Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Synodontidae: [ 109 ] records

acutus, Synodus Garman [S.] 1899:252 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Pacific coast of Panama, 7°40'N, 79°17'50"W, Albatross station 3387, depth 127 fathoms; 7°26'10", 79°53'50"W, station 3390. Syntypes: MCZ 28512 (2). Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

albidus, Osmerus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:229, 235 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Carolinas, U.S.A. No types known. •A synodontid -- (McAllister 1963:42 [ref. 8075]). •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

altipinnis, Saurus Günther [A.] 1864:397 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] China. Syntypes: BMNH 1848.3.18.118 (1, dry) coll. Richardson, BMNH 1851.12.27.350 (1) coll. Warwick. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

amaranthus, Synodus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:185, Figs. 1, 3 [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: ANSP 28133 [ex USFC 03265]. Paratypes: ANSP 28132 [ex USFC 03804] (1), 28134 [ex USFC 03809] (1); MCZ 64517 [ex USFC 03430 and ex MCZ 28962] (1). Additional material: BPBM 1734 [ex USFC] (1). •Synonym of Synodus dermatogenys Fowler 1912 -- (Mundy 2005:199 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:110 [ref. 30952], Randall 2009:402 [ref. 30454]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus dermatogenys Fowler 1912. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

anolis, Saurus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:483 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Martinique Island, West Indies. Syntypes: MNHN A-8611 (1, dry) Martinique, B-1022 (1) Martinique. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:6-7 [ref. 19576]. •Synonym of Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553] with author as Agassiz). Current status: Synonym of Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

atlanticus, Saurus Johnson [J. Y.] 1863:41 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1863 (pt 1) (art. 5) (for 13 Jan. 1863); ref. 5021] Madeira. Holotype: BMNH 1862.2.5.1. •Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:411 [ref. 13675], Edwards & Glass 1987:629 [ref. 9166], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106], Wirtz et al. 2014:4 [ref. 33516]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

atrisignis, Trachinocephalus Prokofiev [A. M.] 2019:414, Figs. 1-2a,b [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 59 (no. 3); ref. 36808] Off Socotra Island, western Indian Ocean, 12°04' - 10'N, 53°09' - 14'E, depth 36 - 40 meters. Holotype: IOM 3580. Paratypes: IOM 3581 (2). •Valid as Trachinocephalus atrisignis Prokofiev 2019. Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus atrisignis Prokofiev 2019. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean. Habitat: marine.

autumnus, Synodus Furuhashi [R.] & Motomura [H.] 2025:193, Figs. 1-3, 5 [ZooKeys No. 1243; ref. 42231] Off Segaura, Kushi, Bonotsu, Minami-satsuma, southwest coast of Satsuma Peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Kyushu, Japan, depth 5 meters. Holotype: KAUM-I 180000. Paratypes: AMS, ASIZP, BPBM, KAUM-I, KPM, NSMT, NTM, USNM. •Valid as Synodus autumnus Furuhashi & Motomura 2025. Current status: Valid as Synodus autumnus Furuhashi & Motomura 2025. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West and Central Pacific: Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Palau, the Marshall Islands, Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Tonga, and the Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

banfieldi, Xystodus Ogilby [J. D.] 1910:6 [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 23; ref. 3288] Near Dunk Island, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): QM I.14. •Synonym of Synodus sageneus Waite 1905 -- (Cressey 1981:36 [ref. 5574], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus sageneus Waite 1905. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

binotatus, Synodus Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:35, Fig. 8 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon reef near southern end, Ennylabegan Island, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, western Pacific. Holotype: USNM 140801. Paratypes: FMNH 62589-60 [ex USNM 140807] (1), [ex USNM 140810] (1); USNM 140802-06 (1, 5, 1, 1, 2,), 140808-09 (4, 1), 140811-13 (8, 4, 5). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:82 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Synodus binotatus Schultz 1953 -- (Cressey 1981:9 [ref. 5574], Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:271 [ref. 6289], Waples & Randall 1989:189 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:237 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:13 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:49 [ref. 15987], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:271 [ref. 21953], Randall et al. 1997:49 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:64 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:93 [ref. 24106], Russell 1999:1940 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:356 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:126 [ref. 25191], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:60 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:356 [ref. 26001], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:116 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:63 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:200 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:109 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:24 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:123 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2014:27 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:69 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:63 [ref. 36673], Fujiwara et al. 2020:33 [ref. 38631], Russell 2022:216 [ref. 39701], Allen & Erdmann 2024:136 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:87 [ref. 41255]). Current status: Valid as Synodus binotatus Schultz 1953. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Line Islands and Gambier Islands (French Polynesia), north to Kagoshima Prefecture (southern Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

bondi, Synodus Fowler [H. W.] 1939:7, Figs. 5-6 [Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia) No. 35; ref. 1431] Kingston, Jamaica. Holotype: ANSP 68634. Paratypes: ANSP 68635 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:160 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Synodus bondi Foiwler 1939 -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:178 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Ceríaco et al. 2023:32 [ref. 40710], Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2023:75 [ref. 41056], Marceniuk et al. 2023:93 [ref. 43302]). Current status: Valid as Synodus bondi Fowler 1939. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Belize south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

brevirostris, Saurus Poey [F.] 1860:305 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 6895. Paratypes (?): MCZ 6896 (1), 6898-99 (1, 1). Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:175 [ref. 22926] with MCZ 6895 as holotype. •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106], Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

capricornis, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] & Randall [J. E.] 1978:767, Figs. 1-3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 91 (no. 3); ref. 8941] Off Ahu Akapu, Easter Island [southeastern Pacific], depth 70 feet. Holotype: BPBM 6560. Paratypes: BPBM 6562 (1), 16860 (2); USNM 218461-62 (1, 1). •Valid as Synodus capricornis Cressey & Randall 1978 -- (Cressey 1981:11 [ref. 5574], Waples & Randall 1989:189 [ref. 9187], Pequeño 1989:34 [ref. 14125], Russell 1999:1941 [ref. 24747], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Pequeño & Lamilla 2000:434 [ref. 24906], Randall et al. 2002:155 [ref. 26192], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:63 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:200 [ref. 28379], Chen et al. 2007:151 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:109 [ref. 30952]). Current status: Valid as Synodus capricornis Cressey & Randall 1978. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific, antitropical: Taiwan, Hawaiian Islands, Pitcairn, Easter Island. Habitat: marine.

carinatus, Saurus van Hasselt [J. C.] 1823:329 [Algemeene Konst- en Letter-bode voor het Jaar I Deel (no. 21); ref. 5105] Vizagapatam, India; Java, Indonesia. No types known. An available name based on Russel 1803, II, p. 56, pl. CLXXII (see Alfred 1961:83, Pl. 5 [ref. 20553], Kottelat 1987:369 [ref. 5962]). Appeared as Saurus coronatus in van Hasselt 1824:92 [ref. 5104]. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

cinereus, Synodus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1948:10, Fig. 5 [Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 110 (no. 9); ref. 2162] Clarence Harbor, Bahamas. Holotype: USNM 53079. Paratypes: USNM 53078 (1). •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:410 [ref. 13675], Sulak 1990:368 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

cresseyi, Synodus Prokofiev [A. M.] 2008:424, Figs. 1, 2a-d [Zoologichesky Zhurnal v. 84 (no. 4); ref. 29560] Described as a "nom. n." for Synodus macrocephalus of Cressey 1981:27, figs. 21, 26b and 42. Based on Art. 72.4.2 the types (syntypes) are the specimens misidentified by Cressey, and not the specimens listed by Prokofiev. •In the synonymy of Synodus macrocephalus Cressey 1981 -- (Ho et al. 2010:64 [ref. 30761]). •Junior objective synonym of Synodus macrocephalus Cressey 1981. •Valid as Synodus cresseyi Prokofiev 2008 -- (Endruweit 2025:125 [ref. 42401] as resseyi). Current status: Synonym of Synodus macrocephalus Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

cubanus, Synodus Poey [F.] 1876:185 [143] [Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, Madrid v. 5 (for 5 Apr. 1876); ref. 3510] Cuba. whereabouts unknown. On p. 143 of separate. •Synonym of Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553] with author as Agassiz). Current status: Synonym of Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

dermatogenys, Synodus Fowler [H. W.] 1912:566, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63 (for 1911); ref. 14954] Hawaiian Island. Holotype: ANSP 28130. Paratypes: ANSP 28131-34 (4). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:160 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Cressey 1981:6 [ref. 5574]). •Valid as Synodus dermatogenys Fowler 1912 -- (Waples & Randall 1989:190 [ref. 9187], Randall et al. 1990:50 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:41 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:272 [ref. 21953], Randall 1995:79 [ref. 22896], Kuiter 1997:38 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:50 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:64 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:93 [ref. 24106], Russell 1999:1941 [ref. 24747], Johnson 1999:723 [ref. 25471], Nakabo 2000:355 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:127 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:39 [ref. 25480], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Kimura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:147 [ref. 27511], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:355 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:20 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3317 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:116 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:63 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:200 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:110 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:24 [ref. 30213], Kimura 2009:37 [ref. 30426], Ho & Shao 2010:66 [ref. 31054], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Hubert et al. 2012:5 [ref. 31846], Allen & Erdmann 2012:124 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:46 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:28 [ref. 33932], Francis & Duffy 2015:483 [ref. 36161], Koeda et al. 2016:11 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:69 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:56 [ref. 36460], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:120 [ref. 40104], Fricke et al. 2019:63 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:314 [ref. 37272], Dewa et al. 2022:15 [ref. 40001], Russell 2022:216 [ref. 39701], Allen & Erdmann 2024:136 [ref. 40796], Anto et al. 2024:7 [ref. 40874], Fricke et al. 2024:87 [ref. 41255], Yoshida et al. 2025:27 [ref. 42063], Golani & Fricke 2026:37 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Synodus dermatogenys Fowler 1912. Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Madagascar, Saint Brandon's Shoals, Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) and Lakshadweep (India) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Kagoshima Prefecture (southern Japan), south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia), Lord Howe Island (Australia), northern New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. IUCN (2016): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

dietrichi, Synodus Kotthaus [A.] 1967:72, Figs. 62-65 [Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie No. 1; ref. 2668] Off Somalia coast, 3°25'N, 47°14.8'E TO 3°23.8'N, 47°14'E, depth 38-37 meters. Holotype: ZMH 4904 [ex IOES 30a]. Paratypes: ZMH 4905-08 (?4). •Synonym of Synodus indicus (Day 1873) -- (Cressey 1981:21 [ref. 5574], Dor 1984:47 [ref. 29757]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus indicus (Day 1873). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

doaki, Synodus Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.] 1979:166, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Nursery Bay [35°30'S, 174°44'E], Port Knights Islands [off eastern Northland], New Zealand, depth 19 meters. Holotype: NMNZ 5676. Paratypes: AMS I.5338 (1), I.18351-001 (1), I.18773-001 (1); BPBM 14655 (1), 21057 (1); NMNZ 5677 (1), 5678 (1), 6168 (1); USNM 218793 (1). Type catalog: Hardy 1990:8 [ref. 18942]. •Valid as Synodus doaki Russell & Cressey 1979 -- (Cressey 1981:12 [ref. 5574], Waples & Randall 1989:191 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:237 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:109 [ref. 24556], Randall et al. 1990:50 [ref. 15987], Baranes & Golani 1993:303 [ref. 22372], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Randall et al. 1997:50 [ref. 25919], Russell 1999:1941 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:356 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:356 [ref. 26001], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Mundy 2005:200 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:110 [ref. 30952], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:61 [ref. 35264] with authorship as Cressey 1981, Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:109 [ref. 36167], Russell 2015:543 [ref. 34253], Furuhashi & Motomura 2025:12 [ref. 42144]). Current status: Valid as Synodus doaki Russell & Cressey 1979. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa east to Hawaiian Islands, north to southern Japan, south to eastern Australia, Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia), New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

dominicensis, Synodus Fowler [H. W.] 1912:564, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 63 (for 1911); ref. 14954] Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 15883. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:160 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Synodus poeyi Jordan 1887. Current status: Synonym of Synodus poeyi Jordan 1887. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

elegans, Saurus Gray [J. E.] in Günther 1864:398 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Not available, name listed in the synonymy of Saurus myops. Nomen Nudum. Synodontidae.

englemani, Synodus Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:41, Fig. 9 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Lagoon coral head, Kieschiechi Island, Rongelap Atoll, western Pacific, depth 20 feet. Holotype: USNM 140815. Paratypes: USNM 140816 (2), 152980-81 (1, 3), 202547 (1); UWCF (4). •Valid as Synodus englemani Schultz 1953 -- (Cressey 1981:14 [ref. 5574], Dor 1984:47 [ref. 29757], Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:272 [ref. 6289], Waples & Randall 1989:202 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:109 [ref. 24556], Winterbottom et al. 1989:13 [ref. 13251], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Fricke 1999:91 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:85 [ref. 37268], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:97 [ref. 26368], Chen 2002:65 [ref. 26587]). •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:273 [ref. 21953], Randall et al. 1990:51 [ref. 15987], Randall 1995:79 [ref. 22896], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Randall 2005:64 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997], Randall 2007:114 [ref. 30952], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:61 [ref. 35264], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36673], Golani & Fricke 2026:38 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

erythraeus, Saurus Klunzinger [C. B.] 1871:590 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 21; ref. 2622] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Syntypes: ZMB 8058 (1). •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Golani & Fricke 2026:38 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

evermanni, Synodus Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.] 1890:152 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific Coast of Colombia, depth 33 fathoms. Syntypes: USNM 41144 (1), 41219 (1), 41398 (1), 195912 [ex USNM 41144] (10). Holotype not established originally. •Valid as Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman 1890 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:72 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:54 [ref. 23101], Bussing & Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995:1627 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:298 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:171 [ref. 24555], Groce et al. 2001:153 [ref. 25754], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:40 [ref. 37547], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:253 [ref. 28944], Sato in Nakaya et at. 2009:134 [ref. 42561], Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Robertson et al. 2017:49 [ref. 35676], González-Murcia et al. 2019:292 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:61 [ref. 39279], Polanco F. & Acero P. 2021:131 [ref. 39983], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:142 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:221 [ref. 41622], Tavera et al. 2026:353 [ref. 43073]). Current status: Valid as Synodus evermanni Jordan & Bollman 1890. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

falcatus, Synodus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:191, Pls. 1f, 3c; Figs. 1, 4 [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Maro Reef, northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 25°24'N, 170°53'W, depth 88-95 meters. Holotype: BPBM 30960. Paratypes: ANSP 159462 (1); BPBM 15483 (1), 23899 (15), 23908 (5), 23923 (15), 23955 (8), 28942 (3); CAS 61346 (1); MCZ 28965 [ex USFC 03011] (1); USNM 280212 (1), 285271 (1), 55272 (3). Additional material: ANSP 93306 (1) BPBM 28938 (4); CAS 11311 (1). •Valid as Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall 1989 -- (Mundy 2005:201 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:111 [ref. 30952]). Current status: Valid as Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall 1989. Synodontidae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

fasciapelvicus, Synodus Randall [J. E.] 2009:404, Figs. 2-3 [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Tanjung Luar fish market, Lombok, Indonesia. Holotype: BPBM 29790. Paratypes: BPBM 22134 (1), USNM 392265 (1). •Valid as Synodus fasciapelvicus Randall 2009 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:136 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Synodus fasciapelvicus Randall 2009. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Lombok (Indonesia) east to Philippines. Habitat: marine.

fasciatus, Osmerus Risso [A.] 1810:326 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-0851 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin 1945:375 [ref. 21554], Bertin & Estève 1950:5-6 [ref. 19576]. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak 1990:367 [ref. 15106], Bariche & Fricke 2020:41 [ref. 37515]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

fasciatus, Synodus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:318, 321 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Nice, France; America (probably Bahamas). Syntypes: (2) whereabouts unknown (probably lost). Based on a Mediterranean specimen in the Museum Torino, and on the 'Synodus' of Gronow 1756:4, pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 20783]. •Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

ferox, Saurus Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:197, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] No locality. Genus misprinted Saurux once on p. 197. •Status uncertain, genus Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

foetens, Salmo Linnaeus [C.] 1766:513 [Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 2786] South Carolina, U.S.A., 32°47'34.80"N, 79°39'46.80"N, depth 10 meters. Neotype: USNM 405413. Original spelling fötens. Based on multiple sources, including the 'Whiting' in a manuscript description by A. Garden [South Carolina], and the 'Saurus ex cinereo nigricans' of Catesby 1743:2, Pl. 2, fig. 2 (v. 2) [ref. 774] [(South) Carolina]. Neotype designated by Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553]. •Valid as Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Uyeno & Aizawa in Uyeno et al. 1983:164 [ref. 14275], Smith 1986:399 [ref. 22186], Robins & Ray 1986:80 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1991:149 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:70 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:446 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:583 [ref. 16204], Murdy et al. 1997:79 [ref. 23144], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:610 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:149 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:151 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639], Figueiredo & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:49 [ref. 27192], Russell 2003:928 [ref. 27004], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], García-Hernández et al. 2009:91 [ref. 37265], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553], Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Pinheiro et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34324], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:8 [ref. 36103], Carneiro et al. 2019:108 [ref. 37250], Ribeiro et al. 2019:4 [ref. 36717], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:23 [ref. 37828], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:179 [ref. 38945], Robertson et al. 2022:87 [ref. 39353], Bagley et al. 2023:317 [ref. 41241], Barrientos et al. 2023:272 [ref. 41235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2023:75 [ref. 41056], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Marceniuk et al. 2023:95 [ref. 43302], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:221 [ref. 41622], Athayde et al. 2026: 8 [ref. 42850]). Current status: Valid as Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: New Jersey (U.S.A.) and Bermuda south to Puerto Rico and Saint Martin (West Indies), including Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean Sea; records from northern Brazil need verification. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fuscus, Synodus Tanaka [S.] 1917:38 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 7472 (lost). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:243 [ref. 39655]. A translation in English is in Jordan & Hubbs, Mem. Carnegie Mus., v.10 (no.2) p.154. •Valid as Synodus fuscus Tanaka 1917 -- (Cressey 1981:16 [ref. 5574], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Suzuki & Hosokawa 1997:2 [ref. 24370], Nakabo 2000:356 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Chen 2002:58 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:356 [ref. 26001], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:293 [ref. 42208], Sonoyama et al. 2020:25 [ref. 37637], Allen & Erdmann 2024:137 [ref. 40796], Kai & Gosho 2025:22 [ref. 42505]). Current status: Valid as Synodus fuscus Tanaka 1917. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: South China Sea and Sulawesi (Indonesia) north to Taiwan and southern Japan. IUCN (2020): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

gauguini, Trachinocephalus Polanco Fernandez [A.], Acero P. [A.] & Betancur-R. [R.] 2016:[4] 1306, Fig. 1 [Journal of Fish Biology v. 89 (no. 2); ref. 34512] Hiva Oa Island, Marquesas Islands, 9°41'S, 139°3'W, depth 95-305 meters. Holotype: MNHN 2000-4531. Paratypes: MNHN, USNM. Not available from online version, 29 June 2016; available from printed version, Aug. 2016. •Valid as Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco Fernandez, Acero P. & Betancur-R. 2016 -- (Wang et al. 2018:152 [ref. 36124], Fricke et al. 2019:65 [ref. 36673], Prokofiev 2019:414 [ref. 36808]). Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus gauguini Polanco Fernandez, Acero P. & Betancur-R. 2016. Synodontidae. Distribution: Pacific Ocean: New Ireland (Papua New Guinea); Marquesas Islands. Habitat: marine.

gibbsi, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:18, Figs. 12-13 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Tanzania, 6°51'S, 39°54'E, depth 100 meters. Holotype: USNM 218389. Paratypes: USNM 217736-37 (4, 34); ZSI F7280/2 (1). •Valid as Synodus gibbsi Cressey 1981 -- (Manilo 1992:21 [130] [ref. 39140], Ho et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34725], Russell 2022:217 [ref. 39701]). Current status: Valid as Synodus gibbsi Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Tanzania and Saya de Malha Bank. Habitat: marine.

griseus, Saurus Lowe [R. T.] 1838:188 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak 1990:368 [ref. 15106], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:43 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:22 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:24 [ref. 36649], Bariche & Fricke 2020:41 [ref. 37515]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

gronovianus, Gonorhynchus (Synodus) Swainson [W.] 1839:286 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Gro. Zoop. Pl. 7 (fig. 1) -- which is Gronovius 1763:Pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 1910]. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

gronovii, Synodus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Gronow) 1792:655 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] America (probably Bahamas). Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown (probably lost). Based on the 'Synodus' of Gronow 1756:4, pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 20783]. •Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (P. Parenti, pers. comm.). Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

hoshinonis, Synodus Tanaka [S.] 1917:38 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Hiro, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 7476. Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:244 [ref. 39655]. •Valid as Synodus hoshinonis Tanaka 1917 -- (Cressey 1981:19 [ref. 5574], Dor 1984:47 [ref. 29757], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:272 [ref. 6289], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:272 [ref. 21953], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:16 [ref. 26476], Nakabo 2000:356 [ref. 25086], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:55 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:356 [ref. 26001], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Larson et al. 2013:46 [ref. 32988], Motomura et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:69 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:294 [ref. 42208], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:23 [ref. 37828], Psomadakis et al. 2020:315 [ref. 37272], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:73 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:217 [ref. 39701], Choi et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40657], Abidin et al. 2024:6 [ref. 42079], Kai & Gosho 2025:22 [ref. 42505], Golani & Fricke 2026:37 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Synodus hoshinonis Tanaka 1917. Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa (south to Mozambique) and Madagascar east to Arafura Sea, north to southern Korea and southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. IUCN (2016): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

houlti, Synodus McCulloch [A. R.] 1921:165, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15318] Near the Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia, depth 25-30 fathoms. Holotype (unique): QM I.3543. •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Cressey 1981:6 [ref. 5574], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442]). •Valid as Synodus houlti McCulloch 1921 -- (Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:23 [ref. 37828]). Current status: Valid as Synodus houlti McCulloch 1921. Synodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

hypozona, Goodella Ogilby [J. D.] 1897:250 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 22 (pt 2); ref. 3273] Beach near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype: AMS ?I.3670. Paratypes: BMNH 1897.10.27.32 (1), QM I.859 (1) Maroubra, USNM 48826 (7). •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106], Hoese & Gates 2006:471 [ref. 28997]). •Synonym of Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

indicus, Saurus Day [F.] 1873:526 [The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology v. 11; ref. 17368] Madras, India [Indian Ocean]. Lectotype: ZSI F2337. Paralectotypes (2) and/or Day specimens: AMS B.7672 (1, non-type); RMNH 8817 (1), 2761 (1). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:102 [ref. 20743] as holotype, Whitehead & Talwar 1976:154 [ref. 23762], Ferraris et al. 2000:298 [ref. 25110]. Type designated by Norman 1935:114 [ref. 13913] but see Cressey 1981:23 [ref. 5574] for discussion about types. •Valid as Synodus indicus (Day 1873) -- (Cressey 1981:21 [ref. 5574], Dor 1984:47 [ref. 29757], Cressey 1986:272 [ref. 6289], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Budnichenko 1989:241 [ref. 13371], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Manilo 1992:21 [130] [ref. 39140], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:272 [ref. 21953], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Anderson et al. 1998:21 [ref. 23611], Russell 1999:1942 [ref. 24747], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:57 [ref. 26587], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:115 [ref. 28072], Hoese & Gates 2006:468 [ref. 28997], Larson et al. 2013:46 [ref. 32988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:170 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2018:70 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 9 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:315 [ref. 37272], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:73 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:217 [ref. 39701], Eagderi et al. 2026:30 [ref. 42824], Golani & Fricke 2026:37 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Synodus indicus (Day 1873). Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa and Seychelles east to Indonesia, north to Philippines, south to northern Western Australia. IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

intermedius, Saurus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:81, Pl. 44 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Off northeastern Brazil, 0°01'48.00"S, 44°49°47.99"W, depth 62-64 meters. Neotype: USNM 398292. Neotype designated by Frable et al 2013:132 [ref. 32553]. •Valid as Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829) -- (Uyeno & Aizawa in Uyeno et al. 1983:163 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:80 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1991:146 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:70 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:446 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:583 [ref. 16204] with author as Spix, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:611 [ref. 23897], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:149 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:83 [ref. 25466] with question, Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:151 [ref. 27754], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Figueiredo & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27192], Russell 2003:928 [ref. 27004], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Wirtz et al. 2007:25 [ref. 30263] with question, Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Frable et al. 2013:131 [ref. 32553] with author Agassiz, Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:27 [ref. 33341], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:64 [ref. 37485], Pinheiro et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34324], Reiner 2019:100 [ref. 38139], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:180 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Carvalho-Filho 2023:75 [ref. 40480], Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2023:76 [ref. 41056], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Marceniuk et al. 2023:95 [ref. 43302], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:117 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:222 [ref. 41622], Estape et al. 2025:66 [ref. 42467], Athayde et al. 2026: 8 [ref. 42850]). Current status: Valid as Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz 1829). Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

isolatus, Synodus Randall [J. E.] 2009:407, Figs.4-5 [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] West side of Motu Tautara, Easter Island, depth 10 meters. Holotype: BPBM 39162. Paratypes: AMS I.44590-001 (1); ASIZP 69356 (1); BMNH 2008.1.8.1 (1); BPBM 31052 (1), 39163 (1), 39232 (2); LACM 56782-1 (1); USNM 392613 (1). •Valid as Synodus isolatus Randall 2009. Current status: Valid as Synodus isolatus Randall 2009. Synodontidae. Distribution: Easter Island. Habitat: marine.

jaculum, Synodus Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.] 1979:169, Fig. 2 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Granite Bluff, Lizard Island (14°40'S, 145°27'E), Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 16 meters. Holotype: AMS I.19470-005. Paratypes: AMS I.17503-014 (2), I.17262-053 (1), I.18303-001 (1), I.18340-001 (1), I.18340-002 (2), I.19222-001 (4), I.19473-054 (2), I.19696-004 (1); USNM 217621 (2), 217640 (1), 217673 (1), 217748 (1), 217782 (1), 217794 (1). •Valid as Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey 1979 -- (Cressey 1981:23 [ref. 5574], Cressey 1986:272 [ref. 6289], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:13 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:50 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:42 [ref. 23929], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:272 [ref. 21953], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:36 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:50 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:64 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:93 [ref. 24106], Russell 1999:1942 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:355 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:40 [ref. 25480], Randall & Earle 2000:8 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:64 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:355 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:116 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:64 [ref. 28239], Hoese & Gates 2006:469 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:124 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:28 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:70 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36673], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:295 [ref. 42208], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:315 [ref. 37272], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:73 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:218 [ref. 39701], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Allen & Erdmann 2024:137 [ref. 40796], Koreeda et al. 2025:15 [ref. 42717], Myers et al. 2025:35 [ref. 42065]). Current status: Valid as Synodus jaculum Russell & Cressey 1979. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) and Line islands, north to Izu Islands (Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to New South Wales (Australia), Chesterfield Islands, Grande Terre and Loyalty Islands (New Caledonia). IUCN (2016): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

janus, Synodus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:195, Figs. 1, 5 [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 68883 [ex USFC 03830]. •Valid as Synodus janus Waples & Randall 1989 -- (Mundy 2005:201 [ref. 28379]). •Likely a synonym of Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall 1989 -- (Randall 2007:111 [ref. 30952]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus falcatus Waples & Randall 1989. Synodontidae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands (known only from holotype) [probably not valid]. Habitat: marine.

japonica, Cobitis Houttuyn [M.] 1782:337 [Verhandelingen der Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, Haarlem v. 20 (pt 2); ref. 2220] Japan. No types known. •Unidentifiable, in Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). •See Boeseman 1995:6 [ref. 21811]. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

jenkinsi, Synodus Jordan [D. S.] & Bollman [C. H.] 1890:153 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 12 (no. 770); ref. 2433] Off Pacific coast of Colombia. Syntypes: USNM 41171 (1), 41409 (1). •Valid as Synodus jenkinsi Jordan & Bollman 1890 -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:28 [ref. 39147], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:298 [ref. 24545]). •Synonym of Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Grove & Lavenberg 1997:202 [ref. 24023], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:161 [ref. 24550], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

kaianus, Saurus Günther [A.] 1880:50, Pl. 23 (fig. C) [Report on the shore fishes procured during the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876 v. 1 (pt 6); ref. 2011] Kai Islands, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, Challenger station 192, depth 129 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1879.5.14.594. •Valid as Synodus kaianus (Günther 1880) -- (Cressey 1981:25 [ref. 5574], Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Yamakawa in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:165, 344 [ref. 8057], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Waples & Randall 1989:197 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Russell 1999:1942 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:357 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Shinohara et al. 2001:300 [ref. 25995], Chen 2002:53 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:357 [ref. 26001], Shinohara et al. 2005:409 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:201 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:469 [ref. 28997], Randall 2007:111 [ref. 30952], Larson et al. 2013:47 [ref. 32988], Ho et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34725], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:295 [ref. 42208], Choi & Kim 2022:191 [ref. 39221], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:218 [ref. 39701], Choi et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40657]). Current status: Valid as Synodus kaianus (Günther 1880). Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Saya de Malha Bank; northern Western Australia; Indonesia east to Fiji and Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Korea and southern Japan, larvae reaching Jeju Island (Korea), south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

lacerta, Salmosaurus Minding [J.] 1832:121 [Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte der Fische; ref. 3022] Apparently not an original description but the same as Saurus lacerta Risso 1827. Locality given as in warm-water seas of America and Europe and the Red Sea. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae.

lacertinus, Synodus Gilbert [C. H.] 1890:55 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Acapulco, Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 44300. •Valid as Synodus lacertinus Gilbert 1890 -- (Pequeño 1989:34 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:72 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:54 [ref. 23101], Bussing & Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995:1627 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:296 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:200 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:171 [ref. 24555], Groce et al. 2001:153 [ref. 25754], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:40 [ref. 37547], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:253 [ref. 28944], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:189 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:442 [ref. 34668], Fourrière et al. 2016:Suppl. p. 5 [ref. 42488], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:61 [ref. 39279], Polanco F. & Acero P. 2021:137 [ref. 39983], Grove et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:222 [ref. 41622], Victor et al. 2024:76 [ref. 42021], Tavera et al. 2026:353 [ref. 43073]). Current status: Valid as Synodus lacertinus Gilbert 1890. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of northern Baja California (Mexico) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico), Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Malpelo Island (Colombia) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

lautus, Synodus Furuhashi [R.] & Motomura [H.] 2025:3, Figs. 2-6 [Ichthyological Research v. 73 (no. 1); ref. 42144] Off Omae-zaki cape, Shizuoka Prefecture, Enshu-nada, Japan, 34°26'39"N, 138°11'05"E, depth 200 meters. Holotype: KAUM-I 198945. Paratypes: (10) BSKU, FAKU, KAUM-I, KPM, WMNH. •Valid as Synodus lautus Furuhashi & Motomura 2025. Current status: Valid as Synodus lautus Furuhashi & Motomura 2025. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: southern Japan endemic. Habitat: marine.

lemniscatus, Osmerus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:230, 236, Pl. 6 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Martinique Island, West Indies. No types known. •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106] as lemnisatus, Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

limbatus, Saurus Eydoux [J. F. T.] & Souleyet [F. A.] 1850:199, Pl. 7 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 4501] No locality. •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106], Mundy 2005:203 [ref. 28379], Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

lobeli, Synodus Waples [R. S.] & Randall [J. E.] 1989:198, Pls. 2 (fig. a), 3 (fig. d); Fig. 1 [Pacific Science v. 42 (nos 3-4) [1988]; ref. 9187] Off Kailua, Kona coast of Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 32 meters. Holotype: BPBM 29293. Paratypes: AMS I.24995-001 (1); BMNH 1985.1.16.1 (1); BPBM 28869 (2), 30337 (9); CAS 56098 (1); MCZ 28962 [ex USFC 03010 and 03236] (2); MNHN 1985-0001 (1); NSMT-P 23888 (1); SIO 85-13 (1); USNM 268584 (1). •Valid as Synodus lobeli Waples & Randall 1989 -- (Senou et al. 1995:93 [ref. 22703], Randall 1998:6 [ref. 24086], Nakabo 2000:357 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:357 [ref. 26001], Mundy 2005:201 [ref. 28379], Chen et al. 2007:151 [ref. 29121] dated 1988, Randall 2007:112 [ref. 30952], Randall & Pyle 2008:657 [ref. 29852], Furuhashi & Motomura 2025:202 [ref. 42231]). Current status: Valid as Synodus lobeli Waples & Randall 1989. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western and central Pacific: Ogasawara Islands, Marshall Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Taiwan and the Philippines. Habitat: marine.

longirostris, Saurus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:80, Pl. 43 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Brazil (?Salvador, Bahia). Potential syntypes: MHNN 793 (2), ?MNHN B-0977 (1). Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:146 [ref. 21784]). •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

lucioceps, Saurus Ayres [W. O.] 1855:66 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 1) v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 159] San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Published Aug. 1855. •Valid as Synodus lucioceps (Ayres 1855) -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:91 [ref. 9277], Matarese et al. 1989:132 [ref. 26885], McAllister 1990:99 [ref. 14674], Bussing & Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995:1627 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:297 [ref. 24545], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:120 [ref. 25206], Groce et al. 2001:153 [ref. 25754], Richards & Engle 2001:181 [ref. 25759], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:40 [ref. 37547], Pietsch & Orr 2015:24 [ref. 34694], Kells et al. 2016:106 [ref. 35888], Burton & Lea 2019:44 [ref. 37205], Love et al. 2021:61 [ref. 39279], Polanco F. & Acero P. 2021:140 [ref. 39983], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:222 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Synodus lucioceps (Ayres 1855). Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: British Columbia (Canada) south to Pacific coast of Baja California (Mexico), including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

lucius, Saurus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:232, Pl. 106 (fig. 1) [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Shimabara, near Nagasaki, Japan. No types known. Based on a drawing and manuscript of Burger (Boeseman 1947:172 [ref. 12876]). •Status uncertain, in Synodus -- (Waples & Randall 1989:204 [ref. 9187]). Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

macrocephalus, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:27, Figs. 21, 26b [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Somalia, 11°24'N, 51°35'E, depth 75-175 meters. Holotype: USNM 217776. Paratypes: USNM 217739 (6). Plus non-type material: USNM 217616 (1). Preoccupied by Synodus macrocephalus Lacepède 1803 (a cyprinid). Usage of S. macrocephalus, rather than the replacement name Synodus cresseyi Prokofiev 2008, preserved under Art. 23.9.6 in Ho et al. 2010:63 [ref. 30761]. •Synonym of Synodus cresseyi Prokofiev 2008 -- (Endruweit 2025:125 [ref. 42401] as resseyi). •Valid as Synodus macrocephalus Cressey 1981 -- (Russell 1999:1943 [ref. 24747], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Ho et al. 2010:63 [ref. 30761], Fricke et al. 2011:358 [ref. 31242], Ho et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34725], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:218 [ref. 39701]). Current status: Valid as Synodus macrocephalus Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: Somalia and Saya de Malha Bank east to Andaman Sea; southwestern Pacific: Chesterfield Islands (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

macrops, Synodus Tanaka [S.] 1917:38 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 29 (no. 340); ref. 17353] Tokyo fish market, Tokyo, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 7473. Tanaka specimens: ZUMT 7474-75 (2), 7477 (1, missing), 7479-80 (2). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:244 [ref. 39655] as syntypes. •Valid as Synodus macrops Tanaka 1917 -- (Cressey 1981:29 [ref. 5574], Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Yamakawa in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:165, 345 [ref. 8057], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:238 [ref. 12442], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:151 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Russell 1999:1943 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:358 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Shinohara et al. 2001:300 [ref. 25995], Chen 2002:54 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:358 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:200 [ref. 26218], Shinohara et al. 2005:409 [ref. 28370], Hoese & Gates 2006:469 [ref. 28997], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:61 [ref. 35264], Larson et al. 2013:47 [ref. 32988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:170 [ref. 34104], Ho et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34725], Motomura et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35490], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:296 [ref. 42208], Kim et al. 2020:67 [ref. 39118], Psomadakis et al. 2020:316 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:25 [ref. 37637], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Choi et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40657], Eagderi et al. 2026:30 [ref. 42824]). Current status: Valid as Synodus macrops Tanaka 1917. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: East Africa and Gulf of Aden east to Philippines, north to southern Korea and Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

macrostigmus, Synodus Frable [B. W.], Luther [B. M.] & Baldwin [C. C.] in Frable, Baldwin, Luther & Weigt 2013:124, Figs. 2a, 3(A & B) [Fishery Bulletin v. 111 (2); ref. 32553] Off Pamana City, Florida, U.S.A., 29°16'59.95"N, 85°53'12.94"W, depth 71-73 meters. Holotype: UF 182810. Paratypes: UF 182811 (1), 182812 (5); USNM 358546 (1). Plus additional non-type specimens. •Valid as Synodus macrostigma Frable, Luther & Baldwin 2013 -- (Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505]). •Valid as Synodus macrostigmus Frable, Luther & Baldwin 2013 -- (Fricke et al. 2024:222 [ref. 41622], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2025:suppl. Tab. 1, p. 13 [ref. 42574]). Current status: Valid as Synodus macrostigmus Frable, Luther & Baldwin 2013. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: South Carolina south to Georgia and Florida (U.S.A.) and Gulf of Mexico (U.S.A., Mexico). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

marchenae, Synodus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:114, Fig. 25 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Marchena Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype: USNM 120171. Paratypes: USNM 89740 (5), 101669-70 (1, 2), 127828 (1). •Valid as Synodus marchenae Hildebrand 1946 -- (Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:171 [ref. 24555]). •Synonym of Synodus lacertinus Gilbert 1890 -- (Grove & Lavenberg 1997:202 [ref. 24023]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus lacertinus Gilbert 1890. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

marmoratus, Tirus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:56, Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:35 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak 1990:367 [ref. 15106] as maromoratus, Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

mascarensis, Synodus Prokofiev [A. M.] 2008:430, Figs. 2o, 5. [Zoologichesky Zhurnal v. 84 (no. 4); ref. 29560] Western Indian Ocean, 11°06'-11°05'S, 62°01'-62°04'E, depth 58-61 meters. Holotype: ZIN 54077. Paratypes: ZIN 54078 (1), IORAN 00266 (2). Type catalog: Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:78 [ref. 37828]. •Valid as Synodus mascarensis Prokofiev 2008 -- (Fricke et al. 2018:70 [ref. 35805], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Russell 2022:218 [ref. 39701]). Current status: Valid as Synodus mascarensis Prokofiev 2008. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar to Mascarene Ridge. Habitat: marine.

mediterranea, Laurida Swainson [W.] 1838:242, 246, Fig. 48 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Unneeded new name for Salmo saurus Linnaeus 1758 •Objective synonym of Salmo saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

melasma, Saurus Gruvel [A.] & Chabanaud [P.] (ex Dollfus) 1937:4 [Mémoires présentées à l'Institut d'Égypte N. S., v. 35; ref. 17405] Suez, Gulf of Suez, Egypt, Red Sea. Non-types: MNHN 1979-0688 (1). See Goren & Dor 1994: 12 [ref. 25356]. Current status: Uncertain as Synodus melasma (Gruvel & Chabanaud 1937). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

meleagrides, Saurus Valenciennes [A.] 1834:Pl. 11 (fig. 3) [Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale; ref. 20720] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Syntypes [incorrect]: MNHN 0000-3416 (3, poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:7 [ref. 19576]. Name available from plate, description in Valenciennes 1847:10 [ref. 5010]. Pl. 11 was published in 1834; no types. •Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:411 [ref. 13675], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

meleagris, Saurus Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:484 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Buenos Aires, Argentina. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

mexicanus, Saurus Cuvier [G.] 1829:314 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Gulf of Mexico. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553], Fricke et al. 2024:221 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

microps, Laurida Swainson [W.] 1838:246, Fig. 49 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] America. No types known. Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

mormoririk, Saurus Montrouzier [X.] 1857:482 [204] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] On p. 204 of reprint. Not available, manuscript name mentioned in passing in synonymy under Saurus synodus; from Woodlark I., South Pacific. Nomen Nudum. Synodontidae.

mundyi, Synodus Randall [J. E.] 2009:410, Fig. 7 [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Penguin Bank, Kaiwi Channel, Hawaiian Islands, depth 84 meters. Holotype: BPBM 28623. Paratypes: USNM 392810 (1). •Valid as Synodus mundyi Randall 2009. Current status: Valid as Synodus mundyi Randall 2009. Synodontidae. Distribution: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

myops, Salmo Forster [J. R.] in Bloch & Schneider 1801:421 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Saint Helena [southeastern Atlantic]. No types known. Non-types: ZMB 3774 (1) Carolina. Based on description in manuscript by Forster (Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798, German explorer and naturalist of Cook's second voyage); also represented by a painting, folio 232, at BMNH. •Valid as Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:35 [ref. 19754], Uyeno & Aizawa in Uyeno et al. 1983:161 [ref. 14275], Dor 1984:48 [ref. 29757], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:61 [ref. 6441], Yamakawa in Okamura & Kitajima 1984:167, 345 [ref. 8057], Cressey 1986:273 [ref. 6289], Robins & Ray 1986:81 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:630 [ref. 9166], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:190 [ref. 25518], Budnichenko 1989:241 [ref. 13371], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:108 [ref. 24556], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106], Randall et al. 1990:51 [ref. 15987], Cervigón 1991:151 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:71 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:447 [ref. 23827], Kuiter 1993:43 [ref. 23929], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:217 [ref. 24016], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:139 [ref. 25472], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:273 [ref. 21953], Randall 1995:80 [ref. 22896], Andreata & Séret 1996:583 [ref. 16204], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:152 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:124 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:17 [ref. 26476] with authors as Bloch & Schneider, Kuiter 1997:36 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:51 [ref. 25919], Anderson et al. 1998:22 [ref. 23611], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:614 [ref. 23897], Fricke 1999:95 [ref. 24106], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Russell 1999:1945 [ref. 24747], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:150 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:69 [ref. 25466], Johnson 1999:723 [ref. 25471], Nakabo 2000:354 [ref. 25086] with author as Schneider, Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122] with author as Bloch & Schneider, Sadovy & Cornish 2000:42 [ref. 25480], Randall & Earle 2000:8 [ref. 25806], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:97 [ref. 26368], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:151 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Shimizu 2001:22 [ref. 25799], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Chen 2002:68 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:354 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:200, 535 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Figueiredo & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27192], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Russell 2003:929 [ref. 27004], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:20 [ref. 27510], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:23 [ref. 27712] as Trachynocephalus, Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715] with authors as Bloch & Schneider, Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Randall 2005:65 [ref. 28239], Shinohara et al. 2005:409 [ref. 28370], Mundy 2005:203 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:471 [ref. 28997], Wirtz et al. 2007:26 [ref. 30263], Randall 2007:114 [ref. 30952], Russell 2008:261 [ref. 30632], Fricke et al. 2009:25 [ref. 30213], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:125 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:89 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32972], Kottelat 2013:270 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:48 [ref. 34464], Yoshida et al. 2013:48 [ref. 34464], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:414 [ref. 33460], Fricke et al. 2014:28 [ref. 33932], Wirtz et al. 2014:4 [ref. 33516], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:109 [ref. 36167], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:66 [ref. 37485], Pinheiro et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34324], Psomadakis et al. 2015:171 [ref. 34104], Russell 2015:546 [ref. 34253], Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512], Russell 2016:1828 [ref. 34572], Marceniuk et al. 2017:38 [ref. 35324], Motomura et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:71 [ref. 35805], Brown et al. 2019:159 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:109 [ref. 37250], Prokofiev 2019:414 [ref. 36808], Reiner 2019:101 [ref. 38139], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:25 [ref. 37828], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 9 [ref. 38321], Kim et al. 2020:67 [ref. 39118], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:183 [ref. 38945], Fermon et al. 2022:183 [ref. 39448], Robertson et al. 2022:87 [ref. 39353], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Marceniuk et al. 2023:99 [ref. 43302], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:224 [ref. 41622], Estape et al. 2025:66 [ref. 42467], Hulevata et al. 2025:[3] [ref. 42558], Marceniuk et al. 2025:14 [ref. 42083]). Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801). Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Gabon, including Azores and São Tomé and Principe; southern central Atlantic: Saint Helena and Ascension islands. IUCN (2020): Least Concern. Previously considered as circumglobal, distribution recently restricted [ref. 34512]. Habitat: marine.

nebulosus, Dentex Solander [D. C.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850:506 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 22; ref. 1014] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in passing under the description of Saurus nebulosa; species attributed to Valenciennes 1850. Nomen Nudum. Synodontidae.

nicholsi, Synodus Breder [C. M., Jr.] 1927:13, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection Yale University v. 1 (art. 1); ref. 635] Royal Island, Eleuthera, Bahamas. Holotype (unique): YPM 56. Type catalog: Moore & Boardman 1991:26 [ref. 16741]. •Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:411 [ref. 13675], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

nigrotaeniatus, Synodus Allen [G. R.], Erdmann [M. V.] & Peristiwady [T.] 2017:61, Figs. 1-3 [Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation v. 26; ref. 35278] Lembeh Strait, Aw Shucks dive site, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, 01°30.013'N, 125°14.573'E, depth 12 meters. Holotype: LBRC F-3773. Paratypes: LBRC, WAM. •Valid as Synodus nigrotaeniatus Allen, Erdmann & Peristiwady 2017 -- (Allen & Erdmann 2024:137 [ref. 40796], Wibowo et al. 2024:602 [ref. 41092]). Current status: Valid as Synodus nigrotaeniatus Allen, Erdmann & Peristiwady 2017. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Java east to Sulawesi (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

occidentalis, Saurida Poey [F.] 2000:738, Pl. 415 (fig. 4) [Ictiologia Cubana. Posthumous transcription of original unpublished manuscript (1884) by M. Sánchez Roig and F. Gómez de la Maza v. 1-3; ref. 26366] Not available; not explicitly proposed as new [see Art. 16.1 of the Code]. Posthumous publication. Synodontidae.

oculeus, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:30, Figs. 24-25, 26a [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea, 16°04' to 16°03'30"N, 114°42'30" to 114°39'E, depth 76.8-82.3 meters. Holotype: USNM 217612. Paratypes: USNM 217510 (1), 217611 (1), 217613 (2), 217738 (3), 222194 (1). •Valid as Synodus oculeus Cressey 1981 -- (Senou et al. 1995:94 [ref. 22703], Russell 1999:1943 [ref. 24747], Nakabo 2000:358 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:358 [ref. 26001], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Hoese & Gates 2006:469 [ref. 28997], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Larson et al. 2013:47 [ref. 32988], Ho et al. 2016:139 [ref. 34725], Motomura et al. 2017:50 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:70 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36673], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:219 [ref. 39701]). Current status: Valid as Synodus oculeus Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Somalia, Madagascar and Mascarene Plateau east to Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to eastern Australia, Chesterfield Islands and Grande Terre (New Caledonia). Habitat: marine.

orientalis, Synodus Randall [J. E.] & Pyle [R. L.] 2008:659, Figs. 4-5 [Zoological Studies v. 47 (no. 5); ref. 29852] Off Hobihu, southwestern Taiwan, depth 80 meters. Holotype: ASIZP 64387. Paratypes: KPM-NI 00079 [ex YCM-P 27845] (1) Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:35 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Synodus orientalis Randall & Pyle 2008 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:35 [ref. 31432]). Current status: Valid as Synodus orientalis Randall & Pyle 2008. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Taiwan and Japan. Habitat: marine.

pacificus, Synodus Ho [H.-C.], Chen [J.-P.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2016:135, Figs. 1A-C, 2A, 3A, C, E, G, I [Zootaxa 4162 (no. 1); ref. 34725] Off Ke-tsu-liao, Kaohsiung, southwestern Taiwan, Taiwan Strait, depth about 100 meters. Holotype: NMMB-P 22438. Paratypes: ASIZP, BSKU, MNHN, NMMB. •Valid as Synodus pacificus Ho, Chen & Shao 2016 -- (Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:297 [ref. 42208]). Current status: Valid as Synodus pacificus Ho, Chen & Shao 2016. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Taiwan, Philippines and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

poeyi, Synodus Jordan [D. S.] 1887:526 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 9 (no. 593); ref. 2387] Havana, Cuba. Syntypes: MNHN 1887-0383 (1) Havana. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:7 [ref. 19576], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195]. Based on Synodus intermedius of Poey 1875:143 [ref. 3509] and of Meek 1884:133 [ref. 10929] (not of Spix). •Valid as Synodus poeyi Jordan 1887 -- (Uyeno & Aizawa in Uyeno et al. 1983:162 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:80 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1991:150 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:71 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:447 [ref. 23827], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:612 [ref. 23897], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639], Russell 2003:929 [ref. 27004], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:65 [ref. 37485], Faloh-Gandarilla et al. 2016:28 [ref. 35195], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:181 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622]). Current status: Valid as Synodus poeyi Jordan 1887. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Bahia (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

pylei, Synodus Randall [J. E.] 2009:413, Fig. 8 [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Off Suva Harbor, Viti Levu, Fiji, 18°09'51.18"S, 178°24'01.2"E, depth 90 meters. Holotype: BPBM 39913. Paratypes: USNM 391166 (1). •Valid as Synodus pylei Randall 2009. Current status: Valid as Synodus pylei Randall 2009. Synodontidae. Distribution: Fiji. Habitat: marine.

randalli, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:33, Fig. 27 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Off Port Sudan, Sudan, Red Sea, depth 80 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BPBM 24807. •Valid as Synodus randalli Cressey 1981 -- (Dor 1984:47 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Randall 2009:402 [ref. 30454], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:61 [ref. 35264], DiBattista et al. 2015:19 [ref. 35706], Fricke et al. 2018:70 [ref. 35805], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[4] 242 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Psomadakis et al. 2020:316 [ref. 37272] as cf. randalli, Russell 2022:219 [ref. 39701], Turan & Doğdu in Langeneck et al. 2023:624 [ref. 40699], Christidis & Kosoglou in Christidis et al. 2024:463 [ref. 41373], Ergüden et al. 2024:121 [ref. 41265], Fitori & El-Fituri 2025:2 [ref. 42271], Furuhashi & Motomura 2025:202 [ref. 42231], Golani 2025:150 [ref. 42002], Paschali & Georgiades in Bariche et al. 2025:953 [ref. 42641], Golani & Fricke 2026:37 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Synodus randalli Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: South Africa, Comoros and Madagascar; eastern and central Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

reticulatus, Esox Rafinesque [C. S.] 1814:18 [Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de Mr. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz; ref. 3582] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2019:111 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

risso, Alpismaris Risso [A.] 1827:458 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Perhaps the same as Stolephorus risso Risso 1810 and not a new description. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:410 [ref. 13675], Sulak 1990:368 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

risso, Stolephorus Risso [A.] 1810:342, Pl. 10 (fig. 36) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak 1990:367 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

ruber, Coregonus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:244, 263, Pl. 4 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] American coasts and near the tropics [Martinique Island, West Indies]. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

rubromarmoratus, Synodus Russell [B. C.] & Cressey [R. F.] 1979:172, Fig. 3 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 92 (no. 1); ref. 8790] Mrs. Watson's Bay, Lizard Island [14°40'S, 145°27'E], Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, depth 15 meters. Holotype: AMS I.19450-027. Paratypes: AMS I.19450-024 (10), USNM 218792 (2). •Valid as Synodus rubromarmoratus Russell & Cressey 1979 -- (Cressey 1981:34 [ref. 5574], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Randall et al. 1990:51 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1997:38 [ref. 25488] as rubromarginatus, Randall et al. 1997:51 [ref. 25919], Anderson et al. 1998:21 [ref. 23611], Randall 1998:6 [ref. 24086], Myers 1999:64 [ref. 23965], Russell 1999:1944 [ref. 24747], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:40 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:61 [ref. 26587], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:64 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:469 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:112 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:124 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36673], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:219 [ref. 39701], Allen & Erdmann 2024:138 [ref. 40796], Furuhashi & Motomura 2025:201 [ref. 42231]). Current status: Valid as Synodus rubromarmoratus Russell & Cressey 1979. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: east coast of Australia. Habitat: marine.

rubrotaeniata, Saurida Liénard [F.] in Sauvage 1891:482 [Histoire physique, naturelle et politique de Madagascar; ref. 14503] [Ile Maurice] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Based on 'Saurus à galon rouge' of Liénard 1839:41 [ref. 17536] and Liénard 1840:297 [ref. 30337]; description quoted from Liénard. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:95 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Fricke 1999:94 [ref. 24106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

sageneus, Synodus Waite [E. R.] 1905:58, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Records of the Australian Museum v. 6 (no. 2); ref. 4562] Between Fremantle and Houtman Abrolhos, Western Australia. Holotype (unique): WAM P.13254-001 [not P.25509-001]. Type catalog: Hutchins & Smith 1991:8 [ref. 19335], Moore et al. 2008:6 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Synodus sageneus Waite 1905 -- (Cressey 1981:36 [ref. 5574], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Larson & Williams 1997:348 [ref. 23967], Russell 1999:1944 [ref. 24747], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997], Larson et al. 2013:47 [ref. 32988], Allen et al. 2017:65 [ref. 35278], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:219 [ref. 39701], Allen & Erdmann 2024:138 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Synodus sageneus Waite 1905. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Indonesia, western Pacific: Sri Lanka; West Papua (Indonesia); northern Western Australia and Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

salmoneus, Esox Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:442 [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. No types known. •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Smith 1986:399 [ref. 22186], Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

sanguineus, Synodus Randall [J. E.] 2009:415, Fig. 9 [Zoological Studies v. 48 (no.3); ref. 30454] Manado Bay, Sulawesi, Indonesia, depth about 100 meters. Holotype (unique): BPBM 16683. •Valid as Synodus sanguineus Randall 2009 -- (Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:298 [ref. 42208]). Current status: Valid as Synodus sanguineus Randall 2009. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: eastern Indonesia, Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

saurus, Salmo Linnaeus [C.] 1758:310 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Europe; Greece, Rome (Italy), Red Sea (erroneous). No types known. Based on the "Osmerus radiis pinnae anae undecim" of Artedi 1738:10 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:22 [ref. 30349], which were based on the "Lacertus peregrinus vel rubri maris" of Gesner 1558:468 [ref. 30350] and Gesner 1598:45 [ref. 37990], and the "Saurus" of Salviani 1558:242b, 243a, Pl. 239 [ref. 30229], Aldrovandi 1638: 276, Pl. 277 (left figure) [ref. 37991] and Jonston 1649: Pl. 21 (fig. 12) [30579], the "Saurus Salviani, tarantula romae" of Willughby 1686: app, p. 29 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:66 [ref. 30231]. Composite species, in need of a neotype designation. •Valid as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:410 [ref. 13675], Sulak 1990:367 [ref. 15106], Cervigón 1992:447 [ref. 23827], Santos et al. 1997:41 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:41 [ref. 24952], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:149 [ref. 25013], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:43 [ref. 26753], Russell 2003:929 [ref. 27004], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Golani 2005:22 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:58 [ref. 29533], Fricke 2008:19 [ref. 30182], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:36 [ref. 30983], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:24 [ref. 36649], Frable et al. 2013:141 [ref. 32553], Page et al. 2013:88 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:28 [ref. 33341], Russell 2016:1827 [ref. 34572], Artüz & Fricke 2019:553 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:108 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:93 [ref. 36864], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Bariche & Fricke 2020:41 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:15 [ref. 37519], Golani 2021:24 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:183 [ref. 39448], Borg et al. 2023:13 [ref. 42080], Alkhalili et al. 2025:7964 [ref. 42636]). Current status: Valid as Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bahamas and Lesser Antilles; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Senegal and Gabon, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde Islands; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara. IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

scituliceps, Synodus Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:344 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico.; Panama (Pacific). Syntypes: USNM 28392 (1, not found in 1980) Mazatlan, USNM 29449 (1, not found in 1980) Panama. •Valid as Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Pequeño 1989:34 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:72 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:54 [ref. 23101], Bussing & Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995:1628 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:298 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:202 [ref. 24023], De la Cruz-Agüero & Cota-Gómez 1998:356 [ref. 23520], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:168 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:161 [ref. 24550], Groce et al. 2001:153 [ref. 25754], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:40 [ref. 37547], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:253 [ref. 28944], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:189 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:89 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:89 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:292 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:61 [ref. 39279], Polanco F. & Acero P. 2021:142 [ref. 39983], Grove et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:143 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622], Victor et al. 2024:76 [ref. 42021], Tavera et al. 2026:353 [ref. 43073]). Current status: Valid as Synodus scituliceps Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Chile, including Guadalupe Island (Mexico), Gulf of California (Mexico), and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

sechurae, Synodus Hildebrand [S. F.] 1946:111, Fig. 24 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 189; ref. 2161] Sechura Bay, Peru, 5°32'S, 81°07'W. Holotype: USNM 127829. Paratypes: USNM 41409 (1), 54506 (1), 79622 (2), 79624 (1). •Valid as Synodus sechurae Hildebrand 1946 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:73 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:54 [ref. 23101], Bussing & Lavenberg in Fischer et al. 1995:1628 [ref. 22830], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:298 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:171 [ref. 24555], Groce et al. 2001:153 [ref. 25754], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:41 [ref. 37547], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:254 [ref. 28944], Page et al. 2013:89 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34871], Love et al. 2021:62 [ref. 39279], Polanco F. & Acero P. 2021:144 [ref. 39983], Grove et al. 2022:17 [ref. 41326], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40981], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622], Victor et al. 2024:76 [ref. 42021], Tavera et al. 2026:353 [ref. 43073]). Current status: Valid as Synodus sechurae Hildebrand 1946. Synodontidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

similis, Synodus McCulloch [A. R.] 1921:167, Pl. 8 (fig. 2) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15318] Near the Capricorn Group, Queensland coast, Australia, depth 25-30 fathoms. Holotype (unique): QM I.3542. •Valid as Synodus similis McCulloch 1921 -- (Cressey 1981:38 [ref. 5574], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Paulin et al. 1989:108 [ref. 24556], Kuiter 1993:42 [ref. 23929], Kuiter 1997:38 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:496 [ref. 25919], Russell 1999:1944 [ref. 24747], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:127 [ref. 25191], Randall 2005:64 [ref. 28239], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:109 [ref. 36167], Russell 2015:544 [ref. 34253]). Current status: Valid as Synodus similis McCulloch 1921. Synodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: eastern Australia and New Caledonia south to northern New Zealand, Kermadec Islands and Rapa Island. Habitat: marine.

simulans, Synodus Garman [S.] 1899:251, Pl. L' (fig. 3) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] Off Cocos Islands, eastern Pacific, surface. Syntypes: MCZ 28513 (2), USNM 153607 [ex MCZ 28513] (1). Current status: Uncertain. Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

spixianus, Saurus Poey [F.] 1860:304 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype (unique): MCZ 6884. Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:176 [ref. 22926]. •Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766) -- (Frable et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32553]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus foetens (Linnaeus 1766). Synodontidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

synodus, Esox Linnaeus [C.] (ex Gronow) 1758:313 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America (probably Bahamas). Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown (probably lost). Based on the 'Synodus' of Gronow 1756:4, pl. 7 (fig. 1) [ref. 20783]. •Valid as Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:411 [ref. 13675], Robins & Ray 1986:80 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:629 [ref. 9166], Scott & Scott 1988:190 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:99 [ref. 14674], Sulak 1990:369 [ref. 15106], Cervigón 1991:148 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:71 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:447 [ref. 23827], Arruda 1997:42 [ref. 24952], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:613 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:150 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:70 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:151 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1643 [ref. 25634], Collette et al. 2003:99 [ref. 26784], Figueiredo & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:50 [ref. 27192], Russell 2003:929 [ref. 27004], Smith et al. 2003:11 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:88 [ref. 27807], Wirtz et al. 2007:26 [ref. 30263], Carvalho-Filho et al. 2010:33 [ref. 30983], Frable et al. 2003:141 [ref. 32553], Page et al. 2013:89 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:28 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:8 [ref. 34324], Russell 2016:1828 [ref. 34572], Nión et al. 2016:37 [ref. 35565], Spier et al. 2018:8 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Alves 2019:273 [ref. 37509], Brown et al. 2019:159 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:108 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:100 [ref. 38139], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Caires in Marceniuk et al. 2021:182 [ref. 38945], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:74 [ref. 38844], Kovačić et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39014], Carvalho-Filho 2023:76 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Marceniuk et al. 2023:97 [ref. 43302], Page et al. 2023:92 [ref. 40505], Fricke et al. 2024:223 [ref. 41622], Deidun et al. 2025:219 [ref. 42368], Deidun et al. 2025:405 [ref. 42626], Estape et al. 2025:66 [ref. 42467], Athayde et al. 2026: 8 [ref. 42850], Borg et al. 2026:5 [ref. 43167], Di Franco et al. 2026:2 [ref. 42735], Farhat et al. 2026:2 [ref. 42835], Othman & Galiya in Zenetos et al. 2026:153 [ref. 42930]). Current status: Valid as Synodus synodus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to northern Angola, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe; southern central Atlantic: Ascension and Saint Helena islands. IUCN (2017): Least Concern. Western Atlantic populations (Bahamas south to Uruguay) are genetically different from eastern Atlantic populations [ref. 34572]; if they represent a distinct species, either Synodus fasciatus Lacepède 1803 (if restricted to the syntype from Nice, France), or Synodus atlanticus Johnson 1863, would be available names. This complex is in need of revision. Habitat: marine.

taiwanensis, Synodus Chen [J.-P.], Ho [H.-C.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2007:149, Figs. 1-2 [Zoological Studies v. 46 (no. 2); ref. 29121] Off Hobihu, southwestern Taiwan, depth about 80 meters. Holotype: ASIZP 0064389. Paratypes: ASIZP 0064390 (1), NMMBP 7890 (1). Type catalog: Ho & Shao 2011:35 [ref. 31432]. •Valid as Synodus taiwanensis Chen, Ho & Shao 2007 -- (Ho & Shao 2011:35 [ref. 31432]). Current status: Valid as Synodus taiwanensis Chen, Ho & Shao 2007. Synodontidae. Distribution: Southwestern Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

tectus, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:39 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Visayan Sea, Philippines, depth 41 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 218935. Paratypes: AMS I.20218-001 (5), I.20751-014 (6), I.20752-018 (1); USNM 136223 (1), 217762-63 (2, 1), 217766-67 (1, 1), 217770 (2), 217774 (1), 218936 (1), 218952 (6). •Valid as Synodus tectus Cressey 1981 -- (Cressey 1981:39 [ref. 5574], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Russell 1999:1945 [ref. 24747], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:153 [ref. 29121], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Larson et al. 2013:47 [ref. 32988], Yoshida et al. 2013:48 [ref. 34464], Motomura et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35490], Matsunuma in Kimura et al. 2018:56 [ref. 36460], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223]). Current status: Valid as Synodus tectus Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: from northern Australia to Taiwan and Philippines. Habitat: marine.

trachinus, Saurus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:231, Pl. 106 (fig. 2) [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Nagasaki, Japan. Lectotype: RMNH 3228. Paralectotypes: RMNH D1814 (1, stuffed), D1929 (1, stuffed), 3227 (2). Lectotype selected by Boeseman 1947:171 [ref. 12876]. •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106]). •Valid as Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512], Motomura et al. 2017:51 [ref. 35490], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Matsunuma in Kimura et al. 2018:57 [ref. 36460], Wang et al. 2018:152 [ref. 36124], Arndt & Fricke 2019:31 [ref. 36883], Eagderi et al. 2019:21 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:65 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:154 [ref. 36626], Prokofiev 2019:414 [ref. 36808], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:300 [ref. 42208], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:317 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:25 [ref. 37637], Furuhashi in Motomura et al. 2021:13 [ref. 38121], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:221 [ref. 39701], Choi et al. 2023:[3] [ref. 40657], Susanthi et al. 2023:261 [ref. 40564], Allen & Erdmann 2024:139 [ref. 40796], Endruweit 2024:70 [ref. 41040], Motomura & Sato 2025:2 [ref. 42055], Myers et al. 2025:35 [ref. 42065], Eagderi et al. 2026:30 [ref. 42824], Golani & Fricke 2026:38 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Trachinocephalus trachinus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa and Socotra (Yemen) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Korea and Kyushu (Japan), south to Rottnest Island (Western Australia). IUCN (2020): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

trivirgatus, Saurus Valenciennes [A.] 1839:[72], Pl. 15 (fig. 1) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-8608 (dry). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:6 [ref. 19576]. Dates to Pl. 15 in Nov. 1839, p. 72 published in 1843. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Nielsen 1973:161 [ref. 6885], Sulak 1990:368 [ref. 15106]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

truncatus, Saurus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.] 1829:82, Pl. 45 [Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam; ref. 13] Brazil. Syntypes: (2) MHNN 795 (1). Type catalog: Kottelat 1984:146 [ref. 21784]). •Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801) -- (Sulak 1990:370 [ref. 15106], Polanco Fernandez et al. 2016:[8] [ref. 34512]). Current status: Synonym of Trachinocephalus myops (Forster 1801). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

ulae, Synodus Schultz [L. P.] in Schultz et al. 1953:38 [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 202, v. 1; ref. 3975] Honolulu market, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 52671 [ex USFC 3174]. Paratypes: FMNH 62591 [ex USNM] (1); USNM 55272 (3), 55376 (orig. 4, now 3), 55437 (2), 58525 (1), 59778 (1), 59805 (1), 1143700-01 (1, 1). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:82 [ref. 12367]. •Valid as Synodus ulae Schultz 1953 -- (Cressey 1981:40 [ref. 5574], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:60 [ref. 6441], Waples & Randall 1989:199 [ref. 9187], Nakabo 2000:355 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:97 [ref. 26368], Chen 2002:67 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:355 [ref. 26001], Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:113 [ref. 30952], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Dewa et al. 2022:15 [ref. 40001], Murase et al. 2023:38 [ref. 40935], Hatanaka et al. 2025:11 [ref. 42902], Kai & Gosho 2025:22 [ref. 42505]). Current status: Valid as Synodus ulae Schultz 1953. Synodontidae. Distribution: Northwestern and northern-central Pacific: Ryukyu Islands (Japan), southern Japan, Ogasawara Islands (Japan); Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.). IUCN (2016): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

usitatus, Synodus Cressey [R. F.] 1981:42, Fig. 35 [Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 342; ref. 5574] Off Haleiwa, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands, depth 100 meters (55 fathoms). Holotype: BPBM 15484. Paratypes: BPBM 26544 (1), FAKU 5780 (1, not present in 1997), USNM 225068 (1). •Valid as Synodus usitatus Cressey 1981 -- (Waples & Randall 1989:201 [ref. 9187], Nakabo 2000:357 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:357 [ref. 26001], Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:113 [ref. 30952], Ho et al. 2010:63 [ref. 30761], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:220 [ref. 39701], Furuhashi & Motomura 2025:8 [ref. 42144]). Current status: Valid as Synodus usitatus Cressey 1981. Synodontidae. Distribution: Central Pacific: Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), endemic. Habitat: marine.

variegatus, Salmo Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1803:157, 224, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2165 (dry). Named varius on p. 224, variegatus on p. 157. First reviser not researched. Neotype (BPBM 21092) designated by Cressey 1981:9 [ref. 5574]; holotype MNHN B-2165 found after neotype designation, but neotype designation not accepted (Art. 75.8 of the Code) -- see Waples & Randall 1988:203 [ref. 9187]. Based on description and illustration in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). •Valid as Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:34 [ref. 19756], Cressey 1981:6 [ref. 5574], Kyushin et al. 1982:34 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:48 [ref. 29757], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:60 [ref. 6441], Cressey 1986:273 [ref. 6289], Allen & Swainston 1988:36 [ref. 25477], Budnichenko 1989:241 [ref. 13371], Waples & Randall 1989:202 [ref. 9187], Paxton et al. 1989:239 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:13 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:51 [ref. 15987], Francis & Randall 1993:128 [ref. 20996], Kuiter 1993:41 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Goren & Dor 1994:12 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:273 [ref. 21953], Randall 1995:79 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:152 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:60 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:124 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:36 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:51 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:65 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:94 [ref. 24106], Russell 1999:1945 [ref. 24747], Randall 1999:7 [ref. 25829], Nakabo 2000:355 [ref. 25086], Russell in Randall & Lim 2000:592 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:127 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:40 [ref. 25480], Randall & Earle 2000:8 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Chen 2002:62 [ref. 26587], Nakabo 2002:355 [ref. 26001], Choi et al. 2003:200, 534 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:20 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:118 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3317 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:116 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:64 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:470 [ref. 28997], Chen et al. 2007:149 [ref. 29121], Randall 2007:114 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:25 [ref. 30213], Kimura 2009:37 [ref. 30426], Motomura et al. 2010:76 [ref. 31256], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:61 [ref. 35264], Caratini & Soriano 2011:90 [ref. 39915], Fricke et al. 2011:359 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:125 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:28 [ref. 33932], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:109 [ref. 36167], Russell 2015:545 [ref. 34253], Koeda et al. 2016:11 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:71 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:35 [ref. 36273], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:57 [ref. 36460], Arndt & Fricke 2019:30 [ref. 36883], Dalleau-Coudert et al. 2019:120 [ref. 40104], Eagderi et al. 2019:20 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36673], Russell in Koeda & Ho 2019:299 [ref. 42208], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:24 [ref. 37828], Psomadakis et al. 2020:316 [ref. 37272], Furuhashi in Motomura et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38121], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:75 [ref. 41223], Russell 2022:220 [ref. 39701], Allen & Erdmann 2024:138 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:87 [ref. 41255], Motomura & Sato 2025:2 [ref. 42055], Golani & Fricke 2026:38 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803). Synodontidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Aliwal Shoal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to Kyushu (Japan), south to northern Western Australia, Queensland (Australia), Lord Howe Island (Australia), New Caledonia, Kermadec Islands and Rapa (French Polynesia), straying to New Zealand. IUCN (2016): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

varius, Salmo Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:157, 224, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-2165 (dry). See Salmo variegatus Lacepède 1803. •Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Mundy 2005:202 [ref. 28379]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus variegatus (Lacepède 1803). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.

vityazi, Synodus Ho [H.-C.], Prokofiev [A. M.] & Shao [K.-T.] 2010:64, Figs. 2-3 [Zootaxa No. 2419; ref. 30761] Southwest of Socotra, 12°04'-12°10'N, 53°14'-53°09'E, Western Indian Ocean, depth 30-40 meters. Holotype: USNM 307924. Paratypes: USNM 396992 (6), IOARS 2617 (2). •Valid as Synodus vityazi Ho, Prokofiev & Shao 2010 -- (Russell 2022:220 [ref. 39701]). Current status: Valid as Synodus vityazi Ho, Prokofiev & Shao 2010. Synodontidae. Distribution: Northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen). Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Saurus Cloquet [H.] 1827:454 (v. 47) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] Antilles, Arabian Coast and Mediterranean Sea. Unneeded new name for Salmo saurus Linaneus 1758. •Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Sulak in Whitehead et al. 1984:410 [ref. 13675]). Current status: Synonym of Synodus saurus (Linnaeus 1758). Synodontidae. Habitat: marine.