Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Sphyrnidae: [ 31 ] records

alleni, Sphyrna Gonzalez [C.], Postaire [B.], Driggers [W.], Caballero [S.] & Chapman [D.] 2024:501, Figs. 3A, 8-10 [Zootaxa 5512 (no. 4); ref. 41605] Riversdale, Riversdale, Belize. Holotype: UF 245705. Paratypes: UF. Plus additional non-type material. •Valid as Sphyrna alleni Gonzalez, Postaire, Driggers, Caballero & Chapman 2024. Current status: Valid as Sphyrna alleni Gonzalez, Postaire, Driggers, Caballero & Chapman 2024. Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Belize, Caribbean Sea to Brazil. Habitat: marine.

bigelowi, Sphyrna Springer [S.] 1944:274, Fig. 1 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 34 (no. 8); ref. 10186] Off Santa Maria, Uruguay, southwestern Atlantic. Holotype: USNM 87682. Paratypes: MCZ 463-S (1); USNM 120751 [ex USNM 87682] (1). Type catalog: Howe & Springer 1993:4 [ref. 21812]. •Synonym of Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes 1822) -- (Gilbert 1967:54 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Compagno 1984:551 [ref. 6846], Springer 1990:110 [ref. 19320], Soto 2001:84 [ref. 26637], Compagno 2003:504 [ref. 26984], Castro 2011:525 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes 1822). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: marine.

blochii, Zygaena Cuvier [G.] 1816:127 [Le Règne Animal; ref. 993] No locality. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7835 (stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:170 [ref. 21041], Paepke 1999:143 [ref. 24282]. Based on Bloch Pl. 117 and brief description. •Valid as Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Gilbert 1967:20 [ref. 21135], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:86 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:23 [ref. 15987], Randall 1995:38 [ref. 22896], Mishra et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25315]). •Valid as Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Compagno 1984:540 [ref. 6846], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:26 [ref. 20764], Last & Stevens 1994:271 [ref. 23873], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Compagno 1998:1363 [ref. 23785], Morón et al. 1999:148 [ref. 24253] as Eusphyrna, Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S92 [ref. 27377], Compagno et al. 2005:45 [ref. 29145], Hoese et al. 2006:110 [ref. 29001], Last el al. 2010:134 [ref. 32461], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Larson et al. 2013:12 [ref. 32988] as blochi, Ebert et al. 2013:339 [ref. 33045], Psomadakis et al. 2015:87 [ref. 34104], Weigmann 2016:44 [ref. 34211], White et al. 2017:184 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36183], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], Suresh et al. 2018:43 [ref. 36495], White & Ko'ou 2018:42 [ref. 35922], Eagderi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37020] as Eusphyrna blochii, Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:182 [ref. 37272], Haroon & Kibria 2021:68 [ref. 39241], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:539 [ref. 39668], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:25 [ref. 41223]). Current status: Valid as Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1816). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf east to Philippines, north to China, south to northern Australia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

carolinensis, Squalus (Cestrorhinus) Blainville [H. de] 1816:121 [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris v. 8; ref. 306] Not available, name only. •In the synonymy of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) or Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164]). •In the synonymy of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

chiereghini, Sphyrna Nardo [G. D.] 1847:col. 112 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, name only based on Squalus tiburo of Chiereghini (manuscript). •In the synonymy of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837) -- (Gilbert 1967:26 [ref. 21135]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

corona, Sphyrna Springer [S.] 1940:163, Fig. 4 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 10182] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 11882. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:9 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Sphyrna corona Springer 1940 -- (Gilbert 1967:62 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:543 [ref. 6846], Allen & Robertson 1994:24 [ref. 22193], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:717 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:43 [ref. 24555], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:69 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Castro 2011:507 [ref. 31457], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:97 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:44 [ref. 34211], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Love et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:76 [ref. 41622], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna corona Springer 1940. Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California (Mexico) south to northern Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Malpelo Island (Colombia). IUCN (2020): Critically Endangered. Habitat: marine.

couardi, Sphyrna Cadenat [J.] 1951:41, 99 [Initiations Africaines. III. Poissons de mer du Sénégal; ref. 12676] Senegal. No types known. Only briefly characterized but regarded as available. •Valid as Sphyrna couardi Cadenat 1951 -- (Gilbert 1967:45 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:544 [ref. 6846], Springer 1990:109 [ref. 19320], Afonso et al. 1999:82 [ref. 25466] with question, Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263] with question, Almeida & Biscoito 2019:89 [ref. 37302]). •Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (McEachran & Séret 1987:45 [ref. 41918], Quattro et al. 2013:176 [ref. 32875], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Compagno 2016:1331 [ref. 34544] as lewini). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

diplana, Sphyrna Springer [S.] 1941:46, Figs. 1-2 [Proceedings of the Florida Academy of Sciences v. 5; ref. 10183] Off Englewood, Florida, U.S.A., Gulf of Mexico, western Atlantic. Holotype: USNM 108451. Paratypes: USNM 108452 (1, head only), 110296-97 (2, jaws only). Type catalog: Howe & Springer 1993:6 [ref. 21812]. •Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:38 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846], Springer 1990:109 [ref. 19320], Gomon et al. 1994:139 [ref. 22532], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:718 [ref. 22829], Compagno 1998:1364 [ref. 23785], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:54 [ref. 24550], Soto 2001:85 [ref. 26637], Compagno 2003:500 [ref. 26984], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:70 [ref. 27705], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:36 [ref. 27735], Castro 2011:509 [ref. 31457], Quattro et al. 2013:176 [ref. 32875], Psomadakis et al. 2015:87 [ref. 34104], Compagno 2016:1331 [ref. 34544]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

dissimilis, Zygaena Murray [J. A.] 1887:103, Pl. [Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 17806] Karachi, Pakistan. Published in 3 places, earliest not determined. As above, in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [see ref. 17806], and in Murray 1887 [ref. 17805]. •Synonym of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837) -- (Gilbert 1967:26 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:548 [ref. 6846]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

erythraea, Zygaena Klunzinger [C. B.] (ex Ehrenberg) 1871:666 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:170 [ref. 21041] dated to 1899 with ZMB 7814 as holotype. Regarded as not available; appeared above as name in synonymy; also as name in synonymy in Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899: 8, Pl. 6 (fig. 2) [ref. 4977]. Subsequent publication in an available way not researched. •In the synonymy of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:38 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

gilberti, Sphyrna Quattro [J. M.], Driggers III [W. B.], Grady [J. M.], Ulrich [G. F.] & Roberts [M. A.] 2013:171, Figs. 5-6, 7A [Zootaxa 3702 (no. 2); ref. 32875] Bulls head, South Carolina, U.S.A. Holotype: UF 183577. Paratypes: UF 183578 (2), 183579 (2). •Valid as Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers III, Grady, Ulrich & Roberts 2013 -- (Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:141 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:44 [ref. 34211], Carvalho-Filho 2023:310 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:76 [ref. 41622], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2025:suppl. Tab. 1, p. 1 [ref. 42574]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers III, Grady, Ulrich & Roberts 2013. Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: southeastern U.S.A., including Gulf of Mexico (Mexico); São Paulo and Santa Catarina (Brazil). IUCN (2020): Data Deficient. Habitat: marine.

indica, Zygaena van Hasselt [J. C.] 1823:315 [Algemeene Konst- en Letter-bode voor het Jaar I Deel (no. 20); ref. 4513] Vizagapatam, India; Java, Indonesia, Java Sea, eastern Indian Ocean. No types known. Based on figure in Russell 1803, v. 1., p. 8, pl. XII [ref. 13862], as Squalus zygaena (non Linnaeus 1758) (see Alfred 1961:81, Pl. 3 [ref. 20553]) Also in van Hasselt 1824:90 [ref. 5104]. Should be suppressed and the use of the name lewini continued. •Available name -- (Kottelat 1987:369 [ref. 5962]). •Synonym of [later] Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:37 [ref. 21135] with question, Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846], Last el al. 2010:134 [ref. 32461]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

laticeps, Zygaena Cantor [T. E.] 1837:315, Pls. l-3 [Calcutta Medical and Physical Society. Quarterly. 1837 (art. 10); ref. 17332] Bay of Bengal, India. Syntypes: (at least 2). •Synonym of Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Gilbert 1967:21 [ref. 21135]). •Synonym of Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Compagno 1984:540 [ref. 6846]). •Valid as Eusphyra laticeps (Cuvier 1816) -- (Fernando et al. 2019:226 [ref. 36642]). Current status: Valid as Eusphyra laticeps (Cantor 1837). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: India and Sri Lanka. Habitat: brackish, marine.

latycephala, Zygaena van Hasselt [J. C.] 1823:315 [Algemeene Konst- en Letter-bode voor het Jaar I Deel (no. 20); ref. 4513] Not available, name only (but drawings were made); from Java. See Kottelat 1987:369 [ref. 5962]. Appeared as platycephala in van Hasselt 1924:90 [ref. 5104]. •In the synonymy of Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Gilbert 1967:21 [ref. 21135]). •In the synonymy of Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1816) -- (Compagno 1984:540 [ref. 6846], Last el al. 2010:98 [ref. 32461]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier 1816). Sphyrnidae.

leeuwenii, Cestracion Day [F.] 1865:271 [The fishes of Malabar; ref. 1074] Malabar coast, India, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean. Unexplained new spelling for Zygaena lewini Griffith & Smith 1834. •Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:38 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

lewini, Zygaena Griffith [E.] & Smith [C. H.] 1834:640, Pl. 50 [The class Pisces, arranged by the Baron Cuvier; ref. 1908] [South coast of New Holland] southern Australia. No types known. Name available from Pl. 50. Based on a drawing by Mr. Lewin. Misspelled leeuwenii by Rochebrune 1883:44 [ref. 18639]. •Valid as Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:37 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Kyushin et al. 1982:23 [ref. 19754], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:123 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Nakaya in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:51, 300 [ref. 8057], Bass 1986:97 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:30 [ref. 23100], McEachran & Séret 1987:45 [ref. 41918], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Springer 1990:109 [ref. 19320], Randall et al. 1990:23 [ref. 15987], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:28 [ref. 20764], Boschung 1992:24 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:186 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:25 [ref. 22193], Gomon et al. 1994:139 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:272 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:4 [ref. 25356], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:718 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:38 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:67 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Allen & Robertson 1997:818 [ref. 41086], Arruda 1997:19 [ref. 24952], Chen et al. 1997:5 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:35 [ref. 26385] with author as Griffith, Grove & Lavenberg 1997:96 [ref. 24023], Larson & Williams 1997:343 [ref. 23967], Murdy et al. 1997:27 [ref. 23144], Randall et al. 1997:23 [ref. 25919], De la Cruz-Agüero & Cota-Gómez 1998:356 [ref. 23520], Compagno 1998:1364 [ref. 23785], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:93 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:36 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:24 [ref. 24106], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:97 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:53 [ref. 24550], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:234 [ref. 24754], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:117 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:68 [ref. 25466], Johnson 1999:720 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Allen 2000:83 [ref. 37268], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:184 [ref. 25703], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:97 [ref. 25191], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:119 [ref. 25206], Nakabo 2000:140 [ref. 25086], Randall & Earle 2000:5 [ref. 25806], Thomson et al. 2000:282 [ref. 25640], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639] as Cuvier & Griffith & Smith 1834, Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Shane 2001:162 [ref. 25756], Soto 2001:65 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:173 [ref. 26753], Nakabo 2002:140 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:56, 475 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Collette et al. 2003:98 [ref. 26784], Compagno 2003:500 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S92 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:609 [ref. 27495], Smith et al. 2003:6 [ref. 27621], Randall et al. 2004:5 [ref. 27624], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:70 [ref. 27705], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:36 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:68 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:46 [ref. 29145], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:92 [ref. 28379], Randall 2005:16 [ref. 28239], Randall et al. 2005:131 [ref. 28745], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Hoese et al. 2006:110 [ref. 29001], Khalaf & Zajonz 2007:423 [ref. 31739], Randall 2007:37 [ref. 30952], Wirtz et al. 2007:24 [ref. 30263], White 2008:73 [ref. 30617], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], Last el al. 2010:136 [ref. 32461], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:69 [ref. 31256], Castro 2011:509 [ref. 31457], Fricke et al. 2011:346 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:59 [ref. 31980], Moore et al. 2012:11 [ref. 31771], Naylor et al. 2012:32 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Weigmann 2012:8 [ref. 31968], Yamashita et al. 2012:125 [ref. 32408], Ebert et al. 2013:333 [ref. 33045], Fricke et al. 2013:250 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:13 [ref. 32988], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Quattro et al. 2013:159 [ref. 32875], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972] needs confirmation, Yoshida et al. 2013:11 [ref. 34464], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:20 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33516], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:88 [ref. 34104], Pinheiro et al. 2015:3 [ref. 34324], Compagno 2016:1331 [ref. 34544], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:97 [ref. 34398], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668], Fourrière et al. 2016:Suppl. p. 2 [ref. 42488], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:143 [ref. 34871], Kells et al. 2016:72 [ref. 35888], Koeda et al. 2016:5 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:20 [ref. 35565], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Ebert et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35618], White et al. 2017:186 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36183], Biscoito et al. 2018:485 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:17 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:13 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], Spier et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36103], Suresh et al. 2018:44 [ref. 36495], White & Ko'ou 2018:43 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:89 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:28 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Fricke et al. 2019:42 [ref. 36673], González-Murcia et al. 2019:288 [ref. 36544], Nakaya in Koeda & Ho 2019:39 [ref. 42208], Reiner 2019:37 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:59 [ref. 36871], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Iqbal et al. 2020:114 [ref. 37469], Kim et al. 2020:41 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:182 [ref. 37272], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37637], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Durville et al. 2021:310 [ref. 38802], Ebert et al. 2021:69 [ref. 38234], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Haroon & Kibria 2021:69 [ref. 39241], Kovačić et al. 2021:11 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39279], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:540 [ref. 39668], Barone et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39527], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:97 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:25 [ref. 41223], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Hsu et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39567], Zajonz et al. 2022:20 [ref. 40522], Bagley et al. 2023:311 [ref. 41241], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:310 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40663], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:53 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40981], Allen & Erdmann 2024:61 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:76 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:49 [ref. 40775], Victor et al. 2024:74 [ref. 42021], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591], Crochelet et al. 2025:7 [ref. 42390], Knorrn et al. 2025:150 [ref. 42334], Marceniuk et al. 2025:13 [ref. 42083]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, western Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2019): Critically Endangered. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

ligo, Sphyrna Fraser-Brunner [A.] 1950:214, Fig. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 3); ref. 12952] Clarence River, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype: BMNH 1890.9.23.231 [ex Imperial Inst.] (embryo). •Synonym of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837) -- (Gilbert 1967:26 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:548 [ref. 6846], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Hoese et al. 2006:111 [ref. 29001]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

malleus, Zygaena Valenciennes [A.] 1822:223, Pl. 1 (fig. 1) [Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 9; ref. 17862] France; Brazil, southwestern Atlantic; Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Gilbert 1967:31 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:32 [ref. 7164] as Cuvier 1816, Springer 1990:110 [ref. 19320], Soto 2001:66 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:15 [ref. 26753] with authorship as Cuvier 1817, Mundy 2005:93 [ref. 28379], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:9 [ref. 36649], Dyldin 2015:54 [ref. 34524], Biscoito et al. 2018:469 [ref. 37562], Bariche & Fricke 2020:12 [ref. 37515]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

media, Sphyrna Springer [S.] 1940:162, Fig. 3 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 10182] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype: CAS-SU 11583. Paratypes: USNM 28160 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:9-10 [ref. 12291], Howe & Springer 1993:9 [ref. 21812]. •Valid as Sphyrna media Springer 1940 -- (Gilbert 1967:54 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:547 [ref. 6846], Cervigón 1992:186 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:25 [ref. 22193], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:719 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Soto 2001:65, 83 [ref. 26637], Compagno 2003:501 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:71 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Castro 2011:514 [ref. 31457], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:99 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Fourriére et al. 2016:453 [ref. 34668], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Love et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39279], Carvalho-Filho 2023:311 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:77 [ref. 41622], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna media Springer 1940. Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico, here regionally extinct); western Atlantic: Panama south to southeastern Brazil, including southern Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2020): Critically Endangered. Habitat: marine.

mokarran, Zygaena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1837:66, Pl. 17 (fig. 3) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 3590 (stuffed). Type catalog and lectotype designation: Klausewitz 1960:293 [ref. 21330]. •Valid as Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837) -- (Gilbert 1967:26 [ref. 21135], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:124 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:548 [ref. 6846], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:97 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:30 [ref. 23100], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Springer 1990:109 [ref. 19320], Randall et al. 1990:23 [ref. 15987], Boschung 1992:24 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:187 [ref. 23827], Baranes & Golani 1993:301 [ref. 22372], Allen & Robertson 1994:25 [ref. 22193], Last & Stevens 1994:274 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:4 [ref. 25356], Andrew et al. 1995:28 [ref. 38009], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:720 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:38 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:68 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:99 [ref. 24023] [but see McCosker 1998:809 [ref. 24025]], Compagno 1998:1365 [ref. 23785], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:94 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:36 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:24 [ref. 24106], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:100 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:53 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:118 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:720 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:140 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:97 [ref. 25191], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:146 [ref. 27754], Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Soto 2001:65, 85 [ref. 26637], Nakabo 2002:140 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Compagno 2003:502 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S92 [ref. 27377], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:71 [ref. 27705], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:36 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:68 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:46 [ref. 29145], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:93 [ref. 28379], Randall 2005:16 [ref. 28239], Randall et al. 2005:131 [ref. 28745], Hoese et al. 2006:111 [ref. 29001], Fricke 2008:10 [ref. 30182], Randall 2007:38 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:10 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Last el al. 2010:138 [ref. 32461], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Fricke et al. 2011:346 [ref. 31242], Castro 2011:516 [ref. 31457], Moore et al. 2012:11 [ref. 31771], Allen & Erdmann 2012:60 [ref. 31980], Naylor et al. 2012:33 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Fricke et al. 2013:250 [ref. 32706], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Larson et al. 2013:13 [ref. 32988], Ebert et al. 2013:340 [ref. 33045], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:20 [ref. 33341], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:88 [ref. 34104], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:99 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Compagno 2016:1333 [ref. 34544], Fourrière et al. 2016:Suppl. p. 2 [ref. 42488], White et al. 2017:188 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36183], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:17 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:13 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], White & Ko'ou 2018:44 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:90 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:29 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:8 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Fricke et al. 2019:42 [ref. 36673], Reiner 2019:37 [ref. 38139], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:182 [ref. 37272], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Ebert et al. 2021:69 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38895], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Kovačić et al. 2021:11 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39279], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:541 [ref. 39668], Barone et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39527], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:97 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:26 [ref. 41223], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Hsu et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39567], Bagley et al. 2023:311 [ref. 41241], Carvalho-Filho 2023:310 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:61 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:77 [ref. 41622], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591], Crochelet et al. 2025:7 [ref. 42390], Marceniuk et al. 2025:13 [ref. 42083]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical through warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2021): Critically Endangered. Habitat: brackish, marine.

nana, Sphyrna Sadowsky [V.] 1965:6, Figs. 2, 7 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 9252] Off Cananéia, 25°S, 47°52'W, Brazil, depth 8 meters. Holotype: MZUSP [ex DZSASP] 4304. Type catalog: Britski 1969:201 [ref. 12401], Lima et al. 2023:304 [ref. 40221]. •Synonym of Sphyrna media Springer 1940 -- (Gilbert 1967:54 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:547 [ref. 6846], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:719 [ref. 22829], Soto 2001:66, 83 [ref. 26637], Compagno 2003:501 [ref. 26984], Castro 2011:514 [ref. 31457]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna media Springer 1940. Sphyrnidae. Habitat: marine.

oceanica, Cestracion Garman [S.] 1913:158 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Society Islands, French Polynesia, South Pacific. Syntypes: MCZ 460-S (3), USNM 153587 [ex MCZ 460] (1). Type catalog: Howe & Springer 1993:10 [ref. 21812], Hartel & Dingerkus 1997:xl [ref. 23119]. •Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1967:38 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Dor 1984:11 [ref. 29757], Compagno 1984:545 [ref. 6846], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:54 [ref. 24550]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

peruana, Zygaena Philippi [R. A.] 1887:545 [13], Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [Anales de la Universidad de Chile v. 71 (sec. 1); ref. 3464] Peru. Holotype (unique): DBCUCH. On p. 13 of separate. Current status: Uncertain. Sphyrnidae. Habitat: marine.

pictus, Squalis (Cestrorhinus) Blainville [H. de] 1816:121 [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris v. 8; ref. 306] Not available, name only. •In the synonymy of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) or Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith 1834) -- (Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164]). •In the synonymy of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

subarcuata, Zygaena Storer [D. H.] 1848:71 [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 3 (1848-1851); ref. 18844] Harbor at Provincetown, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Cape Cod Bay, western North Atlantic. Holotype (unique): MCZ. Non-types: ?MCZ 1416-S (1), 89507-08 (1, 1). •Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Gilbert 1967:31 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:32 [ref. 7164], Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846], Castro 2011:529 [ref. 31457], Dyldin 2015:54 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tiburo, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] (ex Markgraf von Liebstadt) 1758:234 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America (is Brazil). No types known. Based on the ‘Tiburones species minor’ of Markgraf von Liebstadt (1648: 181, fig. [ref. 30347]) from Brazil, and the ‘Zygenae affinis, capite triangulo’ of Willughby (1686: 55 [ref. 30164]). •Valid as Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:17 [ref. 39147], Gilbert 1967:47 [ref. 21135], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:43 [ref. 9277], Uyeno & Miyake in Uyeno et al. 1983:59 [ref. 14275], Compagno 1984:550 [ref. 6846], Robins & Ray 1986:31 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:24 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:187 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:25 [ref. 22193], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:721 [ref. 22829], Murdy et al. 1997:26 [ref. 23144], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:95 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:103 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:52 [ref. 24550], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:146 [ref. 27754], Soto 2001:65, 84 [ref. 26637], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639], Branstetter in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:45 [ref. 26158], Compagno 2003:503 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:72 [ref. 27705], Compagno et al. 2005:47 [ref. 29145], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Castro 2011:521 [ref. 31457], Naylor et al. 2012:32 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:99 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Fourriére et al. 2016:453 [ref. 34668], Kells et al. 2016:72 [ref. 35888], Ebert et al. 2017:56 [ref. 35618], Spier et al. 2018:4 [ref. 36103], Ehemann et al. 2018:22 [ref. 36194], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Love et al. 2021:20 [ref. 39279], Aroca et al. 2022:[4] [ref. 39840], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 4 [ref. 38986], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Bagley et al. 2023:311 [ref. 41241], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:309 [ref. 40480] as aff. tiburo, Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Ceríaco et al. 2023:23 [ref. 40710], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:77 [ref. 41622], Gonzalez et al. 2024:507 [ref. 41605]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Belize, including Gulf of Mexico. IUCN (2020): Endangered. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tudes, Zygaena Valenciennes [A.] 1822:225, Pl. 2 (fig. 1) [Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 9; ref. 17862] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Lectotype: MNHN A-1049. Paralectotypes: MNHN A-1019 (1) Cayenne, MNHN (1, lost) Coromandel. Type catalog: Bertin 1939:74 [ref. 20739]. Lectotype selected by Gilbert 1967:65 [ref. 21135]. •Valid as Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes 1822) -- (Gilbert 1967:64 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:33 [ref. 7164], Uyeno & Miyake in Uyeno et al. 1983:60 [ref. 14275], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:124 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:551 [ref. 6846], Robins & Ray 1986:31 [ref. 23100], McEachran & Séret 1987:39 [ref. 41918], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Springer 1990:110 [ref. 19320], Cervigón 1992:188 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:96 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:105 [ref. 24490], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Soto 2001:65, 83 [ref. 26637], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:15 [ref. 26753], López et al. 2002:62 [ref. 26808], Compagno 2003:504 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Fricke et al. 2007:14 [ref. 29533], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:9 [ref. 36649], Castro 2011:525 [ref. 31457], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:97 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:45 [ref. 34211], Nión et al. 2016:20 [ref. 35565], Ali et al. 2018:303 [ref. 36183], Kumar et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36178], Ehemann et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36861], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Kovačić et al. 2020:46 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Haroon & Kibria 2021:71 [ref. 39241] misidentified, Kovačić et al. 2021:11 [ref. 39014], Barone et al. 2022:25 [ref. 39527], Balàka et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40410], Carvalho-Filho 2023:311 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40663], Collareta & Farina 2023:2 [ref. 40411], Fricke et al. 2024:78 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes 1822). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico south to Uruguay, including Caribbean Sea; rarely in the Mediterranean Sea; eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

vespertina, Sphyrna Springer [S.] 1940:161, Fig. 2 [Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin v. 1 (no. 5); ref. 10182] Panama City, (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: CAS-SU 11584. Paratypes: CM 5675 (1); CAS-SU 11881 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:10 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Gilbert 1967:53 [ref. 21135], Compagno 1984:550 [ref. 6846], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:721 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:40 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:52 [ref. 24550], Compagno 2003:503 [ref. 26984], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:73 [ref. 27705], Castro 2011:521 [ref. 31457]). •Valid as Sphyrna vespertina Springer 1940 -- (Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:100 [ref. 34398], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:243 [ref. 37881], Page et al. 2023:41 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:78 [ref. 41622], Gonzalez et al. 2024:507 [ref. 41605], Campos-León et al. 2025:[7] [ref. 42591]). Current status: Valid as Sphyrna vespertina Springer 1940. Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Paita (northern Peru), including Gulf of California (Mexico). IUCN (2025): Not Assessed. Habitat: brackish, marine.

voracissima, Zyganna Billberg [G. J.] 1833:51 [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic [original: "Europa, America"]. No types known. Syntypes: NRM 88 (1). Unnecessary replacement name for "Zygaena Linn." (is Squalus zygaena Linnaeus 1758); see Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147]. •Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

vulgaris, Zygaena Cloquet [H.] 1830:621 (v. 60) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Sea, and Red Sea. whereabouts unknown. Based on Squalus zygaena Linnaeus 1758, probably to avoid strickland tautonymy. •Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Gilbert 1973:32 [ref. 7164], Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846], Dyldin 2015:54 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

zygaena, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:234 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic [original: "Europa, America"]; localities include Spain; Marseille, France; Rome, Italy; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 88 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:208 [ref. 20707]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 24 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:68 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:96 [ref. 30349] as Squalus capite latissimo transverso mallei instar; Rondelet 1554:389 [ref. 30354] as Zygæna, Salviani 1558:128 [ref. 30229] as Libella, Willughby 1686:55 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:20 [ref. 30231] as Zygæna. Spelled zygena by Bonnaterre 1788:9 [ref. 4940], and zigoena by Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817:11 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:185 [ref. 30438]. Spelled zygoena by Chevey 1932:6 [ref. 23060] as Cestracion. Name spelled Squalus zigaena by Sonnini 1803:74 [ref. 30464] and Berthelot 1840:115 [ref. 30346]. •Valid as Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Herrera 1896:10 [ref. 39336], Gilbert 1967:31 [ref. 21135], Gilbert 1973:32 [ref. 7164], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:43 [ref. 9277], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:125 [ref. 13675], Compagno 1984:553 [ref. 6846], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:7 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:97 [ref. 5635], Robins & Ray 1986:30 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Allen & Swainston 1988:24 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:29 [ref. 25518], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:224 [ref. 36138], Paulin et al. 1989:26 [ref. 24556], Paxton et al. 1989:87 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:13 [ref. 14125], McAllister 1990:32 [ref. 14674], Springer 1990:110 [ref. 19320], Cervigón 1992:188 [ref. 23827], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Kuiter 1993:11 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:140 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:275 [ref. 23873], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:722 [ref. 22829], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:69 [ref. 27969], Murdy et al. 1997:28 [ref. 23144], Santos et al. 1997:9 [ref. 23531], Allen 1997:44 [ref. 23977], Cheng & Zhou 1997:35 [ref. 26385], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:100 [ref. 24023], Arruda 1997:19 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1998:1366 [ref. 23785], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:39 [ref. 24555], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24670], Fricke 1999:25 [ref. 24106], Morón et al. 1999:148 [ref. 24253], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:118 [ref. 25013], Capapé et al. 1999:50 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:484 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:140 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:119 [ref. 25206], Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Wang et al. 2001:34 [ref. 26566], Soto 2001:65, 85 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:15 [ref. 26753], Branstetter in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:46 [ref. 26158], Nakabo 2002:140 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:56, 475 [ref. 26218], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], López et al. 2002:62 [ref. 26808], Compagno 2003:505 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:24 [ref. 27192], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:73 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:54 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:68 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:46 [ref. 29145], Golani 2005:10 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:9 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:93 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:111 [ref. 29001], Fricke et al. 2007:15 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:16 [ref. 30517], Randall 2007:39 [ref. 30952], White 2008:74 [ref. 30617], George 2009:55 [ref. 30539], Lim et al. 2010:575 [ref. 39445], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:9 [ref. 36649], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:187 [ref. 30957], Castro 2011:529 [ref. 31457], Henderson & Reeve 2011:174 [ref. 38995], Naylor et al. 2012:33 [ref. 32267], Yamashita et al. 2012:125 [ref. 32408], Ebert et al. 2013:340 [ref. 33045], Page et al. 2013:52 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Parin et al. 2014:24 [ref. 33547], Duffy 2015:108 [ref. 34217], Duffy 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Current status: Valid as Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyrnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in warm temperate seas, occasionally in tropical seas (including Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2019): Vulnerable. Habitat: brackish, marine.