birostris, Raja Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:535 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Some authors (e.g., Whitley 1936:180 [ref. 6075]) date to Donndorff 1798:876 because they regarded Walbaum's treatment as non-binominal, but the style of this section suggests that the second word "birostris" was not italicized through an oversite (see index) and binominal nomenclature was intended. Earlier authors, such as Jordan & Evermann 1896:92 [ref. 2443] credited the name to Walbaum. See remarks under Cephalopterus giorna Lesueur 1824. •Valid as Manta birostris (Walbaum 1792) [sometimes with author as Donndorff 1790 or 1798] -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:57 [ref. 9277], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:16 [ref. 6441], Robins & Ray 1986:44 [ref. 23100], Allen & Swainston 1988:28 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:59 [ref. 25518], Winterbottom et al. 1989:5 [ref. 13251], McEachran & Séret 1990:73 [ref. 19318], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Randall et al. 1990:31 [ref. 15987], Boschung 1992:28 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:201 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:37 [ref. 22193], Last & Stevens 1994:459 [ref. 23873], Randall 1995:49 [ref. 22896], Acero P. & Franke 1995:17 [ref. 22546], McEachran & Notarbartolo-di-Sciara in Fischer et al. 1995:764 [ref. 22829], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:62 [ref. 22793], Murdy et al. 1997:49 [ref. 23144], Santos et al. 1997:16 [ref. 23531], Allen 1997:48 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:129 [ref. 24023], Arruda 1997:24 [ref. 24952], Randall et al. 1997:31 [ref. 25919], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:194 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:73 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:40 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:33 [ref. 24106], Aguilera 1998:46 [ref. 24221], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:206 [ref. 24490], Compagno & Last 1999:1527 [ref. 24637], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:124 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:718 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:498 [ref. 25589], Allen 2000:84 [ref. 37268], Menni & Stehmann 2000:94 [ref. 24909], Nakabo 2000:186 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Thomson et al. 2000:284 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:5 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:95 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:96 [ref. 26368], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:147 [ref. 27754], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], McEachran in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:80 [ref. 26158], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:108 [ref. 25968], Nakabo 2002:186 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830] with author and date as Donndorf 1798, Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:31 [ref. 27192] with author and date as Donndorff 1798, McEachran & Carvalho 2003:588 [ref. 26985], Milessi & Oddone 2003:126 [ref. 27316] with author and date as Donndorf 1798, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Duffy & Abbott 2003:715 [ref. 27479], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:67 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:5 [ref. 27624], Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:55 [ref. 27735], Love et al. 2005:15 [ref. 37547], Nelson et al. 2004:57 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:88 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:23 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:107 [ref. 28379], Compagno et al. 2005:80 [ref. 29145], Allen et al. 2006:207 [ref. 29002], Randall 2007:47 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:145 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213], Kimura 2009:16 [ref. 30426], Marshall et al. 2009:4 [ref. 30599], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Kitchen-Wheeler 2010:351 [ref. 30962], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:58 [ref. 35264], Allen & Erdmann 2012:67 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:57 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Ebert et al. 2013:369 [ref. 33045], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:21 [ref. 33341] with remarks, Wirtz et al. 2014:2 [ref. 33516], Boer et al. 2015:3 [ref. 41464], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:4 [ref. 33988], Duffy 2015:202 [ref. 34217], Psomadakis et al. 2015:108 [ref. 34104], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:135 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:145 [ref. 34211], Notarbartolo-di-Sciara & Séret 2016:1437 [ref. 34552], Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:606 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:5 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:24 [ref. 35565] with author as Donndorff 1798, Kells et al. 2016:86 [ref. 35888], Ebert et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35618]). •Valid as Mobula birostris (Walbaum 1792) -- (White & Last 2016:743 [ref. 35016], White et al. 2017:286 [ref. 35860], Biscoito et al. 2018:483 [ref. 37562], Ehemann et al. 2018:27 [ref. 36194], Fricke et al. 2018:27 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:18 [ref. 36273], Kumar et al. 2018:298 [ref. 36178], Spier et al. 2018:5 [ref. 36103], White & Ko'ou 2018:68 [ref. 35922], White et al. 2018:68 [ref. 37171], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:179 [ref. 37302], Cabanillas-Torpoco et al. 2019:397 [ref. 36704], Carneiro et al. 2019:52 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:12 [ref. 37020], Ehemann et al. 2019:[7] [ref. 36861], Fricke et al. 2019:48 [ref. 36673], Reiner 2019:51 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:61 [ref. 36871], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:247 [ref. 37881], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Jones et al. 2020:302 [ref. 37610], Notarbartolo-di-Sciara et al. 2020:3 [ref. 37486], Psomadakis et al. 2020:214 [ref. 37272], Walker et al. 2020:4 [ref. 37499], Bessudo et al. 2021:[3] 1771 [ref. 39107], Ebert et al. 2021:100 [ref. 38234], González-Acosta et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38361], Love et al. 2021:29 [ref. 39279], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 6 [ref. 38986], Ehemann et al. 2022:[3] 215 [ref. 40885], Fermon et al. 2022:109 [ref. 39448], Grove et al. 2022:15 [ref. 41326], Marshall 2022:630 [ref. 39677], Rambahhiniarison et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39986], Robertson et al. 2022:86 [ref. 39353] as cf. birostris, Bagley et al. 2023:311 [ref. 41241], Carvalho-Filho 2023:324 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40663], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:48 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:83 [ref. 40816], Allen & Erdmann 2024:73 [ref. 40796], Bucair et al. 2024:7 [ref. 41220], Fricke et al. 2024:104 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:88 [ref. 40775], Glaus et al. 2024:7 [ref. 40788], Nair et al. 2024:107 [ref. 41023]). Current status: Valid as Mobula birostris (Walbaum 1792). Mobulidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical through warm temperate water (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of California/Mexico); possibly straying to Mediterranean Sea. IUCN (2019): Endangered. Habitat: marine.