carcharias, Squalus Linnaeus [C.] 1758:235 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea, northeastern Atlantic, western Atlantic [original: "in Europa"]; localities include Bayonne, France, Bay of Biscay; Spain; Marseille and Nice, France; Italy; Malta; Lesbos Island, Greece; Syria; Brazil. No types known. Lectotype or neotype fixation needed: the type locality should be restricted to Mediterranean Sea or Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, according to current usage. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:15 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 30 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:70 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:98 [ref. 30349] as Squalus dorso plano, dentibus serratis; Rondelet 1554:390 [ref. 30354] as Lamia, Markgraf von Liebstadt 1648:181 [ref. 30347] as Tiburo, Jonston 1649:209, Pl. 39 [ref. 30579] as Tiburone, Charleton 1668:127 [ref. 30580] as Canis carcharias, Willughby 1686:47 [ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:18 [ref. 30231] as Canis carcharias seu lamia. •Valid as Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Springer 1973:13 [ref. 7162], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:29 [ref. 9277], Compagno 1984:238 [ref. 6474], Quéro in Whitehead et al. 1984:84 [ref. 13675], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:9 [ref. 6441], Bass 1986:98 [ref. 5635], Menni 1986:433 [ref. 11487], Robins & Ray 1986:19 [ref. 23100], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Nakano & Nakaya 1987:414 [ref. 12620], Scott & Scott 1988:14 [ref. 25518], Gubanov & Timokhin 1989:220 [ref. 36138], Paxton et al. 1989:67 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:12 [ref. 14125], Paulin et al. 1989:20 [ref. 24556], McAllister 1990:29 [ref. 14674], Springer 1990:87 [ref. 19319], Randall et al. 1990:17 [ref. 15987], Cervigón 1992:180 [ref. 23827], Francis 1993:157 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:125 [ref. 20996], Kuiter 1993:14 [ref. 23929], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:73 [ref. 25472], Gomon et al. 1994:142 [ref. 22532], Last & Stevens 1994:162 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:1 [ref. 25356], Andrew et al. 1995:9 [ref. 38009], Compagno et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:703 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:24 [ref. 22896], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:57 [ref. 24023] [but see McCosker 1998:809 [ref. 24025]], Santos et al. 1997:10 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:15 [ref. 24952], Cheng & Zhou 1997:20 [ref. 26385], Compagno 1998:1276 [ref. 23785], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:54 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:44 [ref. 24555], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:7 [ref. 24670], Fricke 1999:14 [ref. 24106], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:120 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:719 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:478 [ref. 25589], Musick et al. 2000:8 [ref. 24959], Nakabo 2000:125 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:578 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:87 [ref. 25191], Sheiko & Fedorov 2000:14 [ref. 25650], Storai et al. 2001:139 [ref. 25325], Hutchins 2001:13 [ref. 25847], Compagno 2001:100 [ref. 26323], Soto 2001:65, 89 [ref. 26637], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:9 [ref. 26753], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:77 [ref. 25968], Nakabo 2002:125 [ref. 26001], Branstetter in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:27 [ref. 26158], Choi et al. 2003:58, 476 [ref. 26218], Compagno 2003:436 [ref. 26984], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:25 [ref. 27192], Espinosa Pérez et al. 2004:83 [ref. 27705], Nelson et al. 2004:52 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:70 [ref. 28072], Compagno et al. 2005:18 [ref. 29145], Golani 2005:8 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:5 [ref. 37547], Mundy 2005:97 [ref. 28379], Hoese & Gates 2006:77 [ref. 28997], Moore et al. 2007:67 [ref. 29311], Fricke et al. 2007:12 [ref. 29533], Randall 2007:40 [ref. 30952], White 2008:40 [ref. 30617], Fricke et al. 2009:8 [ref. 30213], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:56 [ref. 35264], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:6 [ref. 36649], Castro 2011:258 [ref. 31457], Fricke et al. 2011:345 [ref. 31242], Mollen et al. 2012:30 [ref. 32005], Ebert et al. 2013:311 [ref. 33045], Page et al. 2013:50 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Collette 2013:168 [ref. 32953], Wirtz et al. 2013:115 [ref. 32972], Parin et al. 2014:19 [ref. 33547], Duffy 2015:71 [ref. 34217], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:106 [ref. 36167], Dyldin 2015:45 [ref. 34524], Pinheiro et al. 2015:2 [ref. 34324], Compagno 2016:1243 [ref. 34544], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:75 [ref. 34398], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:605 [ref. 34923], Dyldin & Orlov 2016:545 [ref. 34656], Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668], Kells et al. 2016:66 [ref. 35888], Koeda et al. 2016:4 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:20 [ref. 35565], Weigmann 2016:14 [ref. 34211], Ebert et al. 2017:54 [ref. 35618], Biscoito et al. 2018:463 [ref. 37562], Dyldin & Orlov 2018:163 [ref. 35920], Fricke et al. 2018:9 [ref. 35805], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:58 [ref. 37302], Burton & Lea 2019:28 [ref. 37205], Carneiro et al. 2019:18 [ref. 37250], Ehemann et al. 2018:21 [ref. 36194], Hoschke et al. 2019:153 [ref. 36626], Reiner 2019:25 [ref. 38139], Stone & Shimada 2019:633 [ref. 37195], Calle-Morán et al. 2020:241 [ref. 37881], Kabasakal 2020:69 [ref. 37952], Kim et al. 2020:37 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:5 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Sonoyama et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37637], Dyldin et al. 2021:14 [ref. 38804], Dyldin & Orlov 2021:55 [ref. 38158], Ebert et al. 2021:43 [ref. 38234], Giovos et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:6 [ref. 38303], González-Acosta et al. 2021:5 [ref. 38361], Kovačić et al. 2021:9 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:15 [ref. 39279], Bañón & Mano 2022:9 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:13 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[6] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:92 [ref. 39448], Human & Ebert 2022:473 [ref. 39666], Kabasakal et al. 2022:327 [ref. 39901], Rizgalla in Kousteni et al. 2022:428 [ref. 39260], Simian et al. 2022:373 [ref. 40776], Balàka et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40410], Carvalho-Filho 2023:298 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:4 [ref. 40663], Page et al. 2023:37 [ref. 40505], Shakman et al. 2023:463 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:536 [ref. 41509], Fricke et al. 2024:63 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:24 [ref. 40775], Leeney 2024:45 [ref. 40985], Soldo & Bakiu 2024:14 [ref. 41294]). Current status: Valid as Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus 1758). Lamnidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Tasman Sea, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2019): Vulnerable. Habitat: brackish, marine.