areolata, Perca Forsskål [P. S.] in Niebuhr 1775:xi, 42 [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Possible holotype: ZMUC P43570 (dry skin). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:61 [ref. 9588] not definitely referred ZMUC P43570 as holotype due to confusion of some labels in Forsskål's collection. As Perca summana var. areolata on p. xi, and as "[PERCA summana] (c) Perca areolata" on p. 42. Authorship according to Fricke 2008:28 [ref. 30182]. Possible type figured in Klausewitz & Nielsen 1965: Pl. 10 [ref. 20847]. •Valid as Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål 1775) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:208 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:175 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:98 [ref. 29757], Katayama in Masuda et al. 1984:128 [ref. 6441], Heemstra & Randall 1986:523 [ref. 5667], Allen & Swainston 1988:56 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:493 [ref. 12442], Lee 1990:36 [ref. 19830], Randall et al. 1990:105 [ref. 15987], Randall & Heemstra 1991:99 [ref. 19601], Baranes & Golani 1993:306 [ref. 22372], Heemstra & Randall 1993:112 [ref. 21042], Goren & Dor 1994:25 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:128 [ref. 22896], Evseenko 1996:727 [ref. 24666], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:233 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:84 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:143 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:45 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:110 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:105 [ref. 25919], Heemstra & Randall 1999:2487 [ref. 24815], Nakabo 2000:715 [ref. 25086], Randall in Randall & Lim 2000:609 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:181 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:80 [ref. 25480], Allen 2000:98 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:30 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:715 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:31 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S104 [ref. 27377], Kimura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:51 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:11 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:119 [ref. 27715], Randall 2005:154 [ref. 28239], Hoese et al. 2006:1008 [ref. 28999], Fricke 2008:28 [ref. 30182], Satapoomin in Motomura & Satapoomin 2009:86 [ref. 30492], Motomura et al. 2010:96 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:384 [ref. 31242], Craig et al. 2011:85 [ref. 31786], Allen & Erdmann 2012:267 [ref. 31980], Almukhtar et al. 2012:174 [ref. 41009], Randall et al. 2013:524 [ref. 32685], Fricke et al. 2013:256 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:99 [ref. 32988], Yoshida et al. 2013:99 [ref. 34464], Psomadakis et al. 2015:196 [ref. 34104], Rothman et al. 2016:479 [ref. 34171], Motomura et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:318 [ref. 36183], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[20] 258 [ref. 36492], Fricke et al. 2018:147 [ref. 35805], Jawad et al. 2018:103 [ref. 36262], Golani & Fricke 2018:62 [ref. 36273], Ma & Craig 2018:455 [ref. 36100], Satapoomin in Kimura et al. 2018:100 [ref. 36460], Eagderi et al. 2019:106 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:116 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36871], Kim et al. 2020:115 [ref. 39118], Parenti & Randall 2020:62 [ref. 37354], Psomadakis et al. 2020:387 [ref. 37272], Ray & Mohapatra 2020:110 [ref. 37300], Wu et al. 2020:134 [ref. 37525], Akhilesh et al. 2021:50 [ref. 38701], Golani 2021:40 [ref. 38303], Kawano et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38469], Kovačić et al. 2021:77 [ref. 39014], Nakamura in Motomura et al. 2021:19 [ref. 38121], Nakamura & Motomura 2021:275 [ref. 38066], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:139 [ref. 41223], Heemstra 2022:51 [ref. 39742], Sabour et al. 2022:121 [ref. 40008], Zajonz et al. 2022:71 [ref. 40522], Ali et al. 2023:58 [ref. 40802], Ergüden et al. 2023:256 [ref. 40685], Hasan et al. 2023:2210 [ref. 40412], Moazzam & Osmany 2023:666 [ref. 40722], Murase et al. 2023:39 [ref. 40935], Vilasri et al. 2023:78 [ref. 40764], Allen & Erdmann 2024:285 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål 1775). Epinephelidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa (Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya), Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles and Madagascar east to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, north to Sea of Japan (Korea, Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Invasive in eastern Mediterranean (Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey). Habitat: marine.