narinari, Raja Euphrasen [B. A.] (ex Markgraf von Liebstadt) 1790:217, Pl. 10 [Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm v. 11 (for 1790); ref. 17467] Brazil (original localities Brazil and Saint Barthélemy, West Indies). Lectotype: not preserved. Based on the Narinari' in Markgraf von Liebstadt 1648:175 [ref. 30347] and the 'Narinari brasiliensibus' of Willughby (ex Markgraf von Liebstadt) 1686:66-67, fig. 5 [ref. 17467]. Euphrasen indicated he had caught a specimen at Carénage, near Gustavia [St. Barthélemy], so we regard both as type localities. Also described in Euphrasen 1792:205 [ref. 30154]. Lectotype selected as the specimen figured by Markgraf von Liebstadt 1648:175 [ref. 30347] by Kottelat 2013:30 [ref. 32989]; the specimen, however, was not preserved. •Valid as Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790) -- (Castro-Aguirre 1965:244 [ref. 41098], Dor 1984:20 [ref. 29757], Nakaya in Masuda et al. 1984:16 [ref. 6441], Compagno 1986:132 [ref. 5648], Robins & Ray 1986:43 [ref. 23100], Allen & Swainston 1988:28 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:49 [ref. 12442], McEachran & Séret 1990:67 [ref. 19318], Nishida 1990:92 [ref. 19783], Randall et al. 1990:31 [ref. 15987], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:51 [ref. 20764], Boschung 1992:27 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:202 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:36 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:28 [ref. 23101], Last & Stevens 1994:448 [ref. 23873], Goren & Dor 1994:6 [ref. 25356], Acero P. & Franke 1995:16 [ref. 22546], McEachran & Notarbartolo-di-Sciara in Fischer et al. 1995:767 [ref. 22829], Randall 1995:49 [ref. 22896], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:55 [ref. 22793], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:82 [ref. 27969] in Aetobatis, Allen 1997:48 [ref. 23977], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:37 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:122 [ref. 24023], Larson & Williams 1997:346 [ref. 23967], Kuiter 1997:24 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:31 [ref. 25919], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:189 [ref. 23897], Myers 1999:40 [ref. 23965], Aguilera 1998:45 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:74 [ref. 24555], Fricke 1999:33 [ref. 24106], Morón et al. 1999:149 [ref. 24253], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:201 [ref. 24490], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:77 [ref. 24550], Compagno & Last 1999:1516 [ref. 24637], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:124 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:718 [ref. 25471], Compagno 1999:497 [ref. 25589], Randall 1999:5 [ref. 25829] in Aetobatis, Menni & Stehmann 2000:92 [ref. 24909], Nakabo 2000:185 [ref. 25086], Compagno in Randall & Lim 2000:583 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:103 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:28 [ref. 25480], Randall & Earle 2000:5 [ref. 25806], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:147 [ref. 27754], Hutchins 2001:16 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:989 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639] as Aetobatis, Nakabo 2002:185 [ref. 26001], Sujatha 2002:157 [ref. 26899], Allen & Adrim 2003:22 [ref. 26830], Gomes & Gadig in Menezes et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27192], McEachran & Carvalho 2003:580 [ref. 26985], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S94 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:610 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:67 [ref. 27576], Smith et al. 2003:6 [ref. 27621], Randall et al. 2004:5 [ref. 27624] as Aetobatis, Bonfil & Abdallah 2004:53 [ref. 27735], Nelson et al. 2004:57 [ref. 27807], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:87 [ref. 28072], Love et al. 2005:14 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:20 [ref. 28239] in Aetobatis, Mundy 2005:106 [ref. 28379], Compagno et al. 2005:77 [ref. 29145] as cf. narinari, Allen et al. 2006:206 [ref. 29002], Randall 2007:45 [ref. 30952], Schwartz 2008:39 [ref. 36773] as Aetobatis n., Fricke et al. 2009:12 [ref. 30213], Kimura 2009:15 [ref. 30426], White et al. 2010:145 [ref. 30856], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:69 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2011:348 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:66 [ref. 31980], Yamashita et al. 2012:136 [ref. 32408], Page et al. 2013:57 [ref. 32708], White & Moore 2013:199 [ref. 33040], White et al. 2013:1 [ref. 33115], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:21 [ref. 33341], White 2014:149 [ref. 33490] as likely a species complex, Pinheiro et al. 2015:4 [ref. 34324], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:143 [ref. 34871], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:131 [ref. 34398], Weigmann 2016:148 [ref. 34211] see remarks, Séret 2016:1427 [ref. 34545], White & Naylor 2016:436 [ref. 34575] in Aetobatidae, Fourriére et al. 2016:440 [ref. 34668] in eastern Pacific, Berthe et al. 2016:181 [ref. 34826], Robertson et al. 2016:144 [ref. 34961], White & Last 2016:729 [ref. 35016], Koeda et al. 2016:2 [ref. 35354], Ali et al. 2018:305 [ref. 36183], Ehemann et al. 2018:26 [ref. 36194], Kumar et al. 2018:298 [ref. 36178], Spier et al. 2018:5 [ref. 36103], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:175 [ref. 37302], Ehemann et al. 2019:[7] [ref. 36861], Reiner 2019:50 [ref. 38139], Sales et al. 2019:[4] [ref. 36645], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 4 [ref. 38321], Jones et al. 2020:300 [ref. 37610], Robertson et al. 2020:150 [ref. 38098], Araujo & Gomes 2021:24 [ref. 39130], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:73 [ref. 38844], Haroon & Kibria 2021:123 [ref. 39241] misidentified, Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 5 [ref. 38986], Carvalho & Soares 2022:625 [ref. 39676], Fermon et al. 2022:108 [ref. 39448], Barrientos et al. 2023:271 [ref. 41235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:322 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40663], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:47 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:82 [ref. 40816], Fricke et al. 2024:103 [ref. 41622], Gadig et al. 2024:82 [ref. 40775], Silva et al. 2024:4 [ref. 41512]). Current status: Valid as Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790). Aetobatidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and Fernando de Noronha (Brazil); eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola, including Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2021): Endangered. Habitat: brackish, marine.