areolatum, Plectropoma Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1830:index p. 2, footnote [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Al Muwaylih, Tabuk Province, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): SMF 3013. Non-types: SMF 4503 (1). Lectotype (SMF 3013) designated by Randall & Hoese 1986:9 [ref. 6009] but evidently Rüppell had only one specimen and that is the holotype (pers. comm. Uwe Zajonz, SMF). •Valid as Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell 1830) -- (Heemstra & Randall 1986:534 [ref. 5667], Randall & Hoese 1986:9 [ref. 6009], Allen & Swainston 1988:58 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:499 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:26 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:116 [ref. 15987], Randall & Heemstra 1991:291 [ref. 19601], Heemstra & Randall 1993:289 [ref. 21042], Goren & Dor 1994:27 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:86 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:116 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:116 [ref. 23965], Heemstra & Randall 1999:2531 [ref. 24815], Nakabo 2000:708 [ref. 25086], Randall in Randall & Lim 2000:610 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:262 [ref. 25841], Hutchins 2001:30 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:708 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:32 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S104 [ref. 27377], Adrim et al. 2004:120 [ref. 27715], Hoese et al. 2006:1021 [ref. 28999], Motomura in Motomura & Satapoomin 2009:92 [ref. 30492], Fricke et al. 2011:386 [ref. 31242], Craig et al. 2011:331 [ref. 31786], Allen & Erdmann 2012:282 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:63 [ref. 33932], Golani & Fricke 2018:65 [ref. 36273], Ma & Craig 2018:456 [ref. 36100], Fricke et al. 2019:121 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:71 [ref. 36871], Parenti & Randall 2020:92 [ref. 37354], Akhilesh et al. 2021:54 [ref. 38701], Heemstra 2022:74 [ref. 39742], Zajonz et al. 2022:92 [ref. 40522], Allen & Erdmann 2024:300 [ref. 40796], Golani & Fricke 2026:135 [ref. 42831]). Current status: Valid as Plectropomus areolatus (Rüppell 1830). Epinephelidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Maldives and Chagos Archipelago east to Phoenix Islands (Kiribati) and Samoa, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. IUCN (2021): Vulnerable. Habitat: marine.
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