leucas, Carcharias (Prionodon) Valenciennes [A.] in Müller & Henle 1839:42 [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Antilles, western Atlantic. Syntypes: (4) MNHN A-9650 (1, dry), A-9652 (1, dry), uncat. (2, lost). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:71 [ref. 20739]. Authorship changed to Valenciennes 1839 -- Jones et al. 2015:570 [ref. 34086]. •Valid as Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes 1839) (often seen as Müller & Henle 1839) -- (Compagno 1973:26 [ref. 7163], Lee et al. 1980:36 [ref. 22416], Garrick 1982:81 [ref. 5454], Villa 1982:60 [ref. 36708], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:38 [ref. 9277], Branstetter in Whitehead et al. 1984:106 [ref. 13675], Daget 1984:2 [ref. 6170], Compagno 1984:478 [ref. 6846], Bass et al. 1986:73 [ref. 5638], Robins & Ray 1986:25 [ref. 23100], Bussing 1987:59 [ref. 22927], Allen & Swainston 1988:22 [ref. 25477], Gubanov & Timoxin 1989:223 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:78 [ref. 12442], Springer 1990:105 [ref. 19320], Séret in Lévêque et al. 1990:58 [ref. 21589], Randall et al. 1990:19 [ref. 15987], Allen 1991:35 [ref. 21090], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:16 [ref. 20764], Coad 1991:13 [ref. 15702], Allen et al. 1992:297 [ref. 21400], Cervigón 1992:172 [ref. 23827], Boschung 1992:21 [ref. 23239], Kottelat et al. 1993:1 [ref. 23448], Swift et al. 1993:130 [ref. 22379], Skelton 1993:343 [ref. 24071], Allen & Robertson 1994:22 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:16 [ref. 23101], Poll & Gosse 1995:75 [ref. 24781], Last & Stevens 1994:244 [ref. 23873], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:675 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:31 [ref. 22896], Coad 1995:6 [ref. 23608], Rainboth 1996:51 [ref. 22772], Allen 1997:42 [ref. 23977], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:51 [ref. 22947], Murdy et al. 1997:32 [ref. 23144], Santos et al. 1997:118 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:17 [ref. 24952], Kuiter 1997:14 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:19 [ref. 25919], Tan & Lim 1998:426 [ref. 23648], Compagno & Niem 1998:1339 [ref. 23787], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:79 [ref. 23897], Bussing 1998:51 [ref. 24179], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:55 [ref. 24555], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Coad 1998:102 [ref. 23869], Fricke 1999:19 [ref. 24106], Morón et al. 1999:147 [ref. 24253], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:61 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:48 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:115 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:719 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:483 [ref. 25589], Nakabo 2000:138 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:580 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:91 [ref. 25191], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:146 [ref. 27754], Grace 2001:19 [ref. 25694], Hutchins 2001:14 [ref. 25847], Soto 2001:64, 77 [ref. 26637], Skelton 2001:343 [ref. 27406], Camargo & Isaac 2001:139 [ref. 27639], Allen et al. 2002:328 [ref. 25930], Nakabo 2002:138 [ref. 26001], Carvalho & McEachran in Reis et al. 2003:14 [ref. 27061], Compagno 2003:482 [ref. 26984], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:23 [ref. 27192], Taniuchi et al. 2003:237 [ref. 27369], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S92 [ref. 27377], Smith et al. 2003:5 [ref. 27621], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:53 [ref. 27705], Morgan et al. 2004:151 [ref. 27718], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:32 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:53 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:59 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:38 [ref. 29145], Love et al. 2005:8 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:12 [ref. 28239], Miller 2006:79 [ref. 28615], Hoese et al. 2006:101 [ref. 29001], Batcha & Reddy 2007:30 [ref. 41536], Carvalho et al. 2007:145 [ref. 30011], Allen et al. 2008:23 [ref. 30265], Brunnschweiler & Compagno 2008:1 [ref. 41497], Fricke et al. 2009:9 [ref. 30213], Matamoros et al. 2009:7 [ref. 31241], Berra 2010:109 [ref. 31120], Coad 2010:72 [ref. 36620], Esmaeili et al. 2010:365 [ref. 33391], Last el al. 2010:100 [ref. 32461], Fricke et al. 2011:345 [ref. 31242], Voigt & Weber 2011:72 [ref. 31424], Castro 2011:426 [ref. 31457], Marshall 2011:267 [ref. 31755], Moore et al. 2012:8 [ref. 31771], White 2012:3 [ref. 31843], Allen & Erdmann 2012:57 [ref. 31980], Naylor et al. 2012:25 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Page et al. 2013:51 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:115 [ref. 32972], Larson et al. 2013:9 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:21 [ref. 32989], Ebert et al. 2013:331 [ref. 33045], Angulo et al. 2013:989 [ref. 33194], Morgan et al. 2014:34 [ref. 36567], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:20 [ref. 33341], Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2015:858 [ref. 34062], Psomadakis et al. 2015:82 [ref. 34104], Pinheiro et al. 2015:2 [ref. 34324], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:92 [ref. 34398] with authors as Müller & Henle, Weigmann 2016:21 [ref. 34211] with authors as Müller & Henle, Miesen et al. 2016:79 [ref. 34492], Compagno 2016:1307 [ref. 34544], Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668] with authors as Müller & Henle, Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923] with authors as Müller & Henle, Kells et al. 2016:70 [ref. 35888], Esmaeili et al. 2017:23 [ref. 35254] with authors as Müller & Henle, White et al. 2017:146 [ref. 35860], Ali et al. 2018:301 [ref. 36183], Ehemann et al. 2018:21 [ref. 36194], Esmaeili et al. 2018:6 [ref. 36089], Fricke et al. 2018:13 [ref. 35805], Kumar et al. 2018:296 [ref. 36178], Robins et al. 2018:435 [ref. 35886], Tyabji et al. 2018:12 [ref. 36598], White & Ko'ou 2018:35 [ref. 35922], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:85 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:26 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:5 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[3] [ref. 36861], Reiner 2019:33 [ref. 38139], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:242 [ref. 37881], Feitosa & Nunes 2020:64 [ref. 37433], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 2 [ref. 38321], Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37983], Psomadakis et al. 2020:176 [ref. 37272], Robertson et al. 2020:152 [ref. 38098], Ebert et al. 2021:63 [ref. 38234], Gaussmann 2021:58 [ref. 38880], González-Acosta et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38361], Haroon & Kibria 2021:57 [ref. 39241], Love et al. 2021:18 [ref. 39279], Taki et al. 2021:34 [ref. 39830], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 3 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:95 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:18 [ref. 41223], Hsu et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39567], Koerber et al. 2022:10 [ref. 39235], Winton & Ebert 2022:523 [ref. 39667], Bagley et al. 2023:311 [ref. 41241], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:304 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40663], Çiçek et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40616], Jamandre 2023:162 [ref. 40455], Leeney et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40693], Ogata & Murase 2023:2 [ref. 40567], Page et al. 2023:40 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:49 [ref. 40816], Çiçek et al. 2024:26 [ref. 40789], Gadig et al. 2024:44 [ref. 40775], Allen & Erdmann 2024:58 [ref. 40796], Fricke et al. 2024:71 [ref. 41622], Leeney 2024:60 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes 1839). Carcharhinidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of California/Mexico). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.