Objective synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke 1997:106 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:258 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

longinaris, Gymnothorax Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Sianipar [A. B.] 2018:38, Figs. 1-3A, 4-7 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 24 (no. 2); ref. 36275] Pulau Seraya Besar, northwest Flores, Indonesia, 08°23.255'S, 119°52.485'E, depth 18 meters. Holotype (unique): MZB 24606. •Valid as Gymnothorax longinaris Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax longinaris Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: Komodo and northwestern Flores (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

longinquus, Lycodontis Whitley [G. P.] 1948:73 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] North of Mackay, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.6953. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley 1948) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:129 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692] as longinquis, Böhlke & McCosker 2001:88 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:59 [ref. 41223], Zainal Abidin et al. 2024:127 [ref. 40774]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley 1948). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: eastern Malaya (Malaysia), Gulf of Thailand and southern Vietnam; northern Western Australia, Northern Territory and northern Queensland south to Mackay (northern Australia). Habitat: marine.

longissima, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:61 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Mumbai, India. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-2134. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122-123 [ref. 26380] Also in Kaup 1856:82 [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Thyrsoidea macrura (Bleeker 1854) -- (authors). •Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke 1995:460 [ref. 21738], Böhlke 1997:106 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:122 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

macrocephalus, Gymnomuraena Bleeker [P.] 1864:54 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.335. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380]. More than one species may be involved -- Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:26 [ref. 6441], Allen & Robertson 1994:49 [ref. 22193], Chen et al. 1994:62 [ref. 22258], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1313 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:64 [ref. 22017], Allen & Robertson 1997:820 [ref. 41086], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:228 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:161 [ref. 24023], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:59 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:269 [ref. 24493], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Thomson et al. 2000:46 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:612 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Randall 2005:52 [ref. 28239], Love et al. 2005:19 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:126 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:97 [ref. 30952], Loh et al. 2008:140 [ref. 29930], Fricke et al. 2009:18 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:98 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:163 [ref. 34130], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Smith et al. 2019:67 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Dale et al. 2021:316 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:76 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:109 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:81 [ref. 41255], Fricke et al. 2024:118 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles, western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius); Christmas Island (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia); eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico), Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) Habitat: marine.

macrops, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:74 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] China. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1848.3.10.24. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:60 [ref. 2572]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

macrosiphon, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1872:154 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 4; ref. 431] China. Based on a painting, no types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Zhang et al. 2010:251 [ref. 31511] with author as Reeves 1933). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

macrurus, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1854:324 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 16935] Freto Sundaico, Anjer, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.212. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380] as macrura. The original spelling was macrurus in two places; perhaps in error for macrura. •Valid as Evenchelys macrurus (Bleeker 1854) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:22 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura et al. 1985:645, 752 [ref. 8056], Nakabo 2000:211 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:211 [ref. 26001], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370]). •Valid as Thyrsoidea macrurus (Bleeker 1854) -- (Roberts 1978:26 [ref. 8886], Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645] as macrura, Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442], Zheng et al. 1989:35 [ref. 21202], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:80 [ref. 20764], Kottelat et al. 1993:11 [ref. 23448], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356] as macura, Larson & Williams 1997:346 [ref. 23967] as macrura, Johnson 1999:722 [ref. 25471] as macrura, Mishra & Krishnan 2003:18 [ref. 27712] as macrura). •Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822) -- (Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Böhlke 1995:460 [ref. 21738], Böhlke 1997:106 [ref. 23177], Fricke 1999:59 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:318 [ref. 28867], Allen et al. 2006:258 [ref. 29005], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2018:40 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Strophidon sathete (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

mactanensis, Uropterygius Huang [W.-C.], Balisco [R. A.], Evacitas [F. C.] & Liao [T.-Y.] 2023:Figs. 2, 4-6, 8 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 103 (no. 3); ref. 40263] Intertidal zone of Cordova, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines, 10°14'48.3"N, 123°56'17.0"E. Holotype: PNM 15711. Paratypes: AMS, DOS, NMMBP, UPC, USNM, ZRC. •Valid as Uropterygius mactanensis Huang, Balisco, Evacitas & Liao 2023. Current status: Valid as Uropterygius mactanensis Huang, Balisco, Evacitas & Liao 2023. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Mactan Island and probably Mindanao, Philippines. Habitat: marine.

maculaepinnis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] in Steindachner 1866:473 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 53; ref. 4210] Port Jackson, Macassar, and Hong Kong. Syntypes: (3) missing. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123-124 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005]). •Not treated in Smith 2012 [ref. 32155]. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

macularia, Muraenophis Lesueur [C. A.] 1825:107, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia v. 5 (pt 1); ref. 17523] Sandy Cay, near Nassau, Great Bahama Bank, Bahamas, depth 0-20 feet. Neotype: ANSP 106286. Neotype designated by Böhlke et al. 1989:128 [ref. 13286] -- original locality Barbados, neotype also is holotype of Uropterygius diopus Böhlke 1967. •Valid as Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:126 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:903 [ref. 13285], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:136 [ref. 25013], Collette et al. 2003:99 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:718 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:34 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:9 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Smith & Brito 2016:1641 [ref. 34557], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:103 [ref. 38945], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:118 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius macularius (Lesueur 1825). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to southeastern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Strophidon McClelland [J.] 1844:203, 215, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (no. 18); ref. 2928] Ganges River estuaries near Calcutta, India. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380]. Unneeded new name for Muraenophis tile Hamilton 1822. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:123 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maculatus, Muraena serpens Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xix [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Melitta [La Valetta, Malta, Mediterranean Sea]. Not available, name only. •In the synonymy of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Fricke 2008:15 [ref. 30182]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

maculipinnis, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:83 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Ghana. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3792. Appeared first with minimal description in Kaup 1856:61 [ref. 2572]; perhaps available from ref. 2572. •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maderensis, Pseudomuraena Johnson [J. Y.] 1862:167 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1862 (pt 2) (art. 2) (for 10 June 1862); ref. 2357] Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: BMNH 1862.6.14.10 (1). Misspelled madeirensis in literature. •Valid as Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862) -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:540 [ref. 13676], Böhlke et al. 1989:152 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Arruda 1997:55 [ref. 24952], Uiblein et al. 1999:60 [ref. 24045], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Böhlke & Smith 2003:716 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1627 [ref. 34557], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448] with question, Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Bahia (Brazil); eastern Atlantic: Benin, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

makassariensis, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1863:168 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1; ref. 17004] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 3768. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380], Zhang et al. 2010:272 [ref. 31511] as macassariensis and author as Günther 1870, Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Kang et al. 2018:300 [ref. 36290]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker 1853). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

makatei, Uropterygius Gosline [W. A.] 1958:227, Figs. 1f, 2b [Pacific Science v. 12 (no. 3); ref. 12067] West of the phosphate dock, Makatea, northern Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, South Pacific. Holotype (unique): USNM 175008. Type catalog: Smith 1994:25 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius makatei Gosline 1958 -- (Randall & Golani 1995:874 [ref. 21744], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692]). •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380]). •Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864) -- (Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:68 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

maldiviensis, Anarchias Klausewitz [W.] 1964:665, Fig. 1 [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 45 (no. 6); ref. 2347] Rasdu Atoll, east of Weligandu Island, Maldives, Indian Ocean. Holotype: SMF 7448. Paratypes: SMF 7449-55 (7). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Anarchias maldiviensis Klausewitz 1964 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:117 [ref. 13286]). •Status uncertain, possibly a synonym of Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380], Reece et al. 2010:421 [ref. 30969]). •Synonym of Anarchus allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906 -- (Smith 2012:33 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Anarchias allardicei Jordan & Starks 1906. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

mareei, Gymnothorax Poll [M.] 1953:118, Fig. 46 [Résultats Scientifiques. Expédition Océanographique Belge dans les Eaux Côtières Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Bruxelles. v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 12713] Atlantic, 8 miles west of Rio Cuanza, 9°20'S, 13°04'E. Holotype: IRSNB 169. Paratypes: (9) IRSNB 170 (15?), MRAC 95462-69 (8). Additional material: (14). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:21 [ref. 20755], Derijst 1991:43 [ref. 21528]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:149 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Smith & Brito 2016:1628 [ref. 34557], Brown et al. 2019:185 [ref. 36444], Reiner 2019:60 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:115 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mareei Poll 1953. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal to Namibia, including Annobón Island and São Tomé and Principe. Saint Helena record doubtful [ref. 36444]. Habitat: marine.

margaritophorus, Gymnothorax Bleeker [P.] 1864:53 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.268. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:170 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:38 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:38 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:49 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Nakabo 2000:208 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:208 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:251 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:75 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Zhang et al. 2010:282 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Loh et al. 2015:42 [ref. 37906], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Smith & Böhlke 2022:56 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:96 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax margaritophorus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Johnston Atoll and Line Islands, north to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands and Ogasawara Islands, south to Western Australia and southern Queensland (Australia) at 23°30'S. Habitat: marine.

marginata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1859:24, suppl. 4, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] West Africa. Holotype (unique): ZMH 12505. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:144 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795 -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:141 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:11 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax afer Bloch 1795. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

marmorata, Gymnomuraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:648, 649 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] New Britain Island, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161-162 [ref. 26380] Based on description in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). •Valid as Scuticaria marmorata (Lacepède 1803) -- (Loh et al. 2008:140 [ref. 29930], Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989]). •Valid as Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:26 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Anderson et al. 1998:21 [ref. 23611], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:42 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:270 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:197 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:197 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:161 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:612 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:52 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:127 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:97 [ref. 30952], Shao et al. 2008:238 [ref. 29952], Zhang et al. 2010:231 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:351 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:99 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:163 [ref. 34130], Hashimoto & Motomura 2021:1 [ref. 38461], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:520 [ref. 38842], Smith & Böhlke 2022:76 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:109 [ref. 40796], Furuhashi et al. 2024:10 [ref. 41415]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Maldives; Christmas Island (eastern Indian Ocean) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Amami-Oshima (southern Japan), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

marmorata, Muraena Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:247 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia; Rawak Island, Bismarck Archipelago. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

marmoratus, Murenophis Guichenot [A.] 1848:342 [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Valparaiso, Chile. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]. Appeared only in Latin description as Muraenophis .... rufo-marmorato under Murenophis porphyreus. •Nomen dubium -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380]). Nomen Dubium. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

marmoreus, Murenophis Valenciennes [A.] 1846:no p., Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate "la Vénus"; ref. 6165] Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-8533. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380] Dates to publication in plate; corresponding text published as Valenciennes 1855:347 [ref. 4504]. •Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842 -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt 1975:425 [ref. 9341], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

marquesensis, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1906:10, Fig. 1 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3999] Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands. Holotype: BPBM 2384. Paratypes: (8) ANSP 88191 [ex BPBM 2388] (1), 88192 [ex BPBM 2387] (2); BPBM 2385 (1), 2386 (1, missing); USNM 109375 [ex BPBM 2385-88] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:124-125 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857) -- (Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Randall 2000:229 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Randall 2007:85 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:12 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker 1857). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

marshallensis, Rabula Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:149, Fig. 31 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef at Ennylabegan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 141687. Paratypes: FMNH 62587 [ex USNM 141688] (1); USNM 141688 (orig. 4, now 3), 141689-90 (2, 3). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:74 [ref. 12367], Smith 1994:24 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz 1953) -- (Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall 2007:87 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz 1953). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Islands of Micronesia and Melanesia. Habitat: marine.

mauritiana, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:65 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: MNHN B-2468. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-3738 (1) Réunion. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:236 [ref. 24493]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Fricke 1999:47 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:235 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1830). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

mccoskeri, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1997:181, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148; ref. 23215] Northwest of Roebuck Bay, Western Australia, 17°47'S, 121°46'E, depth 52-56 meters. Holotype: CSIRO CA 1489. Paratypes: AMS I.34953-002 (1); CSIRO H 3253-05 (1), H 3406-02 (3), H 3552-02 (5), H 4138-02 (2), H 4179-01 (1), H 4180-01 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith & Böhlke 1997 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:59 [ref. 41223]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mccoskeri Smith & Böhlke 1997. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: northern Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

megapterus, Gymnothorax Weber [M.] 1913:57, Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [Die Fische der Siboga-Expedition; ref. 4602] Seba, Savu [Sawu] Island, Siboga station 58. Holotype (unique): ZMA 108474. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:8 [ref. 19236], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858) -- (Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738], Böhlke 1997:103 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:125 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

megaspilus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 1995:2, Fig. 1 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 472; ref. 21580] Off sw side of Sawda Island, Al Hallaniyaat (Kuria Muria Islands), southern Oman, Arabian Sea, depth 21 meters. Holotype: BPBM 36042. Paratypes: ANSP 127225 (2), BPBM 36321 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:125-126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke & Randall 1995 -- (Randall 1995:56 [ref. 22896], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Smith & Böhlke 2022:56 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax megaspilus Böhlke & Randall 1995. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: southern Oman to Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

melanosomatus, Gymnothorax Loh [K.-H.], Shao [K.-T.] & Chen [H.-M.] 2011:44, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 3134; ref. 31690] Offshore from Changbin, Taitung, Taiwan, depth 50-100 meters. Holotype: TOU-AE 1991. Paratypes: ASIZP 0072170 (1), 0072171 (1); TOU-AE 0627 (1), 1879 (3), 3774 (1), 3775 (1), 5095 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2011 -- (Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Smith et al. 2018:33 [ref. 36035]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax melanosomatus Loh, Shao & Chen 2011. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

melanospilos, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:279 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 351] Sibogha, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.239. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax melanospilos (Bleeker 1855) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441] as melanospilus, Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977] as melanospilus, Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:11 [ref. 27510], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:98 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

melanostigma, Muraena Kuhl [H.] in Kaup 1856:61 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. Also appeared as Muraenophis melanostigma in Kaup 1856:81 [ref. 2573]. Not available, name only, published in synonymy of Muraena bullata Richardson. •Name in synonymy of Muraena bullata Richardson, not available -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

melanotis, Limamuraena Kaup [J. J.] 1859:27, Pl. 4 (fig. 3) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] West Africa. Holotype (unique): ?ZMH H390. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:160 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:404 [ref. 21161]. The size and dentition of the "holotype" do not agree with the description (E. Böhlke, pers. comm., Aug. 1997). •Valid as Muraena melanotis (Kaup 1859) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:195 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Jiménez et al. 2007:103 [ref. 29038], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:118 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1635 [ref. 34557], Brown et al. 2019:156 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:63 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:62 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:115 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Muraena melanotis (Kaup 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Saint Paul's Rocks; southern central Atlantic: Saint Helena; eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including ?Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

melatremus, Gymnothorax Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:120, Figs. 23d, 25 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Ocean reef at Boby Island, Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): USNM 141610. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz 1953 -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Hatooka et al. 1998:2 [ref. 24389], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:50 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 1999:553 [ref. 24552], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:242 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:202 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:202 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Hatooka 2003:7 [ref. 27558], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Imamura 2009:19 [ref. 30434], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:258 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:87 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Eudeline 2022:140 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:97 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax melatremus Schultz 1953. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, south to northern Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

meleagris, Muraena Shaw [G.] in Shaw & Nodder 1795:no page number, Pl. 220 [The Naturalist's Miscellany; ref. 4013] "Southern Ocean." Holotype (unique): BMNH 1977.4.22.2. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380]. Sometimes seen with authorship as Shaw & Nodder. See Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155] for remarks on status. •Valid as Lycodontis meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], McCosker & Humann 1996:18 [ref. 41107], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:154 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:28 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:50 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:244 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:203 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:111 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:203 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Imamura 2009:19 [ref. 30434], Fricke et al. 2009:16 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:263 [ref. 31511], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264] with author as Shaw & Nodder, Caratini & Soriano 2011:58 [ref. 39915], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Biswas et al. 2012:108 [ref. 41578], Smith 2012:19 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:37 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Nashad et al. 2020:370 [ref. 37900], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Eudeline 2022:141 [ref. 39191], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:97 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw 1795). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands and Minami Tori Shima, south to Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island (Australia) and Austral Islands (French Polynesia); eastern Pacific: Cocos Islan d (Costa Rica) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

microdon, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:62 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Puducherry, India. Holotype: MNHN B-2469. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:102-103 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:126-127 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:89, Pl. 13 (fig. 64) [ref. 2573]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:126 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:28 [ref. 32155], Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989], Mohapatra et al. 2017:589 [ref. 35418]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton 1822). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

micropoecilus, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:459 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 8 (no. 3); ref. 16841] Cocos-Keeling Islands, Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.320 (poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

micropterus, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1852:298 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3 (no. 2); ref. 16825] Wahai, northern Ceram, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.326. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7217 (1, poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker 1852) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:26 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:175 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:62 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:874 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Nakabo 2000:197 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:197 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:612 [ref. 27495], Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005], Loh et al. 2008:140 [ref. 29930], Motomura et al. 2010:74 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31511], Allen & Erdmann 2012:99 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:22 [ref. 34464], Ho et al. 2015:163 [ref. 34130], Koeda et al. 2016:9 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:41 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Smith et al. 2019:69 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:521 [ref. 38842], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:149 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:77 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:109 [ref. 40796], Luo et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41630]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius micropterus (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (SouthAfrica), East Africa, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Mayotte (France) and Madagascar east to Phoenix Islands, north to Amami Islands (southern Japan). Habitat: brackish, marine.

microspila, Muraena Günther [A.] 1870:109 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Eastern Indian Archipelago. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.238. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. Based on Gymnothorax bullatus of Bleeker 1864:91, Pl. 27 [ref. 4860] (not Muraena bullata Richardson 1848) and one specimen. •Synonym of Gymnothorax reevesii (Richadson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

microstictus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] 2000:413, Figs. 2H, 3F, 9 [Pacific Science v. 54 (no. 4); ref. 24954] North side of western entrance, Hermit Island, Papua New Guinea. Holotype: USNM 357424. Paratypes: ANSP 141362 (2), 141368 (3), 141379 (1), 141413 (2), 141420-21 (1, 1), 144452 (1), 144454-55 (1, 2), 144775 (2), 144776-78 (4, 2, 17), 164934-35 (1, 9), 177773 (1); BPBM 34165 (1); ROM 53466 (3); USNM 357425-29 (2, 5, 2, 2, 4). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948], Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax microstictus Böhlke 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines and Papua New Guinea, south to Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

mieroszewskii, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1896:222 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 11; ref. 14618] Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW 61642. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax mieroszewskii (Steindachner 1896) -- (Nakabo 2000:209 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:209 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:141, 491 [ref. 26218]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:127 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

miliaris, Thrysoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1856:63 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Martinique Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2456. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:103 [ref. 20810]. Also in Kaup 1856:90 [ref. 2573]. According to Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Böhlke 1982:40 serves as first reviser selecting miliaris over irregularis and flavopicta; all three described by Kaup in the same publication. •Valid as Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:54 [ref. 23100], Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:44 [ref. 24472]). •Valid as Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Edwards & Glass 1987:624 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:906 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Bauchot et al. 1993:102 [ref. 20810], Santos et al. 1997:121 [ref. 23531], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:134 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Böhlke & Smith 2003:710 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1629 [ref. 34557], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:52 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:115 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Bahamas and Florida (U.S.A.) south to Brazil, including Caribbean Sea; central Atlantic: Ascension and Saint Helena islands; eastern Atlantic: Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands, possibly Azores. Habitat: marine.

mindanoensis, Gymnothorax Borodin [N. A.] 1930:43, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 2); ref. 16069] Mindanao Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): VMM 655 [not 665] (now AMNH 222125). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:127-128 [ref. 26380] as mindanaoensis. •Synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:240 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax javanicus (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

minor, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:269, Pl. 115 (fig. 2) [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3771a. Paralectotypes: RMNH D2025 (1, stuffed), D2026 (1), 3771b (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:192 [ref. 12876]. See Smith 2012:20-21 [ref. 32155] for comments on antitropical distribution. •Valid as Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1997:177 [ref. 23215], Nakabo 2000:205 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:205 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Allen et al. 2006:252 [ref. 29005], Prokofiev 2010:585 [ref. 31007], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Yoshida et al. 2013:20 [ref. 34464], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Hibino in Kimura et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36460], Li et al. 2018:149 [ref. 35913], Kim et al. 2020:53 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:274 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Sonoyama et al. 2020:16 [ref. 37637], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:59 [ref. 41223]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: China and Taiwan to southern Korea and southern Japan; southeastern Indian Ocean and southwestern Pacific: Port Hedland (Western Australia), Gulf of Carpentaria (Queensland) and northern New South Wales (Australia). Habitat: marine.

mishrai, Gymnothorax Ray [D.], Mohapatra [A.] & Smith [D. G.] 2015:141, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4027 (no. 1); ref. 33981] Shankarpur, West Bengal, India, 21°06.55'N, 87°58.68'E. Holotype (unique): MARC/ZSI/F4210. •Valid as Gymnothorax mishrai Ray, Mohapatra & Smith 2015 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2016:591 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2018:123 [ref. 35948], Mohapatra et al. 2019:190 [ref. 36929], Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mishrai Ray, Mohapatra & Smith 2015. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

modesta, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1859:21, Pl. 4 (fig. 2) [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): ZMH 3772. Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:413 [ref. 21161], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax modesta (Kaup 1859) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

molendinaris, Muraena Bennett [E. T.] 1833:32 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1833 (pt 1); ref. 16786] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1852.9.13.100 [ex Zool. Soc.]. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797) -- (Fricke 1999:43 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:224 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:10 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnomuraena zebra (Shaw 1797). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

moluccensis, Priodonophis Bleeker [P.] 1864:48 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.227. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker 1864) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:863 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Smith 2002:128 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Allen & Erdmann 2012:88 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:38 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:57 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa); Christmas Island (Australia), Indonesia and Coral Sea. Habitat: marine.

monaca, Muraena Günther [A.] (ex Cocco) 1870:125 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Not available, name attributed to Cocco mentioned in synonymy of Muraena unicolor. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

monochrous, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:384 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 10; ref. 16853] Ternate, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.244. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:128-129 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker 1856) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:23 [ref. 6441], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke 2000:396 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:206 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847] [but later deleted in author's circular of Jan. 2002], Nakabo 2002:206 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2022:100 [ref. 39626], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681] with question, Allen & Erdmann 2024:98 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Madagascar and ?Rodrigues (Mascarenes) east to Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, north to Taiwan, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

monostigma, Muraena Regan [C. T.] 1909:438 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14420] Raiatea, Society Islands. Lectotype: BMNH 1874.11.19.19. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1873.4.3.9 (1) Tahiti, 1877.12.10.10 (1) Tahiti. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan 1909) -- (Myers 1999:46 [ref. 23965] as monostigmus, Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268] as monostigmus, Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495] as monostigmus, Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:44 [ref. 28239], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Maldives east to Micronesia, Marquesas Islands and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

mordax, Muraena Ayres [W. O.] 1859:30 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 2 (1858-1862); ref. 155] Cedros Island, Baja California, Mexico. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. Any types at CAS would have been lost in 1906. •Valid as Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859) -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:64 [ref. 9277], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1310 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Richards & Engle 2001:181 [ref. 25759], Böhlke 2001:3 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Kells et al. 2016:88 [ref. 35888], Dale et al. 2021:314 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:115 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Baja California Sur (Mexico), including Guadalupe Island (Mexico). Records from Galápagos Islands (Ecuador) and Colombia could not be confirmed. Habitat: marine.

moringa, Muraena Cuvier [G.] (ex Catesby) 1829:352 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Antilles. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810]. Available from footnote as, "Aj. la moringue des Antilles. (M. moringa, N.) Catesb., II, xxi." Based on the "Muraena maculata nigra" of Catesby 1743: 21, Pl. 21 [ref. 774]. •Valid as Lycodontis moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Cervigón 1991:39 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:368 [ref. 23827], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221]). •Valid as Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:625 [ref. 9166], Böhlke et al. 1989:179 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:910 [ref. 13285], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:236 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Böhlke & Smith 2003:711 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:9 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Prokofiev & Kukuev 2009:215 [ref. 30172] as cf. moringa, Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1639 [ref. 34557], Robertson et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34961], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Brown et al. 2019:155 [ref. 36444], Reiner 2019:60 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:99 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:53 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to southeastern Brazil, including Caribbean Sea; southern central Atlantic: Ascension Island and Saint Helena Island; eastern Atlantic: São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

mosaica, Fimbrinares Whitley [G. P.] 1948:72 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Point Banks, near Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia, depth 5 feet. Holotype (unique): AMS IA.3926. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Enchelycore ramosa (Griffin 1926) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:128 [ref. 12442] as ramosus, Böhlke & McCosker 2001:97 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:129 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:37 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:246 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore ramosa (Griffin 1926). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

mucifer, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:519, Pl. 5 (fig. 9) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50868. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:43 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:120 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:89 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:18 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder 1904 -- (Böhlke & Randall 1995:3 [ref. 21580], Huang et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36534], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38612], Hibino & Ito 2023:56 [ref. 40369]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western and Central Pacific: Taiwan north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan); Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.); northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

mulleri, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:69, Pl. 11 (fig. 54) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Malay Archipelago. Holotype (unique): RMNH (whereabouts unknown). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380] as muelleri. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572] as Mülleri. Named for Dr. S. Müller but spelled as above; emendation to muelleri is necessary. •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

multifasciata, Thyrsoidea Kaup [J. J.] 1857:87 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 3789. Paralectotypes: RMNH 3788 (1, dry, poor condition). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. Also in Kaup 1856:62. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:26 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker 1852). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

multiocellata, Muraena Poey [F.] 1860:324 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: unknown; apparently not USNM 24961. Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:146 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

muraena, Gymnothorax Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:525 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No types known. •Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Blache et al. 1973:224 [ref. 7185], Smith & Böhlke 1990:145 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena helena Linnaeus 1758. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

muraenoides, Leptocephalus D'Ancona [U.] 1928:79, Pl. 4 (figs. 12-12a) [Memoria, Reale Comitato Talassografico Italiano No. 146; ref. 15917] Assab, Eritrea, Red Sea; Perim Island , Bab el Mandeb, Yemen, Red Sea. Leptocephalus is a catch-all name for larval eels. •Mention -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as "Leptocephalus" muraenoides D'Ancona 1928 -- (Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356]). •Unidentifiable -- (See Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:59 [ref. 35264]). Current status: Uncertain as Leptocephalus muraenoides D'Ancona 1928. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

myrialeucostictus, Muraena Fowler [H. W.] 1912:18, Fig. 4 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 64; ref. 1385] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16031. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Muraena miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:155 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155], Smith 2012:20 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nagoensis, Uropterygius Hatooka [K.] 1984:20, Figs. 1-4 [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 31 (no. 1); ref. 8217] Nago fish market, Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, western North Pacific. Holotype (unique): FAKU 51431. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius nagoensis Hatooka 1984 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:26 [ref. 6441], Randall & Golani 1995:875 [ref. 21744], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:197 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847] as cf. nagoensis, Nakabo 2002:197 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Allen et al. 2006:259 [ref. 29005], Allen & Erdmann 2012:99 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:21 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:164 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:70 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:149 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:77 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:110 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius nagoensis Hatooka 1984. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Mayotte (France); Ryukyu Islands (Japan); Papua New Guinea east to Society Islands, south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

nasuta, Gymnothorax de Buen [F.] 1961:10, Fig. 3 [Montemar No. 1; ref. 698] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype: EBMC 118. Paratypes: EBMC 120-121 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961 -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Bussing 1998:444 [ref. 24930], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nasuta de Buen 1961. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Easter Island and Chile. Habitat: marine.

nebulosa, Muraena Ahl [J. N.] 1789:7, Pl. 1 (right fig.) [Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho; ref. 80] In Orientali India [Indonesia]. Holotype (unique): ?ZMUC 345. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106] as the specimen in original figure Pl. 1. Fricke 1999:41 dates to 1801 but that is apparently incorrect as there is a 1789 publication that differs from the 1801 reference. •Valid as Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:26 [ref. 29757], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:167 [ref. 5645], Hatooka 1986:381 [ref. 22522], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Chen et al. 1994:45 [ref. 22258], Allen & Robertson 1994:43 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1307 [ref. 22830], Randall 1995:54 [ref. 22896], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:65 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Carpenter et al. 1997:106 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:32 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:34 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:41 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:201 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:110 [ref. 25191], Thomson et al. 2000:46 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:201 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:130 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:102 [ref. 28072], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:245 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:80 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:14 [ref. 30213], Imamura 2009:17 [ref. 30434], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:70 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:245 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:77 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:5 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:17 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:145 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130], Motomura et al. 2015:14 [ref. 34709], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:6 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:33 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:19 [ref. 36273], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:115 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:17 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:50 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:61 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:272 [ref. 37272], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Love et al. 2021:32 [ref. 39279], Eudeline 2022:133 [ref. 39191], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Kang et al. 2022:479 [ref. 39559], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981], Allen & Erdmann 2024:86 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:79 [ref. 41255], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Korea, southern Japan and Johnston Atoll, south to Western Australia and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: couthern Baja California Sur and southern Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

nectura, Gymnomuraena Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:356 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 290); ref. 12308] Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 15442. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864) -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:49 [ref. 22193], Böhlke & Randall 2000:269 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:52 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:97 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2024:118 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Uropterygius macrocephalus (Bleeker 1864). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

neglectus, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1911:28, Pl. 7 (fig. 24) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 2; ref. 14881] Keelung, Taihoku, northern Taiwan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 2165. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:130-131 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647]. •Valid as Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:107, 325 [ref. 8057], Chen et al. 1994:51 [ref. 22258], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2001:292 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Shinohara et al. 2005:399 [ref. 28370], Zhang et al. 2010:285 [ref. 31511], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:158 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Huang et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39471]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax neglectus Tanaka 1911. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines and Taiwan north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

net, Muraena Montrouzier [X.] 1857:488 [210] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:126 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380] On p. 210 of reprint. •Unidentifiable -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nevezi, Gymnothorax Roux [C.] in Collignon, Rossignol & Roux 1957:164, Fig. 17 [Office de la recherche scientifique et technique Outre-Mer, Paris; ref. 12111] Points-Noire, southwestern Congo. Syntypes: ORSTOM Pointe Noire or MNHN (1, described specimen). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810] with a holotype. Based on literature and one specimen. •Synonym of Muraena robusta Osório 1911 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:200 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:147 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena robusta Osório 1911. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nigra, Muraena Day [F.] 1871:702 [26] [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1870 (pt 3); ref. 1078] Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Holotype (unique): ZSI 2644. Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:154 [ref. 23762], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]. On p. 26 of separate. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena nigra Risso 1810. •A species of Echidna; not available -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Echidna. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nigricans, Muraena Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Gronow) 1788:34 [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Central America, Caribbean Sea. No types known. Based on 'Muraena unicolor: maxillis elongatis teretiusculis ...' of Gronow 1763:39 [ref. 1910]. •Valid as Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:55 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:142 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:139 [ref. 19379], Cervigón 1991:34 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:233 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:133 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Böhlke & Smith 2003:707 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:8 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Prokofiev 2005:704 [ref. 28366], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith et al. 2008:67 [ref. 29432] with author as Kaup, Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:23 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Pinheiro et al. 2015:5 [ref. 34324], Smith & Brito 2016:1625 [ref. 34557], Reiner 2019:59 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:159 [ref. 38098], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:97 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:50 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda south to São Paulo (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea and Trindade Archipelago (Brazil); eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Gabon, including Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

nigrocastaneus, Gymnothorax Cope [E. D.] 1871:483 [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16032. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:143 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:140 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nigrolineata, Muraena Kaup [J. J.] 1857:66 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Marquesas Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2467. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:100 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380]. Appeared first without description in Kaup 1856:58 [ref. 2572]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax ruppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nigromarginata, Neomuraena Girard [C. F.] 1858:171 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 10; ref. 1813] St. Joseph Island, Texas, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): USNM 860 [= USNM 7004]. Type catalog: Smith 1994:22-23 [ref. 21917]. See also Girard 1859:76, Pl. 41 [ref. 13405]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard 1858) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:53 [ref. 23100], Böhlke et al. 1989:172 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:32 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:237 [ref. 23897], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:104 [ref. 24550], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:148 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Gimnothorax, Böhlke & Smith 2003:717 [ref. 26990], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:100 [ref. 38945], Robertson et al. 2022:86 [ref. 39353], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girard 1858). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico south to northern Brazil, including Caribbean Sea. Habitat: marine.

niphostigmus, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.], Shao [K.-T.] & Chen [C.-T.] 1996:20, Figs. 1-3 [Zoological Studies v. 35 (no. 1); ref. 22011] Hopingtao fish market, 25°11'N, 121°51'E, Keelung, Taiwan, depth 100-150 meters. Holotype: ASIZP 056940. Paratypes: ASIZP 056941 (1); TFRI-TT 063 (1), 071 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. See Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155] for remarks on status. •Valid as Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao & Chen 1996 -- (Zhang et al. 2010:284 [ref. 31511], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Huang et al. 2018:[2] [ref. 35898], Huang et al. 2019:162 [ref. 36534], Huang et al. 2021:11 [ref. 38612], Ramos-Castro et al. 2021:518 [ref. 38842], Hibino & Ito 2023:59 [ref. 40369], Luo et al. 2024:8 [ref. 41630]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax niphostigmus Chen, Shao & Chen 1996. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Vietnam east to Taiwan (South China Sea), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

nirosus, Gymnothorax Tanaka [S.] 1918:51 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 30 (no. 352); ref. 17355] Nagasaki fish market, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 8628 (lost). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380], Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647] as nirosus. Spelling of species apparently intended to be nivosus as later (1931) used by Tanaka, but appeared in the original description as nirosus; continued usage of nirosus is apparently acceptable. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Aizawa et al. 2022:141 [ref. 39647]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895 -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:94 [ref. 25226] as nirosus, Böhlke & Smith 2002:131 [ref. 26380] as nirosus, Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax prionodon Ogilby 1895. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

nocturnus, Poecilophis Cope [E. D.] 1872:474 [U. S. Geological Survey Territitories Annual Report v. 5 (pt 4); ref. 923] Río Grande at San Jose, Costa Rica. Holotype: ANSP 14926. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:131-132 [ref. 26380] Locality questioned, San Jose is too far inland -- Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]. •Valid as Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Allen & Robertson 1994:43 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1307 [ref. 22830], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:148 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:127 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:45 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], González-Murcia et al. 2019:289 [ref. 36544], Dale et al. 2021:311 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Echidna nocturna (Cope 1872). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

nubila, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:81, Pl. 46 (figs. 6-10) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Norfolk Island. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1972.1.26.159. Additional material (conditionally referred): BMNH 1867.3.4.414 (dried skin) Houtman Abrolhos, 1867.3.7.414 (dry skin) Mauritius. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. Fricke 1999:52 [ref. 24106] refers the Mauritius specimen to G. rueppelliae [rueppellii]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:90 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:231 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

nudivomer, Muraena Günther [A.] in Playfair & Günther 1867:127, Pl. 18 [The fishes of Zanzibar; ref. 3490] Zanzibar, Tanzania, western Indian Ocean. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.3.9.418 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: BMNH 1867.3.9.408 (1, stuffed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. Authors have called the type at the BMNH the holotype, but 2 specimens are mentioned in the original description and use of "typical" specimen is insufficient to establish a holotype. Lectotype established by Günther 1870:104 [ref. 1995] -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Lycodontis nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Dor 1984:28 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:171 [ref. 5645], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:39 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:67 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:864 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:39 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:48 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:245 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:207 [ref. 25086], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:112 [ref. 25191], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:207 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:121 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:90 [ref. 30952], Smith et al. 2008:66 [ref. 29432], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:72 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:267 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:89 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:114 [ref. 40104], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:40 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Eudeline 2022:141 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:58 [ref. 39681], Cabebe-Barnuevo et al. 2023:218 [ref. 40621], Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther 1867). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Transkei and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Mayotte (France) and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

nuttingi, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1904:518, Pl. 4 (fig. 7) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 4149] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50866. Type catalog: Smith 1994:18 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:246 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:132 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Sumod et al. 2019:364 [ref. 36895]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder 1904. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

nycturanus, Enchelycore Smith [D. G.] 2002:2, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa No. 104; ref. 26440] Off Scottsburgh, Hospital Reef, Aliwal Shoal, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, southwesern Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB 46473. Paratypes: SAIAB 65489 (1), USNM 369313 (1). •Valid as Enchelycore nycturanus Smith 2002 -- (Smith & Böhlke 2006:36 [ref. 28678], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Smith & Böhlke 2022:42 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore nycturanus Smith 2002. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa). Habitat: marine.

obesus, Uropterygius Whitley [G. P.] 1932:329, Pl. 39 (fig. 1) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (no. 6); ref. 4674] Montague Island, New South Wales, Australia, depth about 70 fathoms. Holotype: AMS IA.3888. Paratypes: AMS IA.2658 (1). Additional material: (plaster casts of holotype) AMS L.1676 (1), T.627(1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius obesus Whitley 1932 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:133 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932) -- (Paulin et al. 1989:69 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Gomon et al. 1994:207 [ref. 22532], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:91 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:159 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Stewart & McCosker 2015:232 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley 1932). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

obscura, Echidna Jenkins [O. P.] 1903:430, Fig. 11 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2341] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50686. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7725 (1, now at USNM), USNM 126011 [ex USBF 1175 and CAS-SU 7725] (2). Type catalog: Smith 1994:15-16 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

obscuratus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1870:320 [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 9 (art. 23); ref. 18563] Havana, Cuba. Holotype (unique): MCZ 27217. Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:175 [ref. 22926]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:186 [ref. 13286], Smith 2012:29 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

obscurirostris, Gymnothorax Rendahl [H.] 1921:62 [The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island v. 3 (pt 1); ref. 15329] Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): NRM 7103. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ocellatus, Gymnothorax Agassiz [L.] in Spix & Agassiz 1831:91, Pl. 50b. [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Major river mouths of equatorial Brazil. Syntypes: MHNN 1193 (1). Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:146 [ref. 21784]. •Valid as Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831 -- (Uyeno & Sasaki in Uyeno et al. 1983:103 [ref. 14275], Böhlke et al. 1989:174 [ref. 13286], Smith 1989:907 [ref. 13285], Cervigón 1991:41 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:367 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:581 [ref. 16204], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:104 [ref. 24550], Böhlke & Smith 2003:712 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:22 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:24 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Nión et al. 2016:25 [ref. 35565], Spier et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36717], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:101 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:54 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Vidigal et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40696], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz 1831. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Florida (U.S.A.) south to Mar del Plata (Argentina), including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Vitoria-Trinidade seamount chain off Brazil. Habitat: marine.

octavianus, Gymnothorax Myers [G. S.] & Wade [C. B.] 1941:89, Pl. 16 [Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-40, Los Angeles v. 9 (no. 4); ref. 3133] Octavia Bay, Colombia (Pacific). Holotype: USNM 101801. Paratypes: LACM 21701 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Enchelycore octaviana (Myers & Wade 1941) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:135 [ref. 13286], Allen & Robertson 1994:44 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1308 [ref. 22830], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:161 [ref. 24023], Thomson et al. 2000:41 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:60 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:17 [ref. 37547], Prokofiev 2005:704 [ref. 28366], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:8 [ref. 32155]. Page et al. 2013:60 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:51 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:113 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore octaviana (Myers & Wade 1941). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern Baja California Sur and southern Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Peru, including Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

odiosus, Gymnothorax Snyder [J. O.] 1908:94 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 35 (no. 1635); ref. 4150] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): USNM 62231. Type catalog: Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:133-134 [ref. 26380] •Apparently valid as Gymnothorax odiosus Snyder 1908 -- (Smith 1994:19 [ref. 21917]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

odishi, Gymnothorax Mohapatra [A.], Mohanty [S. R.], Smith [D. G.], Mishra [S. S.] & Roy [S.] 2018:124, Figs. 1-4 [Zootaxa 4420 (no. 1); ref. 35948] Gopalpur beach, Odisha, northeastern coast of India. Holotype: ZSI F 12592/2. Paratypes: EBRC/ZSI, ZSI. •Valid as Gymnothorax odishi Mohapatra, Mohanty, Smith, Mishra & Roy 2018 -- (Mohapatra et al. 2019:190 [ref. 36929], Kodeeswaran et al. 2023:260 [ref. 40064]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax odishi Mohapatra, Mohanty, Smith, Mishra & Roy 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Bay of Bengal, India. Habitat: marine.

okinawae, Uropterygius Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:886, Fig. 22 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1239); ref. 2508] Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6482. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:48 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Böhlke & McCosker 1997:172 [ref. 23214], Fricke 1999:56 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:265 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:198 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:198 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830] with genus as Scuticara, Randall 2005:50 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:125 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:96 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:35 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:72 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Scuticaria okinawae (Jordan & Snyder 1901). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands, north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

oligospondylus, Uropterygius Chen [I-S.], Randall [J. E.] & Loh [K.-H.] in Loh, Chen, Randall & Chen 2008:141, Figs. 1H, 2C, 3, 4A, 5 [Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. No. 19; ref. 29930] Offshore of Changbin, Taitung, southeastern Taiwan, 23.311°N, 121.453°E, depth 15 meters. Holotype: TOU-AE 1862. Paratypes: BMPM 16129 (1), USNM 352431(1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432] •Valid as Uropterygius oligospondylus Chen, Randall & Loh 2008 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:22 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:37 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:164 [ref. 34130], Hibino et al. 2020:178 [ref. 37819], Koreeda et al. 2020:14 [ref. 38486], Huang et al. 2023:273 [ref. 40092], Kunishima 2024:29 [ref. 40830]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius oligospondylus Chen, Randall & Loh 2008. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Ryukyu Islands, Amami Islands and Volcano Islands (southern Japan), Taiwan, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

ophis, Muraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:116, Pl. 29 (fig. 2) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 19. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Muraena ophis Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Böhlke & Randall 2000:217 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

ophis, Muraena Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xiv [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] [Lohajæ] Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. Not available, no description. Not an independent species description, but a composite species, misidentified in part as Muraena ophis (non Linnaeus, 1758) -- (Fricke 2008:15 [ref. 30182]). •Name in synonymy, not available -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). •In the synonymy of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757], Fricke 2008:15 [ref. 30182], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith et al. 2019:9 [ref. 37159]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna nebulosa (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

ornata, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1859:28, Pl. 5 [Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg v. 4 (no. 2); ref. 2586] East Indies. Holotype (unique): ZMH 12469. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859) -- (Chen & Böhlke 1996:301 [ref. 22680], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:7 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna xanthospilos (Bleeker 1859). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

panamensis, Muraena Steindachner [F.] 1876:67 [19] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype (unique): NMW (not found). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Rabula panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:126 [ref. 24555]). •Valid as Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:46 [ref. 22193], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1311 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:227 [ref. 24545], Allen & Robertson 1997:819 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:154 [ref. 24023], Böhlke 2000:404 [ref. 24954], Thomson et al. 2000:44 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:39 [ref. 28239], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Mohapatra et al. 2018:126 [ref. 35948], Dale et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner 1876). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico), Guadalupe Island (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

pantherina, Muraenophis Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:628, 641, 642 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-3141. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:101 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134-135 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:134 [ref. 26380], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pantherinus, Ichthyophis Lesson [R. P.] 1831:131, Poissons Pl. 13 [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Kosrae, Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:125 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:162-163 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:270 [ref. 24493]). •Status uncertain -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:162 [ref. 26380]). •Questionably in the synonym of Scuticaria marmorata (Lacepède 1803) -- (Kottelat 2013:43 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Uncertain as Uropterygius marmoratus (Lacepède 1803). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Habitat: marine.

pardalis, Muraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:268, Pl. 119 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3742. Paralectotypes: RMNH D2028 (1, stuffed), 3778 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:191 [ref. 12876], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Muraena pardalis Temminck & Schlegel 1846 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:22 [ref. 6441], Nakabo 2000:200 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2000:176 [ref. 25987], Nakabo 2002:200 [ref. 26001], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Motomura et al. 2015:14 [ref. 34709]). •Valid as Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:7 [ref. 13251], Chen et al. 1994:47 [ref. 22258], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall 1995:54 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:54 [ref. 23977], Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:221 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Choi et al. 2003:141, 490 [ref. 26218], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Randall 2005:37 [ref. 28239], Prokofiev 2005:704 [ref. 28366], Mundy 2005:115 [ref. 28379], Shibukawa et al. 2007:187 [ref. 29475], Randall 2007:82 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Zhang et al. 2010:251 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:79 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:9 [ref. 32155], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:153 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2017:598 [ref. 35581], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Zajonz et al. 2019:61 [ref. 36871], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:134 [ref. 39191], Oomori et al. 2022:26 [ref. 39429], Smith & Böhlke 2022:42 [ref. 39681], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:88 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Enchelycore pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Line Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to Korea, Chiba Prefecture (Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

parini, Gymnothorax Collette [B. B.], Smith [D. G.] & Böhlke [E. B.] 1991:344, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 104 (no. 2); ref. 16729] Walters Shoals, western Indian Ocean, 33°11'54"S, 43°51'42"E, Vityaz station 2751, depth 18 meters. Holotype: USNM 307751. Paratypes: ANSP 163850 (2); AMS I.28155-001 (3); IOM uncat. (3); LACM 44749 (3); USNM 307749-50 (2, 1), 307752 (4). Type catalog: Smith 1994:19-20 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax parini Collett, Smith & Böhlke 1991 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax parini Collette, Smith & Böhlke 1991. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Indian Ocean: Walters Shoal (south of Madagascar). Habitat: marine.

parvibranchialis, Lycodontis Fowler [H. W.] 1900:494, Pl. 18 (fig. 1) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 52; ref. 14727] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 16483. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:130 [ref. 13621], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380] Spelled parvibranchialis on p. 494; parvibrachialis in figure caption. •Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:234 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380], Mundy 2005:118 [ref. 28379], Smith 2012:14 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott 1860). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

paucivertebralis, Gymnothorax Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Sianipar [A. B.] 2018:43, Figs. 3B, 9-11 [aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology v. 24 (no. 2); ref. 36275] Pulau Seraya Besar, northwest Flores, Indonesia, 08°23.255'S, 119°52.485'E, depth 16 meters. Holotype: MZB 24607. Paratype: WAM P.34628-003 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax paucivertebralis Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:99 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax paucivertebralis Allen, Erdmann & Sianipar 2018. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Komodo, Flores and Maluku (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

paum, Calamaia Russell [P.] 1803:22, Pl. 32 [v. 1-2; ref. 13862] Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. Not available from Russell, a native common name -- see Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380]. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Nomen Nudum. Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

pavonina, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:no page, Pl. 53 (figs. 1-6) [Ichthyology.--Part 2. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur; ref. 20574] No locality [probably Ascension Island]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1985.2.19.4. Available from plate. For locality see Böhlke & McCosker 2001:95 [ref. 25226]. Text in Richardson 1845:110 [ref. 20275]. •Valid as Muraena pavonina Richardson 1845 -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:197 [ref. 13286], Feitoza et al. 2003:68 [ref. 26943], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2014:3 [ref. 33516], Smith & Brito 2016:1641 [ref. 34557]). Current status: Valid as Muraena pavonina Richardson 1845. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic and eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

peli, Poecilophis Kaup [J. J.] 1856:67 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2572] Ghana. Holotype: RMNH.Pisc. 3786. Also in Kaup 1856:102, Fig. 68 [ref. 2573]. Blache 1867:696 serves as first reviser selecting pele over leucomtei described on the same page in the same publication (Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155]). •Valid as Echidna peli (Kaup 1856) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:138 [ref. 19379], Wirtz et al. 2007:4, 24 [ref. 30263], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Smith & Brito 2016:1623 [ref. 34557], Reiner 2019:58 [ref. 38139], Fermon et al. 2022:114 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Echidna peli (Kaup 1856). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

pelonates, Diaphenchelys McCosker [J. E.] & Randall [J. E.] 2007:471, Figs. 1-7 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences v. 58 (no. 22); ref. 29349] Maumere Bay, off Sao Wisata Resort, 8°37'49.15"S, 122°18'45.75"E, Flores, Indonesia, depth 30-32 meters. Holotype: BPBM 32205. Paratypes: BPBM 34128 (1), CAS 214523 [ex BPBM 36688] (1, c&s). Treated as a noun in apposition. •Valid as Diaphenchelys pelonates McCosker & Randall 2007 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2012:76 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:4 [ref. 32155], Huang et al. 2021:7 [ref. 38612], Allen & Erdmann 2024:84 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Diaphenchelys pelonates McCosker & Randall 2007. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean: Flores (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

permistus, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:433, Pl. 55 (figs. A-B) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Mahé, Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 94. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (2) lost. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:135-136 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax permistus (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:172 [ref. 5645]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:135 [ref. 26380] with question, Zhang et al. 2010:287 [ref. 31511] with author as Zhang 1989, Smith 2012:15 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2018:35 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pernotatus, Priodonophis Poey [F.] 2000:800, Pl. 442 (fig. 1) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]; posthumous publication -- (Smith 2012:55 [ref. 32155]). Muraenidae: Muraeninae.

perustus, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:437, Pl. 59 (fig. E) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Pinda Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 114. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864 -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:231 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380] with question, Randall 2005:40 [ref. 28239], Smith 2012:13 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax chilospilus Bleeker 1864. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pescadoris, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1902:326, Fig. 8 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 25 (no. 1289); ref. 2447] Kotosho, Hokoto[Hokuto, Taipai City] or Pescadores Islands, Taiwan. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 12686 [ex CAS-SU 7131]. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan & Evermann 1902 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax favagineus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Chen et al. 1994:46, 50 [ref. 22258], Zhang et al. 2010:286 [ref. 31511]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Ho & Shao 2011:21 [ref. 31432], Smith 2012:17 [ref. 32155], Ho et al. 2015:7 [ref. 34116], Ho et al. 2015:157 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

petelli, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1856:84 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 16856] Ora Malang, Java, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.282. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:136-137 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Lycodontis rueppelli (McClelland 1844) -- (Dor 1984:29 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland 1844) -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:136 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:47 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Smith 2012:27 [ref. 32155]). •Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844) -- (Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Böhlke & Randall 2000:255 [ref. 24493], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax rueppelliae (McClelland 1844). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pfeifferi, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1853:173 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16912] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Lectotype: BMNH 1867.11.28.286. Paralectotypes: RMNH 7199 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. Also appeared in Bleeker 1853:72 [ref. 339]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:248 [ref. 24493]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

phalarus, Gymnothorax Bussing [W. A.] 1998:439, Figs. 1-4 [Revista de Biología Tropical v. 46 (no. 2); ref. 24930] West side of Isla del Caño off Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica, 8°47'00"N, 84°03'48"W, depth 136-237 meters. Holotype: LACM 47317-1. Paratypes: LACM 32560-13 (1), 47318-1 (2), 47319-1 (1), 47320-1 (5); UCR 427-16 (1), 489-17 (1), 1242-4 (1), 1555-1 (3), 1711-2 (1), 1730-6 (2), 1963-4 (1), 2353-14 (3), 2366-1 (1 or 2), 2372-6 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Angulo et al. 2015:375 [ref. 35212]. •Valid as Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998 -- (Böhlke 2001:5 [ref. 25774], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Love et al. 2005:18 [ref. 37547], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Robertson et al. 2017:31 [ref. 35676], Dale et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38298], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:98 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax phalarus Bussing 1998. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

pharaonis, Gymnothorax Smith [D. G.], Bogorodsky [S. V.], Mal [A. O.] & Alpermann [T. J.] 2019:41, Figs. 25-29 [Zootaxa 4704 (no. 1); ref. 37159] Isolated coral block on slope, Yabua Island, Al Khoraybah, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, 27°47'24.66"N, 35°07'48.00"E, depth 14 - 16 meters. Holotype: SMF 35814 [ex KAU13-614]. Paratypes: BPBM, KAUMM, SMF, USNM. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Gymnothorax pharaonis Smith, Bogorodsky, Mal & Alpermann 2019. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pharaonis Smith, Bogorodsky, Mal & Alpermann 2019. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea and Socotra Island, western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

phasmatodes, Lycodontis Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:436, Pl. 53 (figs B, C & I) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 108. Paratypes: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] (4) not researched. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith 1962) -- (Castle & McCosker 1986:172 [ref. 5645], Randall et al. 1994:225 [ref. 21645], Randall 1995:57 [ref. 22896], Böhlke 1997:97 [ref. 23177], Carpenter et al. 1997:107 [ref. 23922], Hatooka et al. 1998:2 [ref. 24387], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:211 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:211 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Loh et al. 2011:51 [ref. 31690], Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Psomadakis et al. 2015:146 [ref. 34104], Loh et al. 2015:39 [ref. 34118], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667], Mohapatra et al. 2017:285 [ref. 35504], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Smith et al. 2018:42 [ref. 36035], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Eagderi et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37020], Smith et al. 2019:46 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:142 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith 1962). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea, Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Persian Gulf, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes) east to Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to northern Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). Habitat: marine.

philippinus, Gymnothorax Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.] 1907:7, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (Doc. 606) (for 1906); ref. 2498] Cavite, Luzon Island, Philippines. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 9215. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:47 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380]. See Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692] for remarks. •Valid as Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907 -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:24 [ref. 6441], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & Smith 2002:137 [ref. 26380] with some doubt, Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale 1907. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Philippines, Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

picta, Muraena Ahl [J. N.] 1789:8, Pl. 2 (right fig.) [Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho; ref. 80] In Indiæ Orientalis [Indonesia]. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Siderea picta (Ahl 1789) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Castle & McCosker 1986:174 [ref. 5645], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:132 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Randall et al. 1990:42 [ref. 15987], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Allen & Robertson 1994:49 [ref. 22193], Chen et al. 1994:53 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1313 [ref. 22830], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:68 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:870 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:58 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:819 [ref. 41086], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:159 [ref. 24023], Larson & Williams 1997:346 [ref. 23967], Kuiter 1997:32 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:42 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:58 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Randall & Earle 2000:7 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:204 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S95 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:68 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:104 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:45 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:248 [ref. 31511]). •Valid as Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Nakabo 2000:204 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:253 [ref. 29005], Béarez & Séret 2009:146 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:73 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:90 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Stewart & McCosker 2015:233 [ref. 34233], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:7 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:24 [ref. 36883], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:62 [ref. 36871], Smith et al. 2019:47 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Eudeline 2022:143 [ref. 39191], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Smith & Böhlke 2022:59 [ref. 39681], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:100 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:81 [ref. 41255], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622], Furuhashi et al. 2024:10 [ref. 41415]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to North West Cape (Western Australia), Queensland (Australia) to 23°30'S, and Kermadec Islands; eastern Pacific: Panama, Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico), Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

picturatus, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1880:257, Pl. 10 (figs. 1-3) [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 9 (for 7 July 1880); ref. 6524] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) -- (Böhlke et al. 1989:180 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:142 [ref. 19379], Smith 2012:21 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Gymnothorax Bliss [R.] (ex Steindachner) 1883:59 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6145. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883 -- (Hatooka & Randall 1992:183 [ref. 20258], Fricke 1999:51 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], McCosker & Stewart 2006:87 [ref. 28702], Fricke et al. 2009:17 [ref. 30213], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:60 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius); Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Gymnothorax Seale [A.] 1917:90 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (no. 4); ref. 4001] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6145. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. Independent of, and preoccupied by Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883; Seale was unaware of the descriptions by Bliss; name objectively invalid. •Objective synonym of Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pikei Bliss 1883. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pikei, Poecilophis Bliss [R.] (ex Steindachner) 1883:61 [Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13; ref. 16966] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MCZ 6149-50 (1, 1); USNM 153564 [ex MCZ 6149] (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:23 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106], Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681]). Current status: Synonym of Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pindae, Gymnothorax Smith [J. L. B.] 1962:430, Pl. 55 (fig. D) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 23; ref. 6435] Pinda, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 105. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962 -- (Hatooka 1988:87 [ref. 22494], Paxton et al. 1989:130 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:9 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:34 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:52 [ref. 22258], Randall & Golani 1995:865 [ref. 21744], Myers 1999:50 [ref. 23965], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Böhlke & Randall 2000:249 [ref. 24493], Böhlke 2000:406 [ref. 24954], Nakabo 2000:206 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:585 [ref. 25122], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Nakabo 2002:206 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:23 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:611 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:7 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3316 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:46 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:122 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:91 [ref. 30952], Zhang et al. 2010:260 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:91 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33932], Ray et al. 2015:143 [ref. 33981], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:38 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:22 [ref. 36273], Mohapatra et al. 2018:128 [ref. 35948], Smith et al. 2019:49 [ref. 37159], Smith & Böhlke 2022:60 [ref. 39681], Hashimoto & Motomura 2023:26 [ref. 40840], Allen & Erdmann 2024:101 [ref. 40796], Smith et al. 2024:473 [ref. 41318]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax pindae Smith 1962. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Amami Islands (Japan) and Marshall Islands, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

pinta, Muraena Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:345 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Mazatlán Harbor, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Lectotype: USNM 28177. Paralectotypes: USNM 28197 (1), 28238 (1, lost), 28388 (1, lost), 29359 (1, lost), 29608 (1). Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:138-139 [ref. 26380]. The basic description was based on one specimen (USNM 28238, now lost) but other specimens were listed by catalog number; all are regarded as syntypes. Lectotype selected by Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917]. •Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:31 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2024:117 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Muraena lentiginosa Jenyns 1842. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

pintita, Muraena Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:346 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Rocks near Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 28311 (lost). Type catalog: Smith 1994:22 [ref. 21917], Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870) -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:103 [ref. 24550]). •Nomen oblitum -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Fricke et al. 2024:114 [ref. 41622]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Uncertain as Gymnothorax dovii (Günther 1870). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

poikilospilus, Gymnothorax Chen [H.-M.] & Huang [W.-C.] in Huang, Loh & Chen 2022:88, Figs. 1-7, 9B, 10A [Zootaxa 5189 (no. 1); ref. 39626] Off Hsiao-men fishing harbor, Xi-yu Township, Penghu Islands, Taiwan, 23°39'N, 119°29'E, depth 10 - 20 meters. Holotype: TOU-AE 0645. Paratype: TOU-AE 5112 (1). •Valid as Gymnothorax poikilospilus Chen & Huang 2022. Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax poikilospilus Chen & Huang 2022. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Penghu Islands, Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

polygonius, Gymnothorax Poey [F.] 1875:68, Pl. 10 [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 11 (nos 3-4) (art. 6); ref. 18564] Cuba. Holotype (unique): USNM 9825. Type catalog: Smith 1994:20 [ref. 21917], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]. •Valid as Lycodontis polygonius (Poey 1875) -- (Cervigón 1991:40 [ref. 24472], Cervigón 1992:369 [ref. 23827]). •Valid as Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875 -- (Bauchot in Whitehead et al. 1986:541 [ref. 13676], Böhlke et al. 1989:184 [ref. 13286], Smith & Böhlke 1990:143 [ref. 19379], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:238 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:135 [ref. 25013], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Böhlke & Smith 2003:717 [ref. 26990], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:33 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32972], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:41 [ref. 37485], Pinheiro et al. 2015:6 [ref. 34324], Richardson & Brito 2015:1 [ref. 36244], Smith & Brito 2016:1630 [ref. 34557], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195], Carneiro et al. 2019:61 [ref. 37250], Klautau et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37903], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:116 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polygonius Poey 1875. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern central Atlantic: Ascension Island; eastern Atlantic: offshore islands, including Madeira. Habitat: marine.

polyodon, Strophidon Bleeker [P.] 1864:47 [Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2; ref. 408] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH (not found). Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1867.11.28.337 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858) -- (Böhlke 1995:463 [ref. 21738], Böhlke 1997:103 [ref. 23177], Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:32 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudechidna brummeri (Bleeker 1858). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

polyophthalmus, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1858:15 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 3 (art. 11); ref. 361] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.332. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789) -- (Böhlke & Randall 2000:247 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Smith 2012:23 [ref. 32155]). Current status: Synonym of Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl 1789). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Habitat: marine.

polyspila, Gymnomuraena Regan [C. T.] 1909:438 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (no. 23); ref. 14420] Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia, South Pacific. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1909.12.14.23. Additional material: BMNH (1) Zanzibar. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:163 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan 1909) -- (Dor 1984:30 [ref. 29757], Winterbottom et al. 1989:11 [ref. 13251], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Randall & Golani 1995:876 [ref. 21744], Randall 1995:58 [ref. 22896], Myers 1999:52 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:60 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1657 [ref. 24692], Böhlke & Randall 2000:270 [ref. 24493], Böhlke & Smith 2002:163 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:53 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:127 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:98 [ref. 30952], Allen & Erdmann 2012:100 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:38 [ref. 32155] as polyspina, Golani & Fricke 2018:24 [ref. 36273], Smith et al. 2019:71 [ref. 37159], Eudeline 2022:150 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:78 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:110 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius polyspilus (Regan 1909). Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Mayotte (France) and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Line Islands and Society Islands, north to Philippines, south to Vanuatu. Habitat: marine.

polyspondylus, Gymnothorax Böhlke [E. B.] & Randall [J. E.] 2000:251, Figs. 10-11 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 150; ref. 24493] Northwest of Oahu, 21°41'N, 158°06'W, Hawaiian Islands, depth 180-200 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 24821. Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke & Randall 2000 -- (Böhlke & Smith 2002:139 [ref. 26380], Heemstra 2004:5 [ref. 27849], Mundy 2005:123 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:92 [ref. 30952], Loh et al. 2011:50 [ref. 31690], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Mohapatra et al. 2016:595 [ref. 34667]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polyspondylus Böhlke & Randall 2000. Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

polystictus, Uropterygius Myers [G. S.] & Wade [C. B.] 1941:85, Pl. 15 [Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-40, Los Angeles v. 9 (no. 4); ref. 3133] Southern Seymour Island, Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), tide pool. Holotype: LACM 23345 [ex AHF 16]. Paratypes: CAS-SU 36552 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:48 [ref. 12291], Böhlke & Smith 2002:163 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Uropterygius polystictus Myers & Wade 1941 -- (McCosker & Rosenblatt in Fischer et al. 1995:1314 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:228 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:162 [ref. 24023], Thomson et al. 2000:46 [ref. 25640], Böhlke & Smith 2002:163 [ref. 26380], Nelson et al. 2004:61 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:19 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Smith 2012:38 [ref. 32155], Page et al. 2013:61 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:441 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39279], Grove et al. 2022:16 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:52 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:118 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Uropterygius polystictus Myers & Wade 1941. Muraenidae: Uropterygiinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galaqpagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

polyuranodon, Muraena Bleeker [P.] 1854:248 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 3); ref. 16901] Ceram, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Bleeker specimens: ?AMS I.101 (1), BMNH 1867.11.28.242 (1) no locality, RMNH 7198 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380] Also appeared in Bleeker 1853:67 [ref. 339]. •Valid as Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Allen 1991:42 [ref. 21090], Pethiyagoda 1991:49 [ref. 20075], Roberts 1993:14 [ref. 21799], Kottelat et al. 1993:10 [ref. 23448], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:57 [ref. 25191], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Allen et al. 2002:334 [ref. 25930], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Shao et al. 2008:238 [ref. 29952], Zhang et al. 2010:262 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155] dated 1853, Kottelat 2013:42 [ref. 32989] dated 1853, Fricke et al. 2014:20 [ref. 33932], Ho et al. 2015:159 [ref. 34130], Miesen et al. 2016:81 [ref. 34492], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Keith et al. 2021:26 [ref. 38257], Smith & Böhlke 2022:61 [ref. 39681], Jamandre 2023:160 [ref. 40455], Sudasinghe et al. 2022:599 [ref. 40890]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker 1854). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Seychelles and Sri Lanka east to Palau and Fiji, north to Philippines and Taiwan, south to northern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

polyzona, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1845:112, Pl. 55 (figs. 11-14) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] No locality stated. Lectotype: BMNH 1977.4.22.3. Paralectotypes: (1) ? BMNH 1855.9.19.1292 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. Lectotype selected by Böhlke & Randall 2000:220 [ref. 24493]. •Valid as Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845) -- (Dor 1984:27 [ref. 29757], Hatooka in Masuda et al. 1984:25 [ref. 6441], Castle & McCosker 1986:167 [ref. 5645], Hatooka 1986:383 [ref. 22522], Allen & Swainston 1988:32 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:127 [ref. 12442], Böhlke et al. 1989:130 [ref. 13286], Winterbottom et al. 1989:6 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:35 [ref. 15987], Chen et al. 1994:47 [ref. 22258], Goren & Dor 1994:7 [ref. 25356], Quéro & Saldanha 1995:66 [ref. 22017], Randall & Golani 1995:851 [ref. 21744], Allen 1997:52 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:35 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:44 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:42 [ref. 24106], Böhlke et al. 1999:1656 [ref. 24692], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Böhlke & Randall 2000:219 [ref. 24493], Nakabo 2000:201 [ref. 25086], Böhlke & McCosker in Randall & Lim 2000:584 [ref. 25122], Randall & Earle 2000:6 [ref. 25806], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:73 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:201 [ref. 26001], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:9 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:6 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:102 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:35 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:114 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:246 [ref. 29005], Randall 2007:81 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:15 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:70 [ref. 31256], Zhang et al. 2010:243 [ref. 31511], Fricke et al. 2011:349 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:78 [ref. 31980], Smith 2012:6 [ref. 32155], Fricke et al. 2014:17 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Ho et al. 2015:152 [ref. 34130], Fricke et al. 2018:34 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:20 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:23 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:115 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:51 [ref. 36673], Smith et al. 2019:11 [ref. 37159], Ramos-Castro et al. 2020:83 [ref. 37651], Wada et al. 2021:36 [ref. 38521], Eudeline 2022:134 [ref. 39191], Smith & Böhlke 2022:40 [ref. 39681], Allen & Erdmann 2024:86 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:80 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Echidna polyzona (Richardson 1845). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Mayotte (France), Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Islands (French Polynesia), north to Amami Islands (southern Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

porphyreus, Murenophis Guichenot [A.] 1848:342, Pl. 11 (fig. 2) [Fauna Chilena.... in Gay.; ref. 1939] Juan Fernández Islands. Syntypes: not at MNHN. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:127 [ref. 20810], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848) -- (Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Pequeño & Sáez 2000:31 [ref. 24590], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:92 [ref. 25226], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Randall 2005:46 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:254 [ref. 29005], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446], Fricke et al. 2011:350 [ref. 31242], Smith 2012:24 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:234 [ref. 34233]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: South Pacific: New Caledonia east to Peru, Chile, Easter Island and Juan Fernández Islands. Habitat: marine.

prasina, Muraena Richardson [J.] 1848:93 [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Bondi Bay, Sydney, Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2008.3.23.2 (mounted and stuffed). Type catalog: Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380]. •Valid as Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:131 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:68 [ref. 24556], Paulin & Roberts 1992:119 [ref. 24625], Kuiter 1993:32 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:208 [ref. 22532], Kuiter 1997:30 [ref. 25488], Johnson 1999:721 [ref. 25471], Böhlke & McCosker 2001:93 [ref. 25226], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Böhlke & Smith 2002:140 [ref. 26380], Allen et al. 2006:255 [ref. 29005], Smith 2008:160 [ref. 30621], Smith 2012:25 [ref. 32155], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Stewart & McCosker 2015:235 [ref. 34233], Hoschke et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36626]). Current status: Valid as Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson 1848). Muraenidae: Muraeninae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific: Western Australia; eastern Australia, New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.