Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Balistidae: [ 217 ] records

abyssus, Rhinecanthus Matsuura [K.] & Shiobara [Y.] 1989:315, Fig. 1 [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 36 (no. 3); ref. 13563] Off northeastern coast of Kume-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, 26°21.0'N, 126°50.5'E, depth 150 meters. Holotype: NSMT-P 30093. Paratypes: MSM-89-37 (1), NSMT-P 30661 (1). •Valid as Rhinecanthus abyssus Matsuura & Shiobara 1989 -- (Nakabo 2000:1400 [ref. 25182], Matsuura 2001:3917 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1400 [ref. 26193], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Matsuo & Hibino 2021:9 [ref. 38478], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus abyssus Matsuura & Shiobara 1989. Balistidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Ryukyu Islands and Yaeyama Islands (southern Japan). Habitat: marine.

aculeatus, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:328 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Indo-West Pacific. No types known. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:584 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Valid as Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:317 [ref. 13563], Winterbottom et al. 1989:68 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:455 [ref. 15987], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Kuiter 1993:395 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:168 [ref. 25479], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:180 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:386 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:455 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:331 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:583 [ref. 24106], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1400 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:456 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3925 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1400 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:447, 691 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:442 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:626 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:525 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1874 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:471 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Caratini & Soriano 2011:12 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1065 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Koeda et al. 2016:111 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Fowler et al. 2017:[4] 2252 [ref. 36358], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805], Arndt & Fricke 2019:11 [ref. 36883], Fricke et al. 2019:323 [ref. 36673], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:423 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:334 [ref. 39925], Noushad K. et al. 2024:46 [ref. 40947]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal, South Africa; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to southern New South Wales (Australia) and Lord Howe Island (Australia). Habitat: marine.

adspersus, Balistes Tschudi [J. J. von] 1846:31 [Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana; ref. 4469] Huacho, Peru. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Kottelat 1987:52 [ref. 25858]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •See Grove & Lavenberg 1997:630 [ref. 24023]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

albicaudatus, Balistes Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:33 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 907. Paralectotypes: SMF 2941 (1, dry), 5247 (1). Lectotype established by Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757] if not designated earlier. •Valid as Sufflamen albicaudatus [correct is apparently Sufflamen albicaudatum] (Rüppell 1829) -- (Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965]). •Might best be regarded as a subspecies of Sufflamen chrosopterus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Randall 1995:394 [ref. 22896], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Randall 2005:627 [ref. 28239], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576]). •Valid as Sufflamen albicaudatum (Rüppell 1829) -- (DiBattista et al. 2015:22 [ref. 35706], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[7] 245 [ref. 36492], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:135 [ref. 37020], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:425 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Sufflamen albicaudatum (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: ?Kwaulu-Natal (South Africa); Gulf of Oman to Persian Gulf. Habitat: marine.

albifasciatus, Balistes Kuhl [H.] & van Hasselt [J. C.] in Bleeker 1851:16 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 11); ref. 16836] Not available, name mentioned in the synonymy of Balistes aculeatus. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

albipunctatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

albomarginatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

amboinensis, Balistes Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig 2) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] No locality. No types known. Published about 27 July 1831. Günther 1870:218 [ref. 1995] regarded Balistes amboinensis as an older name of Balistes mitis Bennett. •Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804) -- (Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

americanus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1473 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] American seas. No types known. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

angulosus, Balistes Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:210 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: MNHN B-1921. Paratypes: MNHN B-1804 (1) Hawaii, B-1867 (1) no locality, MNHN B-1869 Waigou. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:518 [ref. 21538] with holotype and paratypes, Beaunier et al. 2009:287 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527], Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

angulosus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:57 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Pacific. No types known. Appeared as "Balistes angulosus Étiq. du Mus." Apparently independent of but preoccupied by Balistes angulosus Quoy & Gairmard 1824; objectively invalid. 1°Homonym. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

annularis, Balistes Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:16, Pl. 8 (fig. 1) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:41 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2019:104 [ref. 37117], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

arcuatus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Fricke 1999:584 [ref. 24106], Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

armatus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:469 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. •Incertae sedis -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:331 [ref. 39925]). •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Matsuura 2022:426 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

asperrimus, Balistes Cope [E. D.] 1871:478 [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Probably St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 800. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:25 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815) -- (Moore 1967:699 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

assasi, Balistes Fabricius [J. C.] in Niebuhr (ex Forsskål) 1775:75, xiv [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. No types known. Authorship according to Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182]. •Valid as Rhinecanthus assasi (Fabricius 1775) (author often seen as Forsskål) -- (Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757], Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:375 [ref. 13563], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:394 [ref. 22896], Carpenter et al. 1997:236 [ref. 23922], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:134 [ref. 37020], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:423 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:329 [ref. 39925]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus assasi (Fabricius 1775). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; northwestern Indian Ocean: Socotra (Yemen), Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Pakistan. Habitat: marine.

aureolus, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:126, Pl. 59 (figs. 1-4) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] No locality. Syntypes: BMNH 1978.2.1.3-4 (2). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

auromarginatus, Balistes Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.2.15.15 [ex Zool. Soc.]. •Valid as Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Winterbottom et al. 1989:69 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:459 [ref. 15987], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:xiv [ref. 21953], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:386 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:459 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:332 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1402 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:458 [ref. 25191], Matsuura 2001:3927 [ref. 26315] dated 1831, Randall et al. 2002:163 [ref. 26192], Nakabo 2002:1402 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830] dated 1831, Myers & Donaldson 2003:650 [ref. 27495] dated 1831, Randall et al. 2004:32 [ref. 27624] dated 1831, Randall 2005:629 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:526 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1876 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:473 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1067 [ref. 31980], Pyle & Earle 2013:11 [ref. 32891], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:194 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Koeda et al. 2016:112 [ref. 35333], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:427 [ref. 40250], Galbraith et al. 2024:7 [ref. 40930]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius), Maldives and Chagos Archipelago east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to southern Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

azureus, Balistes Lesson [R. P.] 1831:121, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] New Guinea. Holotype (unique): lost. Non-types (too small): MNHN B-1809 (1) Nouvelle-Guinés, A-8520 (1, dry mounted) Bora Bora. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:518 [ref. 21538] incorrectly with a paratype from Bara Bora, Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

barffi, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:130 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Curtiss 1944:23 [ref. 12574] recognized he used this name on the previous p. 129 for another species; he synonymized barffi on p. 130 with Balistes aculeatus Linnaeus; barffi on p. 130 also is a homonym of barffi p. 129 and is not available. •In the synonymy of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

batillium, Balistes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 111 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name and description mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:39 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

beeri, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1860:53 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 8 (art. 7); ref. 379] Badjoa, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829) -- (Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

bellus, Balistes Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:467 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] West Indies. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 -- (Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1057 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

bicolor, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:407, Pl. 168 (top) [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on Balistes americanus Gmelin 1789 and one specimen. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) based on placement of Balistes americanus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

bispinosus, Melichthys Gilbert [C. H.] 1890:125 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Clarion and Socorro Islands. Syntypes: (many). •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Randall & Klausewitz 1973:60 [ref. 7581], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:420 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

brasiliensis, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:470 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Brazilian seas. Holotype (unique): ?ZMB 5903 (stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:48 [ref. 24282] with 5903 as possible type; with locality in error, Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]. Based on le Baliste étoilé of Lacepede 1798:350, Pl. 15 (fig. 1). •Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Paepke 1999:48 [ref. 24282], Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:418 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

brevissimus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:56, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] New Guinea and Australia. Syntypes: not found at MNHN. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098] as maculatus, Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

buniva, Balistes Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:668, 669, Pl. 21 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype: MRSNT [Museum of Turin]. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

bursa, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Sonnerat & Bonnaterre) 1801:476 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] In mare indicum [Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean]. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-3050. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:48 [ref. 24282] with AMB 5914 (left skin) as holotype, Beaunier et al. 2009:287 [ref. 28887]. Based on the 'Baliste bourse' of Sonnerat 1774:222 (Journal de Physique, v. 3 [not seen]); also replacement name for Balistes communis Bonnaterre 1788. •Doubtful as Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:278 [ref. 29757]). •Valid as Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:69 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:457 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:395 [ref. 23929], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:388 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:457 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:332 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:586 [ref. 24106], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1399 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:457 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3926 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1399 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:78 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:32 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:627 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:525 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1875 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:472 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:234 [ref. 31256], Caratini & Soriano 2011:9 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1066 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:194 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Koeda et al. 2016:112 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:379 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:325 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:609 [ref. 37272], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921], Dewa et al. 2022:30 [ref. 40001], Matsuura 2022:425 [ref. 40250]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia, New Caledonia and Rapa (French Polynesia). Habitat: marine.

caeruleolineatus, Xanthichthys Randall [J. E.], Matsuura [K.] & Zama [A.] 1978:701, Figs. 2D, 7 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 28 (no. 4); ref. 5532] 4 kilometers southeast of pass, Manihi Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago [French Polynesia, South Pacific], depth 350 feet. Holotype: BPBM 13211. Paratypes: AMS IB.1889 (1); BPBM 10016 (1); CAS 38035 (1); HUMZ 35534 (1), 40586-87 (2), 41474-75 (2), 42302 (1); MTUF 21837-38 (2); TUFIL 958 (1); USNM 202851 (3), 216524 (2). •Valid as Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978 -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Garrison 1996:863 [ref. 21337], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:635 [ref. 24023], Randall et al. 1997:540 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:327 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1401 [ref. 25182], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Matsuura 2001:3927 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1401 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:650 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:629 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:527 [ref. 28379], Randall et al. 2005:132 [ref. 28745], Allen et al. 2006:1876 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:474 [ref. 30952], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1067 [ref. 31980], Pyle & Earle 2013:11 [ref. 32891], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:428 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978. Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Eastern Cape (South Africa), Saint Brandon's Shoals (Cargados Carajos), Agalega Islands (Seychelles), La Pérouse Seamount (western Mascarenes) and Maldives east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Ogasawara Islands and Hawaiian Islands, south to northern Australia; eastern Pacific: Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

caeruleolorum, Zenodon Fowler [H. W.] 1904:546, Pl. 24 (upper fig.) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 1367] Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype: ANSP 27763. Paratypes: (2) ANSP 27764 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

caerulescens, Balistes Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:32, Pl. 7 (fig. 2) [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 105. Paralectotypes: SMF 2936-37 (2), 2950 (1). Lectotype established by Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757] if not designated earlier. Same types as Xenodon (Balistes) niger Rüppell. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

calolepis, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] in Guichenot 1853:183 [Sagra, R. de la, Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'Ile de Cuba; ref. 18164] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: MNHN B-1868. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:519 [ref. 21538] for 1854 publication, Beaunier et al. 2009:287, 295 [ref. 28887]. Appeared first as above with citation to Hollard [manuscript] and to Parra citation taken from Hollard; original localities therefore are Mauritius, Réunion, and Cuba. Also described as new in Hollard 1854:67, Pl. 3 (fig. 5) [ref. 18300]. Lectotype as MNHN B-1868 from Mauritius selected by Randall 1978:698. •Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:295 [ref. 28887]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

caper, Balistes Giorna [M. E.] 1809:6 [Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences, littérature et beaux-arts, Turin, Sér. Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques. [v. 16] (pt 1) (for 1805-1808); ref. 1808] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

capistratus, Balistapus Tilesius [W. G. von] 1820:306, 309, Pl. 9 [Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Sankt Pétersbourg (5e Série) v. 7; ref. 4407] •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

capistratus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:417 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. No types known. Based on "Baliste bridé" of Lacepède. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Valid as Pachynatus capistratus (Shaw 1804) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:54 [ref. 39147]). •Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatus (Latreille 1804) [frenatum is probably correct] -- (Randall et al. 1990:458 [ref. 15987], Randall 1995:394 [ref. 22896], Fricke 1999:587 [ref. 24106], Choi et al. 2003:692 [ref. 26218], Mundy 2005:526 [ref. 28379] as frenatum, Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:356 [ref. 28867] as fraenatum, Randall 2007:473 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:427 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

caprinus, Balistes Valenciennes [A.] 1839:[94], Pl. 16 (fig. 3) [Ichthyologie des îles Canaries v. 2 (pt 2); ref. 4502] Canary Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-1872. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:515 [ref. 21538], Beaunier et al. 2009:287 [ref. 28887]. Dates to Pl. 16 in 1839, p. 94 published in 1843. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

capriscus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:30 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian and American Oceans. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.187 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:244-245 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. Not available, preoccupied by Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Based on the 'Balistes dorso triacantho squamis undique aculeatis' of Seba 1754:63, Pl. 24 (fig. 16) [ref. 18716], and the 'Balistes rostro subobtuso ...' of Gronow 1763:51 [ref. 1910]. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Wheeler 1958:244 [ref. 13434], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1335 [ref. 13677]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

capriscus, Balistes Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Willughby) 1792:465 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Independent of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 and based on Capriscus salviani in pre-Linnaean work by Willughby 1686: Pl. I.29 [ref. 30164] -- see Parenti 2002:311 [ref. 26661]. •Junior synonym and primary homonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2002:311-312 [ref. 26661], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

capriscus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1471 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Western North Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820] indicates that Daudin in Cloquet 1816:476-477 (v. 3) selected capriscus Gmelin 1789 over carolinensis Gmelin 1789, so when they are treated as synonyms, the name capriscus has priority over carolinensis. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:156 [ref. 26753], Parin 2003:S32 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:64 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:75 [ref. 36649]). •Valid as Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:465 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:302 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:563 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:225 [ref. 14674], Boschung 1992:180 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:265 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:74 [ref. 24489], Murdy et al. 1997:262 [ref. 23144], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:503 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:344 [ref. 25013], Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Klein-MacPhee in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:590 [ref. 26158], López et al. 2002:66 [ref. 26808], Matsuura 2003:1966 [ref. 27119], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:183 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:895 [ref. 28815], Fricke et al. 2007:117 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:193 [ref. 30517], Wirtz et al. 2007:41 [ref. 30263], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:17 [ref. 31251], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Pinheiro et al. 2015:33 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3051 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Martins & Carneiro 2018:104 [ref. 36550], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Artüz & Fricke 2019:561 [ref. 36612], Brown et al. 2019:182 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:227 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:301 [ref. 38139], Ribeiro et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36717], Bariche & Fricke 2020:113 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:34 [ref. 37519], Pimentel et al. 2020:6 [ref. 38051], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Abliazov et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38576], Bañón & Maño 2021:98 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:87 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:62 [ref. 39014], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:691 [ref. 38945], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448], Simian et al. 2022:377 [ref. 40776], Carvalho-Filho 2023:276 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Nova Scotia (Canada) and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (France) south to Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: brackish, marine.

carolinensis, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1468 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Indian and American seas. No types known. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Valid as Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1335 [ref. 13677], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Santos et al. 1997:113 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:121 [ref. 24952], Afonso et al. 1999:80 [ref. 25466], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:156 [ref. 26753], Falcón et al. 2003:146 [ref. 39343], Parin 2003:S32 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:64 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:75 [ref. 36649]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:344 [ref. 25013], Fricke 1999:54 [ref. 24101], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3051 [ref. 34618], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

carolinensis, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:29 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Several localities. Gronow material: BMNH 1853.11.12.186 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin) Carolinas, U.S.A. Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. Not an independent species description, but based on Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

castaneus, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:126, Pl. 59 (figs. 5-8) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Pacific. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1848.3.18.22. •Synonym of Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921] with question). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

cheverti, Monacanthus Alleyne [H. G.] & Macleay [W.] 1877:355, Pl. 17 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 1 (pts 3-4); ref. 101] No locality [northern Queensland, Australia, or Papua New Guinea]. No types known. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

chrysopterus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coromandel Coast, India. Syntypes: MNHN A-8542 (2, dry) Indian Seas, B-3045 (1, dry) Coromandel; ZMB 5912 (1, right skin) Tranquebar. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:48-49 [ref. 24282], Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887]. •Valid as Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714] as chrysoptera, Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:69 [ref. 13251] as chrysopterum, Randall et al. 1990:458 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:394 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:168 [ref. 25479], Randall 1995:394 [ref. 22896], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:236 [ref. 23922], Kuiter 1997:388 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:458 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:586 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:754 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268] as chrysopterus, Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1398 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:457 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:279 [ref. 25480], Shinohara et al. 2000:183 [ref. 25987], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:105 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3926 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1398 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:32 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:628 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1875 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:328 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:234 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1066 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:194 [ref. 33932], Motomura et al. 2015:30 [ref. 34709] as chrysopterum, Koeda et al. 2016:112 [ref. 35333] as chrysopterum, Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354] as chrysopterum, Fricke et al. 2018:379 [ref. 35805], Matsuura in Kimura et al. 2018:304 [ref. 36460] as chrysopterus, Eagderi et al. 2019:135 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:325 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:609 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:127 [ref. 37637], Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:426 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:335 [ref. 39925], Devi et al. 2023:447 [ref. 40401]). Current status: Valid as Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Samoa, north to central Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia, Lord Howe Island (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

chrysospilos, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1853:94 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5 (no. 1); ref. 16911] Lawajong, Solor Island, Indonesia. Bleeker specimens: ?BMNH 1864.11.28.131 (1). •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

cicatricosus, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:327 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. Holotype: MCZ 11953. Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:219 [ref. 22926] with a holotype. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ciliaris, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:471 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Marankan, Brazil. Lectotype: ZMB 5900 (1, stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282]. •Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

cinctus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:335 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Syntypes: ?MNHN B-1847 (1) Waigiou, ?MNHN B-1789 (1) Vanikoro, ?MNHN 0000-3154 (1) Waigiou. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887] with syntypes as probable. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

cinerea, Guaperva Sonnerat [P.] 1774:78 [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 4; ref. 30221] [Locality not stated] probably Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Balistes viridescens Bloch & Schneider 1801 is followed (Art. 23.9). •In the synonymy of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

cinereus, Balistes Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:20, Pl. 86 (fig. 353) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Based on the 'Baliste cendré' of Sonnerat 1775:78 (Journal de Physique, v. 4). •Valid as Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788) -- (Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:317 [ref. 13563], Anderson et al. 1998:29 [ref. 23611], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:584 [ref. 24106], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:424 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus cinereus (Bonnaterre 1788). Balistidae. Distribution: Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar, western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius), Maldives; Andaman Sea. Habitat: marine.

cirrhosus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

communis, Balistes Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:19, Pl. 85 (fig. 351) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-3050. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887]. Based on 'Le Bourse' of Sonnerat 1774:222 (Journal de Physique, v. 3). Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority (according to ICZN Art. 23.9) in favor of Balistes bursa Bloch & Schneider 1801 (with same holotype). •In the synonymy of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

communis, Guaperva Sonnerat [P.] 1775:226, Pls. 1-2 [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 3 (for 1774); ref. 30219] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Also in Sonnerat 1775:443 [ref. 30220]. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Balistes viridescens Bloch & Schneider 1801 is followed (Art. 23.9). •In the synonymy of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921]). •In the synonymy of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

conspicillum, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:474 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-3041. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282], Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282] as ZMB 5907 (stuffed) is in error (see Beaunier et al. 2008:288 [ref. 28887]). •Valid as Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:291 [ref. 19754], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:357 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:878 [ref. 5714], Winterbottom et al. 1989:67 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:453 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:393 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:168 [ref. 25479], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:180 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:390 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:453 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:578 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1398 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:454 [ref. 25191], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3920 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1398 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:446, 691 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:219 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:441 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:621 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1871 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:326 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31256], Caratini & Soriano 2011:10 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1061 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Sahayak et al. 2014:22 [ref. 37751], Motomura et al. 2015:30 [ref. 34709], Koeda et al. 2016:109 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:606 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:127 [ref. 37637], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Kovačić et al. 2021:62 [ref. 39014], Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:417 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Samoa, north to central Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia and Lord Howe Island (Australia). Habitat: marine.

cryptacanthus, Aluteres Cuvier [G.] 1829:374 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] No locality. Available from footnote as, "Al. cryptacanthus, N., Renard, II, part. pl. lii, f. 284." Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

curassavicus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Curaçao. No types known. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

dichrostigma, Balistes Duméril [A. H. A.] (ex Guichenot) 1861:261 [Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 10 [for 1858]; ref. 1149] Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:301 [ref. 28887]. No distinguishing features, not available; from Gorée, Senegal. Guichenot's manuscript was based on MNHN B-1825 (Le Danois 1961:515 [ref. 21538]). •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). •In the synonymy of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527], Beaunier et al. 2009:301 [ref. 28887]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

echarpe, Balistes Anonymous (ex Lacepède) 1798:681, 685 [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (nos. 287-288); ref. 13098] Mauritius. Syntypes: MNHN B-3047 (3, dry). Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:288 [ref. 28887]. Original as Echarpe. The same as Balistes rectangulus Bloch & Schneider 1801 with same types. •Regarded as valid as Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Chen et al. 1997:181 [ref. 26476], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (see Randall 2007:472 [ref. 30952], Beaunier et al. 2009:288-289 [ref. 28887], Matsuura 2022:424 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ellioti, Balistes Day [F.] 1889:478 [The fauna of British India v. 2; ref. 4888] Madras, India. No types known. Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:162 [ref. 23762]. Based on a drawing. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

elongatus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:69 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Azores, northeastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): MNHN (not found). Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

equestris, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:31 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American seas. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.190 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:244 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. •Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 -- (Wheeler 1958:244 [ref. 13434], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1057 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

erythrodon, Balistes Günther [A.] 1870:228 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 8; ref. 1995] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Replacement name for Xenodon niger Rüppell, secondarily preoccupied by Balistes niger Park 1797 when both species are in Balistes. •Synonym of Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836) -- (Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:355 [ref. 28867], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:421 [ref. 40250]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

erythropteron, Balistes Lesson [R. P.] 1831:123, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Bora Bora, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): Not found at MNHN. Non-types: MNHN B-1847 (1) Waigou, 0000-3154 (1) Waigou. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:517 [ref. 21538] with locality as Waigou, Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

erythropterus, Balistes Swainson [W.] 1838:193, Fig. 27 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] No locality. Perhaps not intended as new but as Balistes erythropteron Lesson 1831. Misspelling. Balistidae.

erythropterus, Oncobalistes Fowler [H. W.] 1946:213, Fig. 73 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 98; ref. 1456] Aguni Shima, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype (unique): ANSP 72087. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845) -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:63 [ref. 7581], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:471 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

fasciatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:409 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Baliste echarpe" of Lacepède. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

filamentosus, Abalistes Matsuura [K.] & Yoshino [T.] 2004:190, Fig. 1a [Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2); ref. 27771] Off Itoman, south coast of Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Holotype: NSMT-P 65579. Paratypes: AMS I.37974 (1); CSIRO H 1075-02 (1), H 2455-04 (1), H 3223-03 (1); HUMZ 38667 (1), 38705 (1), 38706 (1), 68923 (1), 68925 (1), 68926 (1); NSMT-P 49363 (1), 65582 (1); URM 3320 (1), 3321 (1), 3334 (1). •Valid as Abalistes filamentosus Matsuura & Yoshino 2004 -- (Allen et al. 2006:1870 [ref. 29098], Randall & Justine 2008:183 [ref. 29954], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Motomura et al. 2017:229 [ref. 35490], Psomadakis et al. 2020:605 [ref. 37272], Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:329 [ref. 39925] misidentified, Galbraith et al. 2024:6 [ref. 40930]). Current status: Valid as Abalistes filamentosus Matsuura & Yoshino 2004. Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Ryukyu Islands north to Tokara Islands (southern Japan); northern Western Australia and Northern Territory (Australia) east to Coral Sea (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

fimbriatus, Balistes Forster [J. R.] in Richardson 1845:128 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Not available, name mentioned in synonymy Balistes vidua; from Tahiti. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

flavimarginatus, Balistes Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1829:33 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Holotype: SMF 2933 (dry). Non-types: SMF 4434 (1, skeleton). •Valid as Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:294 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Randall et al. 1990:454 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:394 [ref. 23929], Mishra 1994:187 [ref. 24012], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:611 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:392 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:454 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:581 [ref. 24106], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1397 [ref. 25182], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Matsuura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:317 [ref. 27511] dated 1828, Sakai et al. 2001:123 [ref. 25693], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3922 [ref. 26315] dated 1828, Nakabo 2002:1397 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:447, 691 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:220 [ref. 27510] dated 1828, Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:624 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:327 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:193 [ref. 33932], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Sahayak et al. 2014:23 [ref. 37751], Koeda et al. 2016:111 [ref. 35333], Motomura et al. 2017:231 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:323 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 30 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:608 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:127 [ref. 37637], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:422 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Comoros, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to central Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: brackish, marine.

forcipatus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Brazil. No types known. Also appeared in Shaw 1904:416 [ref. 4015]. •Valid as Balistes forcipatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Herrera 1896:74 [ref. 39336]). •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1336 [ref. 13677]). •Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3052 [ref. 34618] with question). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Scott & Scott 1988:564 [ref. 25518], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:344 [ref. 25013], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fraenatus, Balistes Latreille [P. A.] 1804:74 [ ref. 17490] No locality stated. No types at MNHN. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Valid as Sufflamen fraenatus (Latreille 1804) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:342 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:292 [ref. 19754], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:458 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:395 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:168 [ref. 25479], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:394 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:612 [ref. 27969] with authors as Bloch & Schneider, Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:388 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:458 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:332 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:587 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:754 [ref. 25471], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:457 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:105 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Choi et al. 2003:447, 692 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:32 [ref. 27624], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:49 [ref. 27712] with author as Latrielle, Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988]). •Valid as Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804) -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:69 [ref. 13251] as frenatum, Nakabo 2000:1399 [ref. 25182], Matsuura 2001:3927 [ref. 26315] dated 1801, Nakabo 2002:1399 [ref. 26193], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:628 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:526 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1876 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:473 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:234 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1067 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:194 [ref. 33932], Psomadakis et al. 2015:333 [ref. 34104], Motomura et al. 2015:30 [ref. 34709], Koeda et al. 2016:112 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:379 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:325 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 30 [ref. 38321], Ray & Mohapatra 2020:105 [ref. 37299], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Mary et al. 2021:396 [ref. 38693], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:427 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:335 [ref. 39925], Mochizuki et al. 2022:29 [ref. 39612]). Current status: Valid as Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U. S. A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island (Australia). IUCN (2010): Least concern. Habitat: marine.

frenata, Cotilla Billberg [G. J.] 1833:52 [Linnéska Samfundets Handlingar v. 1 (for 1832); ref. 34146] No locality stated. No types at MNHN. Based on "Le Baliste Bridé" of Lacepède 1798:378 [ref.2708], which is based on the "Balistes totus niger" of Commerson 1767-1771 [ref. 34154]; see Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147]. •Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804) -- (Kullander 2016:113 [ref. 34147] as fraenatus, Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

fuliginosus, Balistes DeKay [J. E.] 1842:339, Pl. 54 (fig. 188) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York harbor, New York, U.S.A. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fuscatus, Balistes Rafinesque [C. S.] 1814:19 [Précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de Mr. C. S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz; ref. 3582] Atlantic, between the Azores and U.S.A. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

fuscolineatus, Balistes Seale [A.] 1901:9, Fig. 4 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 14358] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: BPBM 664. Paratypes: ANSP 88511 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Randall & Klausewitz 1973:60 [ref. 7581], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Mundy 2005:524 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:470 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

fuscus, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:378 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] No locality. Appeared as "Balistes fuscus, maculâ pectorali maximâ, postremisque pinnarum marginibus albis,...."; regarded as non-binominal and not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Balistidae.

fuscus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:471 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality stated [Indian Ocean]. Syntypes: MNHN B-3043 (1) Mer des Indes, B-3044 (1) Mer des Indes. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:289 [ref. 28887]. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:583 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Based on the "Baliste grande tache" of Lacepède 1798:378 [ref. 2708], which was based on a description in a manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). •Valid as Balistes fuscus Bloch & Schneider 1801 -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:340 [ref. 19756]). •Valid as Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:294 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:455 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:393 [ref. 23929], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:390 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:455 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:582 [ref. 24106], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1397 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:456 [ref. 25191], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3923 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1397 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Randall 2005:625 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1064 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:193 [ref. 33932], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Sahayak et al. 2014:25 [ref. 37751], Psomadakis et al. 2015:333 [ref. 34104], Koeda et al. 2016:111 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:323 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:608 [ref. 37272], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:422 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:333 [ref. 39925], Mochizuki et al. 2022:70 [ref. 39927]). Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

gaimardii, Balistes (Canthidermis) Swainson [W.] 1839:325 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Frey. Zool. p. 210 -- which is Quoy & Gaimard [ref. 3574]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

garnoti, Balistes Castelnau [F. L.] 1873:107 [Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne v. 2; ref. 758] Noble Island, Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-1934. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:289 [ref. 28887]. •Incertae sedis in Balistidae -- (Allen et al. 2006:1877 [ref. 29098]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Beaunier et al. 2098:289 [ref. 28887]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

gotonis, Xanthichthys Tanaka [S.] 1918:481, Pl. 131 (fig. 372) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 27; ref. 14911] Tokyo market, said to have come from Idzu [Izu], Japan. Holotype: ZUMT 7626 (lost). Paratypes: 7627-29 (3, lost). •Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:456 [ref. 20607], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

greenei, Xanthichthys Pyle [R. L.] & Earle [J. L.] 2013:3, Figs. 1-2 [Biodiversity Data Journal 1.e994; ref. 32891] Kiribati Atoll, directly off fuel tanks near London, outside of freighter ship,1°59'7884'N, 157.29'10.32"W, depth 300 feet (90 meters), Line Atoll. Holotype: BPBM 40262. Paratypes: CAS 236267 [ex BPBM 40342] (1); BPBM 40228 (1), 40342 (2), 40342 (1). •Valid as Xanthichthys greenei Pyle & Earle 2013 -- (Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys greenei Pyle & Earle 2013. Balistidae. Distribution: South Pacific: Kiribati Atoll (Line Islands). Habitat: marine.

griseus, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:350, Pl. 15 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes griseus, dorso maculis lenticularibus ...."; regarded as non-binominal, mentioned in footnote, thus not available; from Mauritius. See ICZN Opinion 89. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Balistidae.

guttatus, Balistes Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:467 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality known. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

guttatus, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1816:153 [Le Règne Animal; ref. 993] Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Name only, not available; also as name only in Cuvier 1829:374 [ref. 995]. •Nomen nudum, family Balistidae -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

gutturosus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:63 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): Not found at MNHN. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832) -- (Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys auromarginatus (Bennett 1832). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

heckelii, Balistes Müller [J. W. von] 1864:183 (v. 1) [Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico; ref. 14184] Mexico. No types known. Originally spelling was Heckelii. Also appeared in Müller 1865:643 (v. 3) [ref. 14184] with reference to 'Reise in Mexico, I, 183'. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

heteracanthus, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1859:22 [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 6 (art. 2); ref. 14003] Doreh Bay [Doreh], off Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia, New Guinea, ca. 0°53'25''S 134°05'29''E. Syntypes: RMNH 7260 (2). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

hihpe, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:127, Pl. 60 (fig. 2) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] China Seas, Canton. No types known. Based solely on illustration by Reeves (see Whitehead 1970:218 [ref. 11606]). •Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804) -- (Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921] with question). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

humilis, Balistes Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1924:434 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 25 (no. 4); ref. 10939] South coast of Cotabato Province, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype: BSMP 10252 (presumed destroyed). Paratypes: BSMP (31) presumed destroyed. •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

immaculatus, Balistes maculatus var. Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:465 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Apparently an unnamed variety, immaculatus not in type style of other varieties (not Latinized as such); not available from above source. Balistidae.

indicus, Melichthys Randall [J. E.] & Klausewitz [W.] 1973:(60) 64, Figs. 4-6 [Senckenbergiana Biologica v. 54 (nos 1/3); ref. 7581] Goy Huyong, Similian Islands, Thailand [Andaman Sea, eastern Indian Ocean], 8°29'N, 97°39'E, depth 1-4 meters. Holotype: ANSP 105837. Paratypes: BPBM 12513 [ex SMF 4328] (1); MNHN 1954-0040 (2); RMNH 7286 (1); SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 665 (1), 666 (1), 667 (1); SMF 4258 (1), 5234 (1), 8662 (3), 8751 (1), 10972 (23). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621], Beaunier et al. 2009:292 [ref. 28887]. •Valid as Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz 1973 -- (Dor 1984:275 [ref. 29757], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Winterbottom et al. 1989:68 [ref. 13251], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:393 [ref. 22896], Fricke 1999:579 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:327 [ref. 31171], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1062 [ref. 31980], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:607 [ref. 37272], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:420 [ref. 40250], Noushad K. et al. 2024:46 [ref. 40947]). Current status: Valid as Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz 1973. Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar, western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius), Lakshadweep (India), Maldives and Chagos Archipelago east to Myanmar and Sumatra, Java and Bali (Indonesia). Habitat: marine.

jellaka, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1829:372 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Vizagapatam, India. No types at MNHN. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]. Available from footnote as, "Bal. jellaka, N., Lamayellaka, Russel, 1, 22." •Unknown status -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]). •Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

kamoharai, Balistes vidua Abe [T.] 1958:178 [Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan Spec. No. 2; ref. 12041] Japan. Syntypes: ZUMT 23700 (1), 42402 (1), 44407 (1). Based on specimens and literature sources. •Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845) -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:63 [ref. 7581], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

kib, Balistes Montrouzier [X.] 1857:495 [217] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. On p. 217 of reprint. Not available, manuscript name mentioned in synonymy under Balistes lineatus; from Woodlark I., South Pacific. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). •In the synonymy of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Randall & Klausewitz 1973:60 [ref. 7581], Beaunier et al. 2009:296 [ref. 28887]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

kibitar, Balistes Montrouzier [X.] 1857:494 [216] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. On p. 216 of reprint. •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

liberiensis, Balistes Steindachner [F.] 1867:64 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe v. 4 (no. 8); ref. 20462] Monrovia, Liberia. Holotype (unique): NMW 63441. Species also appeared on p. 442 of English version [ref. 20462]; later appeared in more detail in Steindachner 1867:525, Pl. 3 [ref. 4215]; and on p. 9 of separate. •Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1057 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

lima, Balistes Bennett [E. T.] 1832:168 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Senior synonym of Balistes lineopunctatus Hollard 1854, which is obvious from the detailed original description (see Fricke 1989: 589). We are tentatively treating this name in the synonymy of Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854) due to prevailing usage of the latter name. •Valid as Xanthichthys lima (Bennett 1832) -- (Fricke 1999:589 [ref. 24106], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). •In the synonymy of Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854) -- (see discussion above). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, antiequatorial: East Africa, South Africa, Comoro Islands and western Mascarenes east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

lineatus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:466, Pl. 87 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coast of Coromandel, India. Holotype (unique): ZMB 5902 (stuffed). •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Dor 1984:275 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Matsuura 2001:3919 [ref. 26315], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:440 [ref. 28072], Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:416 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

lineopunctatus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:65 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (?): MNHN A-8529 (dry mounted). Possible type: MNHN 0000-4071 (1). Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:519 [ref. 21538] as holotype and paratype, but perhaps there was only a holotype (A.8529), Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887]. Originally as Lineo-punctatus. •Synonym of Xanthichthys lima (Bennett 1832) -- (Fricke 1999:589 [ref. 24106]). •Valid as Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854) -- (Fedoryako 1979:993 [ref. 8721], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:181 [ref. 26476], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1401 [ref. 25182], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3928 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1401 [ref. 26193], Allen et al. 2006:1876 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:118 [ref. 30213], Pyle & Earle 2013:11 [ref. 32891], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576], Koeda et al. 2016:113 [ref. 35333], Love et al. 2021:224 [ref. 39279] as XXanthichthys lineopunctatus, Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:428 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard 1854). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific, antiequatorial: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

linguatula, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:35 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. No types known. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

longirostris, Canthidermis Tortonese [E.] 1956:77, Fig. 1 [Rivista di Biologia Coloniale v. 14 (for 1954); ref. 12230] Dahlak Island, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): MCZR [Dahlak. Mus. Civ. Zool. Roma] 20162. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:28 [ref. 22948], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888) -- (Randall 1995:393 [ref. 22896], Matsunuma et al. 2020:136 [ref. 37727], Matsuura 2022:418 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

longissimus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:60, Pl. 3 (fig. 3) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Vanikoro Island, Santa Cruz Islands, southwestern Pacific; Society Islands. Syntypes: ?MNHN B-1806 (1). Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:519 [ref. 21538] as holotype, Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

longus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:37 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. No types known. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

lunula, Rhinecanthus Randall [J. E.] & Steene [R. C.] 1983:46, Figs. 8-10 [Freshwater and Marine Aquarium v. 6 (no. 7); ref. 6023] Outside barrier reef about 1/4 mile east of Teavaraa Pass, Papara, Tahiti, Society Islands, depth 15 meters. Holotype: BPBM 8995. Paratypes: BMNH 1981.12.31.1 (1); BPBM 17177 (1), 24459 (1); CAS 44268 (1); USNM 220357 (1). •Valid as Rhinecanthus lunula Randall & Steene 1983 -- (Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:317 [ref. 13563], Randall et al. 1990:456 [ref. 15987], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:456 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:456 [ref. 25191], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Randall 2005:626 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1874 [ref. 29098], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus lunula Randall & Steene 1983. Balistidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific, South Pacific: Queensland (Australia) east to Pitcairn Island. Habitat: marine.

lunulatus, Balistes Risso [A.] 1827:175 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

macrolepis, Balistes Boulenger [G. A.] 1888:666 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887 (pt 4); ref. 14479] Muscat, Oman, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, northwestern Indian Ocean. Lectotype: BMNH 1887.11.11.334 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: BMNH 1887.121.11.335 (1, stuffed). Lectotype selected by Gill & Randall 1997:27 [ref. 22948]. •Valid as Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888) -- (Randall 1995:393 [ref. 22896], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Psomadakis et al. 2015:332 [ref. 34104], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Matsunuma et al. 2020:136 [ref. 37727], Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:418 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:331 [ref. 39925]). Current status: Valid as Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, Socotra (Yemen), southern Oman and Pakistan; Philippines east to Micronesia, north to Japan. Habitat: marine.

macrophthalmus, Capriscus (Leiurus) Swainson [W.] 1839:326 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Russ. pl. 22 -- which is Russell 1803:Pl. 22 [ref. 13862]. •Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

macrops, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:326 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815) -- (Moore 1967:699 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

macropterus, Balistes Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:465 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] American Ocean. No types known. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Guaperva Sonnerat [P.] 1775:443, Pl. 2 [Observations sur la Physique, sur l'Histoire Naturelle et sur les Arts, Paris v. 3 (for 1774); ref. 30220] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean; Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Not used as valid after 1899; therefore reversal of priority in favor of Balistes conspicillum Bloch & Schneider 1801 is followed (Art. 23.9). •In the synonymy of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Oblitum. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

maculatus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] 1786:25, Pl. 151 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] Tranquebar [Tharangambadi], India. Lectotype: ZMB 5904 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: ZMB 4140-41 (1, 2). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282]. On p. 22 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 5 [ref. 21381]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:49 [ref. 24282]. Canthidermis is feminine, so the correct spelling is maculata. •Valid as Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Tortonese 1973:642 [ref. 7192], Kyushin et al. 1977:352 [ref. 19756], Fedoryako 1979:986 [ref. 8721], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:467 [ref. 14275], Dor 1984:275 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Robins & Ray 1986:302 [ref. 23100], Smith & Heemstra 1986:878 [ref. 5714], Dennis & Bright 1988:12 [ref. 39782] as maculatus, Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527], Boschung 1992:181 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:265 [ref. 23827], Kuiter 1993:392 [ref. 23929], Allen & Robertson 1994:294 [ref. 22193], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:908 [ref. 22829], Cervigón 1996:77 [ref. 24489], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948], Santos et al. 1997:113 [ref. 23531], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:66 [ref. 24545], Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Lindberg et al. 1997:64 [ref. 23547], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:629 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:137 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:579 [ref. 24106], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:345 [ref. 25013], Johnson 1999:754 [ref. 25471], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1401 [ref. 25182], Matsuura 2001:3924 [ref. 26315] as maculatus, Shimizu 2001:46 [ref. 25799], Nakabo 2002:1401 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:447, 691 [ref. 26218] as maculatus, Collette et al. 2003:126 [ref. 26784], Matsuura 2003:1969 [ref. 27119], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377] as maculatus, Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495] as maculatus, Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192] as maculatus, Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:219 [ref. 27510], Parin 2003:S33 [ref. 28536], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624] as maculatus, Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379] as maculatus, McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:897 [ref. 28815], Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098] as maculatus, Béarez & Séret 2009:151 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1062 [ref. 31980] as maculatus, Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988] as maculatus, Sahayak et al. 2014:57 [ref. 37752], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:12 [ref. 33516], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Parin et al. 2014:550 [ref. 33547], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932], Psomadakis et al. 2015:332 [ref. 34104], Pinheiro et al. 2015:34 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3055 [ref. 34618], Fourriére et al. 2016:450 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:110 [ref. 35333], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] as maculatus, Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Brown et al. 2019:182 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:228 [ref. 37250], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Reiner 2019:303 [ref. 38139], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2020:172 [ref. 37680], Kim et al. 2020:197 [ref. 39118], Matsunuma et al. 2020:140 [ref. 37727], Psomadakis et al. 2020:607 [ref. 37272] as maculatus, Ray & Mohapatra 2020:104 [ref. 37299], Sonoyama et al. 2020:127 [ref. 37637], Akaike et al. 2021:31 [ref. 38809], Kim et al. 2021:226 [ref. 39117], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279], Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:693 [ref. 38945], Fujiwara et al. 2022:93 [ref. 39094], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:419 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:332 [ref. 39925], Carvalho-Filho 2023:278 [ref. 40480], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:425 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, South China Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan). Habitat: marine.

mauritianus, Balistes Regan [C. T.] 1903:414, Pl. 13 (fig. 4) [Revue Suisse de Zoologie v. 11 (no. 2); ref. 3620] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MHNG 665.43. Type catalog: Mahnert 1976:472 [ref. 21535], Weber 1998:13 [ref. 32707]. •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Fricke 1999:580 [ref. 24106], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

medinilla, Balistes Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:206, Pl. 46 (fig. 2) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] From îles des Papous. Holotype (unique): Not at MNHN. Non-type: MNHN B-1789 (1). Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:516 [ref. 21538] with B-1789 as paratype, Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887].. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

melanopleura, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1849:73 [Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore) v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 316] Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

melanopterus, Balistes Cope [E. D.] 1871:478 [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] Darien, Panama. No types known. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527] as melanoperus). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

membranaceus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

mento, Balistes Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:228 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 221); ref. 18348] Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Islands, off western Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 28387 (not found in 1980). •Valid as Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:456 [ref. 20607], Fedoryako 1979:992 [ref. 8721], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:296 [ref. 9277], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:296 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:909 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:66 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:635 [ref. 24023], Randall & Mundy 1998:332 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Nakabo 2000:1402 [ref. 25182], Matsuura 2001:3928 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1402 [ref. 26193], Lobel & Lobel 2004:78 [ref. 27576], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Pequeño 2004:96 [ref. 28123], Love et al. 2005:179 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:630 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:527 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:475 [ref. 30952], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Kells et al. 2016:338 [ref. 35888], Love et al. 2021:224 [ref. 39279], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Distribution: Pacific, antitropical: southern Japan east to Hawaiian Island (U.S.A.); Pitcairn and Easter Island (Chile); eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Chile, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico), Guadalupe Island (Mexico), Revillagiogedo Islands (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France), Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Malpelo Island (Colombia) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

minor, Balistes aculeatus Forsskål [P. S.] in Niebuhr 1775:xvii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] No locality stated (Red Sea). No types known. Authorship according to Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182]. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Dor 1984:275 [ref. 29757], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

mitis, Balistes Bennett [E. T.] 1832:169 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 4944] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:588 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. •Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatus (Latreille 1804) [fraenatum is probably correct] -- (Fricke 1999:587 [ref. 24106], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:427 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen fraenatum (Latreille 1804). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

mordax, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

moribundus, Balistes Cope [E. D.] 1871:478 [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (New Series) v. 14 (pt 3) (art. 5); ref. 920] St. Martin Island, West Indies. Holotype (unique): ANSP 781. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

mungopark, Balistes Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:681, 682 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Sumatra, Indonesia. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. Originally as Mungo-Park. New name for Balistes niger Park 1797. Also appeared in Sonnini 1803:288 [ref. 30464]. •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

munumum, Balistes Montrouzier [X.] 1857:496 [218] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. On p. 218 of reprint. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820] as minimum, Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

naufragium, Balistes Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] in Jordan 1895:488 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) v. 5; ref. 2394] Astillero at Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype: CAS-SU 11656. Paratypes: (4) BMNH 1895.5.27.330 (1), CAS-SU 1656 (1), ZMB 14084 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:143-144 [ref. 12291]. Original description lists 1656 as type; two types have tin tags 1656, but the larger one labeled holotype now carries the number SU 11656, a smaller one 1656. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). •Valid as Pseudobalistes naufragium (Jordan & Starks 1895) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:440 [ref. 20607], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:295 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:909 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:66 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:632 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:137 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:269 [ref. 25640], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:179 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:426 [ref. 40816], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]), Current status: Valid as Pseudobalistes naufragium (Jordan & Starks 1895). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to central Chile, including central and southern Gulf of California (Mexico), Cocos Island (Costa Rica), Malpelo Island (Colombia) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). IUCN (2010): Least concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

nebulosus, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:328 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

niger, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:370 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes niger, lineâ albâ dorsi Commerson"; regarded as non-binominal and name only, thus not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Balistidae.

niger, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] 1786:27, Pl. 152 (fig. 2) [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 2; ref. 465] No locality [? China]. Lectotype: ZMB 5901 (stuffed). Paralectotypes: lost. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:50 [ref. 24282]. Plate is labeled Balistes ringens. Based in part on Balistes ringens Linnaeus 1758. On p. 24 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 5 [ref. 21381]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:50 [ref. 24282]. •Valid as Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Randall & Klausewitz 1973:60 [ref. 7581], Kyushin et al. 1977:346 [ref. 19756], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:296 [ref. 9277], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Robins & Ray 1986:303 [ref. 23100], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Edwards & Glass 1987:668 [ref. 9166], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:68 [ref. 13251], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Randall et al. 1990:454 [ref. 15987], Cervigón 1992:266 [ref. 23827], Allen & Robertson 1994:295 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:908 [ref. 22829], Cervigón 1996:79 [ref. 24489], Lindberg et al. 1997:61 [ref. 23547], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:66 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:630 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:386 [ref. 25488], Randall & Mundy 1998:331 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:579 [ref. 24106], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:346 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:87 [ref. 25466], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1396 [ref. 25182], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3924 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1396 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Collette et al. 2003:126 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:69 [ref. 26943], Matsuura 2003:1968 [ref. 27119], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27192], Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:179 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:524 [ref. 28379], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:899 [ref. 28815], Vaske et al. 2005:77 [ref. 36155], Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098], Wirtz et al. 2007:42 [ref. 30263], Randall 2007:470 [ref. 30952], Béarez & Séret 2009:151 [ref. 36646], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1063 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:12 [ref. 33516], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Pinheiro et al. 2015:34 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3054 [ref. 34618], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Kells et al. 2016:338 [ref. 35888], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Brown et al. 2019:182 [ref. 36444], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Reiner 2019:303 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:78 [ref. 38844], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:310 [ref. 39448] possible, Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279], Matsuura 2022:420 [ref. 40250], Carvalho-Filho 2023:277 [ref. 40480], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, southern Gulf of California/Mexico). Habitat: marine.

niger, Balistes Park [M.] 1797:37 [The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London v. 3 (art. 9); ref. 17801] Habitat in Sumatræ littore [Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, eastern Indian Ocean]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1863.11.12.10 (dry, right half skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1974:476 [ref. 31545]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Balistes niger Bloch 1786. •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (see Günther 1870:218 [ref. 1995], Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

niger, Balistes Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Sonnerat) 1788:10, Pl. 85 (fig. 152 [?352]) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:297 [ref. 28887]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Balistes niger Bloch 1786. Based on the 'Baliste tacheté' of Sonnerat 1774:445 (Journal de Physique, v. 3). •Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Fricke 1999:578 [ref. 24106], Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:417 [ref. 40250]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

niger, Capriscus Swainson [W.] 1839:326 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] No locality. Holotype (unique): dry skin (whereabouts unknown). •Synonym of Melichthys indicus Randall & Klausewitz 1973 -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921] with question). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

niger, Xenodon (Balistes) Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1836:[53], Pl. 14 (fig. 3) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 5232 (dry). Possible paralectotype: NRM 35986 (1). Dates to publication of Pl. 14 in 1836, p. 53 in 1837. Lectotype selected by Fricke 1999:581 [ref. 24106]. •Valid as Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:348 [ref. 19756], Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Winterbottom et al. 1989:68 [ref. 13251], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:393 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:611 [ref. 27969], Lindberg et al. 1997:57 [ref. 23547], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:388 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:454 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:580 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1396 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:455 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3925 [ref. 26315] dated 1835, Nakabo 2002:1396 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830] dated 1837, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495] dated 1837, Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:220 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624] dated 1837, Randall 2005:624 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:327 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1063 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:193 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988] dated 1829, Psomadakis et al. 2015:333 [ref. 34104], Koeda et al. 2016:110 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Jawad et al. 2018:122 [ref. 36262], Fricke et al. 2019:322 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:608 [ref. 37272], Ray & Mohapatra 2020:105 [ref. 37299], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Mary et al. 2021:396 [ref. 38693], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:421 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:333 [ref. 39925], Ziyadi et al. 2022:[3] [ref. 39945]). Current status: Valid as Odonus niger (Rüppell 1836). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Marquesas Islands and Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to southern Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: marine.

nigra, Balistes Osbeck [P.] 1771:93 [A voyage to China and the East Indies v. 1-2; ref. 18499] Ascension Island. Unneeded new name for Balistes ringens Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

nigricans, Balistes Commerson [P.] in Lacepède 1798:375 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Balistes nigricans; rostro, maculis, pinnis pectoris, dorsi, ani, dimidiâque caudâ, exalbidis; ...."; regarded as non-binominal and first published in synonymy, thus not available. See ICZN Opinion 89. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Balistidae.

nigricans, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:664 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

nigromarginatus, Pachynathus Tanaka [S.] 1908:39, Pl. 1 (fig. 4) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 23 (art. 7); ref. 6032] Misaki, Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 958 (lost). •Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:290 [ref. 19754], Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

nigropunctatus, Balistes Osbeck [P.] 1765:147 [Reise nach Ostindien und China; ref. 3311] South China Sea, southwest of Macao, China. Originally as nigro-punctatus. Name and locality only; not available. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

nitidus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1853.11.12.189 [Gronovius coll.] (skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434]. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

notatus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Several localities. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.188 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin) "Utrisque Indiis". Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. •Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

nummiferus, Balistes Hermann [J.] 1804:298 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. •Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistoides conspicillum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

nycteris, Pachynathus Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:199 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 50821. •Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845) -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:62 [ref. 7581], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:524 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:471 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

obscurus, Balistapus aculeatus var. Borodin [N. A.] 1930:62 [Bulletin Vanderbilt Marine Museum v. 1 (art. 2); ref. 16069] Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: VMM 638 (now at AMNH). Described as a new color variety; perhaps can be treated as infrasubspecific and not available. •In the synonymy of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Mundy 2005:525 [ref. 28379], Parenti 2021:657 [ref. 38921]). Infrasubspecific. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

oculatus, Balistes Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig. 1) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] India. No types known. Published about 27 July 1831. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Allen et al. 2006:1872 [ref. 29098] as maculatus, Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:419 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

oire, Balistes Bennett [F. D.] 1840:262 [Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe v. 2; ref. 260] Raiatea, Society Islands. No types known. Originally orié. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ornatissimus, Balistes Swainson [W.] 1838:190, Fig. 25 [The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. v. 1; ref. 4302] No locality. Perhaps not intended as new; objectively invalid; objectively invalid, preoccupied by Balistes ornatissimus Lesson 1831. 1°Homonym. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ornatissimus, Balistes Lesson [R. P.] 1831:119, Poissons Pl. 10 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Bora Bora, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): Not found at MNHN. Non-types (too small): MNHN B-1796 (1), B-1800 (1), B-1802 (1), B-1876 (1). Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:517 [ref. 21538] with holotype and paratypes; his holotype designated lectotype by Eschmeyer 1998:1251 [ref. 23416] but that apparently in error. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:298 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Allen et al. 2006:1874 [ref. 29098], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

papuensis, Balistes Macleay [W.] 1883:279 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 17587] Hood Bay, Papua New Guinea. Holotype (unique): AMS I.9110. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829) -- (Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus (Rüppell 1829). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

pellucidus, Balistes Hermann [J.] 1804:299 [Observationes zoologicae; ref. 2146] Ascension Island. No types known. •Doubtful species; needs redescription if valid -- (Wirtz et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33516]). •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

phaleratus, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1846:484, Pl. 1 (figs. 4-5) [Discoveries in Australia; ref. 3743] West coasts of Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 2012.11.1.5. On Code recommendation 51D, the anonymous author is listed in square brackets. •Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Matsuura & Yoshino 2004:192 [ref. 27771] with author as Anonymous, Allen et al. 2006:1870 [ref. 29098], Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

piceus, Balistes Poey [F.] 1863:180 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 18561] Havana, Cuba. Poey specimens and/or syntypes: ZMB 5920 (1), 8192 (1). •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239], Randall 2007:470 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

polylepis, Balistes Steindachner [F.] 1876:69 [21] [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Mexico. Syntypes: (several) NMW 63496-500 (1, 1, 1, 1, 2), 76426 (1). On p. 21 of separate. •Valid as Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876 -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:54 [ref. 39147], Berry & Baldwin 1966:436 [ref. 20607], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:295 [ref. 9277], Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:294 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:908 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:64 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:628 [ref. 24023], Randall & Mundy 1998:324 [ref. 24063], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:137 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:268 [ref. 25640], Randall & Earle 2000:21 [ref. 25806], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:851 [ref. 25968], Richards & Engle 2001:182 [ref. 25759], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:179 [ref. 37547], Randall 2005:620 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:470 [ref. 30952], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988] dated 1877, Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:450 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Kells et al. 2016:338 [ref. 35888], Robertson et al. 2017:106 [ref. 35676], Burton & Lea 2019:98 [ref. 37205], Love et al. 2021:223 [ref. 39279], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876. Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southeastern Alaska (U.S.A.) south to Chile, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador); waifs established in Marquesas Islands (South Pacific) and Hawaiian Islands (Central Pacific). Habitat: marine.

porcatus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:32 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.192 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. •Synonym of Balistes undulatus Park 1797 -- (Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434]). •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

porcus, Capriscus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:41, 58 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Parenti 2019:108 [ref. 37117], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

powellii, Balistes Cope [E. D.] 1870:120 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 22; ref. 18030] Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): ANSP 804. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:26 [ref. 13621]. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

praslensis, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:332 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Syntypes: MNHN B-1769 (1) Waigiou, B-1771 (1) Port Praslin, B-1772 (1) Vanocoro, B-1768 (1) Waigiou, B-1844 (1) Mer des Indes, B-1901 (1) Mer des Indes. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887]. MNHN B-1769 is also the holotype of Balistes praslinensis Quou & Gaimard 1824; MNHN B-1771 is also the holotype of Balistes praslinoides Lesson 1831. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

praslinensis, Balistes Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:205, Pl. 46 (fig. 1) [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Praslin Island; Waigeo [Waigiou], Indonesia. Holotype: MNHN B-1769. Non-types: MNHN B-1770 (1) Timor. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:516 [ref. 21538], Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

praslinoides, Balistes Lesson [R. P.] 1831:117, Poissons Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Voyage autour du monde Zool. v. 2 (pt 1); ref. 2776] Port Praslin, New Ireland Island, Bismarck Archipelago. Holotype (unique): MNHN B-1771. Non-types: MNHN B-1768 (1). Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887]. Apparently an incorrect subsequent spelling of Balistes praslinensis Quoy & Gaimard 1824. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:290 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

punctatus, Balistes Gmelin [J. F.] 1789:1472 [Caroli a Linné ... Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae v. 1 (pt 3); ref. 18139] Indian Ocean (?). No types known. •Valid as Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1336 [ref. 13677], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527], Afonso et al. 1999:80 [ref. 25466], Wirtz et al. 2007:42 [ref. 30263], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3052 [ref. 34618], Carneiro et al. 2019:227 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:302 [ref. 38139], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands (Spain), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

punctatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

punctatus, Xenobalistes Heemstra [P. C.] & Smith [M. M.] 1983:1, Figs. 1-3 [The J.L.B Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 26; ref. 5414] Beach at Van Stadens River mouth, eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 17546. •Valid as Xenobalistes punctatus Heemstra & Smith 1983 -- (Smith & Heemstra 1986:881 [ref. 5714], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576]). •A prejuvenile of and synonym of Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978 -- (Heemstra and Matsuura in ASIH abstract in 1999, Randall 2007:475 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Randall, Matsuura & Zama 1978. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

purus, Xanthichthys Tanaka [S.] 1918:484, Pl. 133 (fig. 374) [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 27; ref. 14911] Tokyo market, said to have come from Idzu [Izu], Japan. Holotype (unique): ZUMT 7625 (lost). •Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:456 [ref. 20607], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

quadrilineatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

radiata, Balistes Bowdich [S. L.] 1825:233, Fig. 45 [Fishes of Madeira; ref. 590] Porta Praya, St. Jago Island, Cape Verde Islands. •Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2019:7 [ref. 36934], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes punctatus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

radula, Balistes Solander [D. C.] in Richardson 1848:21, Pl. 6 (figs. 1-4) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Pacific. No types known. As the name appeared above it is a name and description in synonymy and not available (not treated as valid); subsequent validation not researched. •In the synonymy of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Randall & Klausewitz 1973:60 [ref. 7581], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:524 [ref. 28379], Randall 2007:470 [ref. 30952], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

rectangulus, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] (ex Lacepède & Commerson) 1801:465 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MNHN B-3047 (3, dry). Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:291 [ref. 28887]. Based on the 'Baliste écharpe' of Lacepède 1798:352 [ref. 2708], which was based on a description in manuscript by Commerson [Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist], with three underlying specimens (MNHN syntypes). •Doubtfully valid as Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757]). •Synonym of Rhinecanthus echarpe (Anonymous 1798) -- (Parenti 2021:658 [ref. 38921]). •Valid as Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:880 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:317 [ref. 13563], Winterbottom et al. 1989:68 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:456 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:396 [ref. 23929], Francis 1993:168 [ref. 25479], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:386 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:456 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:331 [ref. 24063], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:585 [ref. 24106], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1400 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:457 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3925 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1400 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:443 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:627 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:525 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1874 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:472 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:117 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:328 [ref. 31171], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:85 [ref. 35264], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1065 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:193 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:119 [ref. 36167], Struthers 2015:1715 [ref. 34302], Koeda et al. 2016:111 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Fricke et al. 2018:378 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:324 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:609 [ref. 37272], Dewa et al. 2022:30 [ref. 40001], Matsuura 2022:424 [ref. 40250], Noushad K. et al. 2024:46 [ref. 40947]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Lord Howe Island (Australia) and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

reticulatus, Balistes Hollard [H. L. G. M.] 1854:312 [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] [Tonga-Tabou] Tongatapu, Tonga, south Pacific; Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Syntypes: MNHN B-1877 (1) Tonga-Tabou, MNHN A-8509 (1, dry) Réunion. Type catalog: Le Danois 1961:515 [ref. 21538] with a holotype, Beaunier et al. 2009:291 [ref. 28887]. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Fricke 1999:582 [ref. 24106], Beaunier et al. 2009:291 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:422 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ringens, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:329 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Ascension Island. Syntypes: NRM 39 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:275 [ref. 20707]. Lectotype selected by Randall et al. 1978:694 [ref. 5532]. •Valid as Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Fedoryako 1979:992 [ref. 8721], Robins & Ray 1986:303 [ref. 23100], Dennis & Bright 1988:13 [ref. 39782], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1060 [ref. 19527], Boschung 1992:181 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:266 [ref. 23827], Andreata & Séret 1996:590 [ref. 16204], Arruda 1997:121 [ref. 24952], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:346 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Collette et al. 2003:126 [ref. 26784], Matsuura 2003:1969 [ref. 27119], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:109 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:900 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Pyle & Earle 2013:11 [ref. 32891], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:12 [ref. 33516], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576], Pinheiro et al. 2015:34 [ref. 34324], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Carneiro et al. 2019:228 [ref. 37250], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:695 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:278 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island. Habitat: marine.

rivulatus, Balistes Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1837:56, Pl. 16 (fig. 2) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 279. Paralectotypes: SMF 2950 (1), 4430 (1). Lectotype established by Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757] if not designated earlier. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Dor 1984:276 [ref. 29757], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

rondeletii, Capriscus Plumier [C.] in Lacepède 1798:372 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

rotundatus, Balistes Marion de Procé [P.-M.] 1822:130 [Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris [Sér. 3] [v. 9] (for 1822); ref. 17601] Manila Bay, Philippines. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:298 [ref. 28887]. Genus was originally incorrect as Balistus. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Mention -- (Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948]). •Valid as Balistes rotundatus Marion de Procé 1822 -- (Lindberg et al. 1997:61 [ref. 23547]). •Possible synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Sahayak et al. 2014:60 [ref. 37752]). •Valid as Canthidermis rotundatus (Marion de Procé 1822) -- (Fedoryako 1979:989 [24] [ref. 8721], Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379] with question). •Valid as Canthidermis rotundata (Marion de Procé 1822) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Canthidermis rotundata (Marion de Procé 1822). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Society Islands. IUCN (2010): LC. Habitat: marine.

rubicundus, Balistes polylepis de Buen [F.] 1959:158, Fig. 17 [Revista de Biologia Marina, Valparaiso v. 9 (nos 1-3); ref. 696] Chile. Holotype (unique): EBMC 10.159. •Synonym of Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876, but a valid subspecies as described -- (Pequeño 1989:77 [ref. 14125]). •Synonym of Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876 -- (Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921] as polylepisrubicundus). Current status: Synonym of Balistes polylepis Steindachner 1876. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

ruficaudus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

rufus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:36 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.193 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. Based on literature sources and specimen. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

russellii, Capriscus (Leiurus) Swainson [W.] 1839:326 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Russ. Pl. 23 -- which is Russell 1803:Pl. 23 [ref. 13862]. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

schmittii, Balistes Bleeker [P.] 1852:37 [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. v. 24 (art. 11); ref. 16836] Padang, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

senticosus, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1848:23, Pl. 9 (figs. 5-8) [The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Samarang; ref. 3744] Sea of China. Syntypes: (2) BMNH 1848.3.8.17 (1). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607] as maculatus, Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820] as maculatus, Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527] as maculatus, Mundy 2005:523 [ref. 28379] as maculatus, Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

sesquilineatus, Balistes Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.] 1839:69, Pl. 21 (fig. 3) [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): not preserved. Based on a drawing by R. B. Beechey. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

signatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:416 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Baliste grand-tache" of Lacepède. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

sillone, Balistes Le Danois [Y.] 1961:519 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 32 (no. 6) (1960); ref. 21538] Indian seas. Holotype: MNHN A-8497. Still researching. Appeared as vernacular name Le Baliste Sillonné in Lacepède 1798:370, Pl. 18 (fig. 1). Latinized by Le Danois as silloné [availability from Le Danois needs research]. •Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:447 [ref. 20607]). Current status: Synonym of Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

sobaco, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:324 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Havana, Cuba. •Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815) -- (Moore 1967:699 [ref. 22820], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:346 [ref. 25013], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

sonneratii, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:406 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean; Tahiti. Based on literature sources. •Synonym of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen bursa (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

spilotopterygius, Balistes Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:455 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] American Ocean. No types known. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

spinosus, Balistes Meuschen [F. C.] 1778:23 [ ref. 17682] Original not seen. Not available, published in a rejected work (Opinion 260). •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Suppressed. Balistidae.

stellaris, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:476 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:298 [ref. 28887]. Based on Le Baliste étoilé of Lacepède 1798. Author may be Lacepède [Anonymous], as used by Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527] and Matsuura & Yoshino 2004:189 [ref. 27771] and others. •Valid as Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:344 [ref. 19756], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Matsuura in Okamura et al. 1985:627, 743 [ref. 8056], Winterbottom et al. 1989:67 [ref. 13251], Lindberg et al. 1997:57 [ref. 23547], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1397 [ref. 25182], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3918 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1397 [ref. 26193], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Matsuura 2009:325 [ref. 31171] with author as Anonymous 1798, Bogorodsky et al. 2014:433 [ref. 33460] with author as Anonymous, Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576] with author as Anonymous, Ali et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805], Suresh et al. 2018:326 [ref. 36495], Eagderi et al. 2019:134 [ref. 37020]). •Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Dor 1984:274 [ref. 29757], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Carpenter et al. 1997:235 [ref. 23922], Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

stellatus, Balistes Anonymous (ex Commerson, Lacepède) 1798:681, 685 [Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 1798 (pt. 3) (nos. 287-288); ref. 13098] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Non-type: MNHN B-1925 (1) Red Sea. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:298 [ref. 28887] with author correctly as Anonymous (ex Commerson). Based on description in manuscript by Commerson (Philibert Commerson, 1727-1773, French explorer and naturalist). Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:577 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Author often seen as Lacepède. •Valid as Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:289 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:274 [ref. 29757], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Randall et al. 1990:452 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:396 [ref. 23929], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:392 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:608 [ref. 27969] with author as Lacepède, Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:236 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:179 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:392 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:452 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:576 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:454 [ref. 25191], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:105 [ref. 26368], Choi et al. 2003:446, 690 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830] with authors and date as Bloch & Schneider 1801 [which is stellaris], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:49 [ref. 27712] with author as Lacepède, Matsuura & Yoshino 2004:189 [ref. 27771], Randall 2005:619 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1870 [ref. 29098], Khalaf & Zajonz 2007:428 [ref. 31739], Randall & Justine 2008:183 [ref. 29954], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1060 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:232 [ref. 32988] as Anonymous [Lacepède], Yoshida et al. 2013:226 [ref. 34464], Psomadakis et al. 2015:332 [ref. 34104], Motomura et al. 2017:229 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Brown et al. 2019:185 [ref. 36444], Eagderi et al. 2019:134 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 30 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:606 [ref. 37272], Mary et al. 2021:396 [ref. 38693] with author as Lacepède, Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:416 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:330 [ref. 39925], Devi et al. 2023:450 [ref. 40401], Noushad K. et al. 2024:46 [ref. 40947]). Current status: Valid as Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Palau, Fiji and Tonga, north to southern Japan, south to New South Wales (Australia); eastern tropical Atlantic. IUCN (2020): Not assessed. Habitat: marine.

striatus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:32 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American Ocean. No types known. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

subarmatus, Balistes Gray [J. E.] 1831:no page number, Pl. 90 (fig. 3) [Illustrations of Indian zoology; ref. 1878] Published about 27 July 1831. Appeared as gubarmatus on plate but as submaratus in list of figures, as gubarmatus (sic) in Sawyer 1953:51 [ref. 6842]. The plate apparently preceded the list of plates, so action by the ICZN might be needed to use subarmatus over gubarmatus. Status after Gunther's catalog (1870:218 [ref 1995]). •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:426 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

sufflamen, Balistes Mitchill [S. L.] 1815:467 [Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York v. 1 (art. 5) (for 1814); ref. 13292] New York, U.S.A. No types known. •Valid as Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815) -- (Moore 1967:699 [ref. 22820], Robins & Ray 1986:303 [ref. 23100], Edwards & Glass 1987:668 [ref. 9166], Scott & Scott 1988:564 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:225 [ref. 14674], Cervigón 1992:265 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:78 [ref. 24489], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:346 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:81 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Rocha & Rosa 2001:992 [ref. 25909], Collette et al. 2003:126 [ref. 26784], Feitoza et al. 2003:69 [ref. 26943], Matsuura 2003:1969 [ref. 27119], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:898 [ref. 28815], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Wirtz et al. 2007:42 [ref. 30263], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:12 [ref. 33516], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Pinheiro et al. 2015:34 [ref. 34324], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Brown et al. 2019:182 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:228 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:304 [ref. 38139] as Canthidermes sufflamen, Matsunuma et al. 2020:140 [ref. 37727], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:78 [ref. 38844], Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:694 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:278 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815). Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to São Paulo (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern central Atlantic: Saint Helena; eastern Atlantic: Gabon, Azores (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal), Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

surcatus, Xanthichthys de Buen [F.] 1963:63, Fig. 30 [Boletin de la Sociedad de Biologia de Concepción v. 35/36 (1960-61); ref. 4325] Cook Bay, Easter Island, southeastern Pacific. Holotype (unique): CIZ. •Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) -- (Parenti 2021:662 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Xanthichthys mento (Jordan & Gilbert 1882). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

taeniopterus, Balistes Poey [F.] 1860:326 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Cuba. No types known. See account of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Balistes carolinensis Gmelin 1789 -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1056 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 -- (Moore 1967:691 [ref. 22820], Parenti 2021:650 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789. Balistidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tamaked, Balistes Montrouzier [X.] 1857:493 [215] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887]. On p. 215 of reprint. Not available, manuscript name mentioned in synonymy under species allocated by Thiollière as Balistes verrucosus; from Woodlark I., South Pacific. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). •In the synonymy of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae.

theresae, Balistes Curtiss [A.] 1938:131 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

triangularis, Capriscus (Pachynathus) Swainson [W.] 1839:326 [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Based on Russell, pl. 20 -- which is Russell 1803:Pl. 20 [ref. 13862]. •Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:656 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudobalistes fuscus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

trilineatus, Balistes Ehrenberg [C. G.] in Rüppell 1829:34 [Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3843] Not available, name only. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

trinitatis, Balistes vetula Nichols [J. T.] & Murphy [R. C.] 1914:265, Fig. 3 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 33 (art. 20); ref. 14163] Trindade, Martin Vaz Islands, off southeastern Brazil, South Atlantic, 20°31'S, 29°19'W. Holotype (unique): AMNH 5071. •Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 -- (Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1057 [ref. 19527], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921] as vetulatrinitatis). Current status: Synonym of Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

tumidipectoris, Xenobalistes Matsuura [K.] 1981:192, Figs. 1-10 [Bulletin of the National Science Museum Series A (Zoology) v. 7 (no. 4); ref. 2910] Off Marianas Islands, 20°33'N, 145°15'E (stomach content). Holotype (unique): NSMT-P 18666 (dissected, stained). •Valid as Xanthichthys tumidipectoris (Matsuura 1981) -- (Santini et al. 2013:165 [ref. 37802]). •Valid as Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura 1981 -- (Matsuura 2001:3917 [ref. 26315], Myers & Donaldson 2003:650 [ref. 27495], Allen et al. 2006:1877 [ref. 29098], Matsuura & Toda 2012:90 [ref. 37799], Matsuura 2014:8 [ref. 33576], Parenti 2021:663 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Xenobalistes tumidipectoris Matsuura 1981. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Mariana Islands; Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Habitat: marine.

um, Balistes Montrouzier [X.] 1857:495 [217] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887]. On p. 217 of reprint. •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921] as Balistesum). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

undulatus, Balistes Park [M.] 1797:37 [The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London v. 3 (art. 9); ref. 17801] Habitat in Sumatræ littore [Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, eastern Indian Ocean]. Holotype: BMNH 1863.11.12.1 (dry, left half skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1974:476 [ref. 31545]. •Valid as Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Kyushin et al. 1977:350 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:293 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:274 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:67 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:452 [ref. 15987], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:610 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Chen et al. 1997:180 [ref. 26476], Kuiter 1997:388 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:452 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:577 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268] as Balastapus u., Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1399 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:454 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:21 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:105 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3919 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1399 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:218 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:440 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:620 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:522 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1871 [ref. 29098], Fricke 2008:58 [ref. 30182], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:326 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31256], Caratini & Soriano 2011:13 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1060 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Koeda et al. 2016:109 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:376 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Franklin et al. 2019:101 [ref. 37345], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Fujiwara et al. 2020:38 [ref. 38631], Psomadakis et al. 2020:606 [ref. 37272], Ray & Mohapatra 2020:102 [ref. 37299], Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921], Dewa et al. 2022:30 [ref. 40001], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:416 [ref. 40250], Moazzam & Osmany 2022:331 [ref. 39925], Devi et al. 2023:447 [ref. 40401], Noushad K. et al. 2024:46 [ref. 40947]). Current status: Valid as Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Aldabra (Seychelles), Comoros Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Line Islands (Kiribati), Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynsia), north to Kagoshima Prefecture (southern Japan) and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Australia and New Caledonia; straying to Hawaiian Islands (U. S. A.). Habitat: marine.

unimaculatus, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:410 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "Le Baliste Pralin" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

vachellii, Balistes Richardson [J.] 1845:129 [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Canton, China. Holotype (unique): Cambridge Philos. Soc. (apparently lost). On Code recommendation 51D, the anonymous author is listed in square brackets. •Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798) -- (Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1055 [ref. 19527], Matsuura & Yoshino 2004:192 [ref. 27771], Parenti 2021:648 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Abalistes stellatus (Anonymous 1798). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

variegatus, Capriscus Plumier [C.] in Lacepède 1798:337 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 1; ref. 2708] Appeared as "Capriscus variegatus, caudâ fusinulatâ...."; regarded as non-binominal and name only, thus not available. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Balistidae.

verres, Balistes Gilbert [C. H.] & Starks [E. C.] 1904:153, Pl. 26 (fig. 49) [Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences v. 4; ref. 1639] (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: CAS-SU 6805. Paratypes: (5) BMNH 1903.5.15.352 [from Jordan] (1), CAS-SU 6905 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:144 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Sufflamen verres (Gilbert & Starks 1904) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:443 [ref. 20607], Allen & Robertson 1994:296 [ref. 22193], Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995:909 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:65 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:633 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:135 [ref. 24555], Thomson et al. 2000:269 [ref. 25640], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:179 [ref. 37547], Béarez & Séret 2009:152 [ref. 36646], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:190 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Love et al. 2021:224 [ref. 39279], Parenti 2021:661 [ref. 38921], Vela-Espinosa et al. 2023:12 [ref. 40981]). Current status: Valid as Sufflamen verres (Gilbert & Starks 1904). Balistidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of central Baja California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, including Clipperton Island (France) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

verrucosus, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:328 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] India. Holotype (unique): NRM LP 38. Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:275 [ref. 20707]. •Valid as Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dor 1984:277 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:359 [ref. 6441], Matsuura & Shiobara 1989:317 [ref. 13563], Randall et al. 1990:457 [ref. 15987], Suzuki & Uno 1992:3 [ref. 24139], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:240 [ref. 23977], Randall et al. 1997:457 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:283 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:585 [ref. 24106], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1400 [ref. 25182], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3926 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1400 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:220 [ref. 27510], Allen et al. 2006:1875 [ref. 29098], Golani & Bogorodsky 2010:85 [ref. 35264], Motomura et al. 2010:233 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1065 [ref. 31980], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:194 [ref. 33932], Koeda et al. 2016:112 [ref. 35333], Golani & Fricke 2018:178 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:324 [ref. 36673], Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Valid as Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Aden, East Africa, Seychelles, Mauritius (Mascarenes) and Chagos Archipelago east to Philippines, New Ireland (Papua New Guinea) and Vanuatu, north to southern Japan, south to Australia and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

verrucosus, Balistes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:33 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian seas. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1853.11.12.194 [Gronovius coll.] (skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Balistes verrucosus Linnaeus 1758. Balistes niger Park 1797 is a preoccupied name of the species currently known as Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) (see Günther 1870:218 [ref. 1995]). •Synonym of Balistes niger Park 1797 -- (Wheeler 1958:245 [ref. 13434] dated 1794). •Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Parenti 2021:660 [ref. 38921]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Sufflamen chrysopterum (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

vetula, Balistes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:329 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Ascension Island. Syntypes: ZMUU Linn. coll. 101 (1). Not a type: LS 127 (skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1985:72 [ref. 20705], Wheeler 1991:189-190, Fig. 27 [ref. 20102]. Also appeared in Linnaeus 1759:247 [ref. 24770]. •Valid as Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 -- (Moore 1967:693 [ref. 22820], Tortonese 1973:641 [ref. 7192], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:466 [ref. 14275], Tortonese in Whitehead et al. 1986:1337 [ref. 13677], Robins & Ray 1986:302 [ref. 23100], Smith & Heemstra 1986:877 [ref. 5714], Scott & Scott 1988:564 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:225 [ref. 14674], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1057 [ref. 19527], Boschung 1992:180 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:265 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:74 [ref. 24489], Santos et al. 1997:131 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:121 [ref. 24952], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:345 [ref. 25013], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Rocha & Rosa 2001:992 [ref. 25909], Camargo & Isaac 2001:146 [ref. 27639], Collette et al. 2003:126 [ref. 26784], Matsuura 2003:1967 [ref. 27119], Matsuura 2003:1964 [ref. 27119], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:108 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:69 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:184 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:896 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:136 [ref. 32972], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:86 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33516], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Pinheiro et al. 2015:33 [ref. 34324], Matsuura in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:3053 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Carneiro et al. 2019:228 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:302 [ref. 38139], Robertson et al. 2020:151 [ref. 38098], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:78 [ref. 38844], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:692 [ref. 38945], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:73 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:309 [ref. 39448] possible, Carvalho-Filho 2023:276 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:5 [ref. 40463]). Current status: Valid as Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758. Balistidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension island; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to southern Angola, including Azores (Portugal), Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

vetula, Chaetodon Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xviii [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Not available, name only; from Malta; perhaps for Balistes vetula Linnaeus. •Nomen nudum -- (Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

vidua, Balistes Richardson [J.] (ex Solander) 1845:128, Pl. 59 (figs. 9-12) [Ichthyology.--Part 3. The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur.; ref. 20575] Polynesia and Tahiti, Society Islands. Syntypes: BMNH 1972.8.16.1 (1). •Valid as Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845) -- (Randall & Klausewitz 1973:62 [ref. 7581], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:358 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:879 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:158 [ref. 25477], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:454 [ref. 15987], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:610 [ref. 27969] with author as Solander, Lindberg et al. 1997:60 [ref. 23547], Allen 1997:238, 250 [ref. 23977], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:632 [ref. 24023], Chen et al. 1997:179 [ref. 26476] with author and date as Solander 1844, Kuiter 1997:386 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:454 [ref. 25919], Randall & Mundy 1998:331 [ref. 24063], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Myers 1999:282 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:580 [ref. 24106], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1396 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:455 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3924 [ref. 26315] with authorship as Solander 1844, Nakabo 2002:1396 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830] with author and date as Solander 1844, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495] with author as Solander 1844, Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624] as Solander 1845, Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Randall 2005:623 [ref. 28239] with author as Solander in Richardson, Mundy 2005:524 [ref. 28379], Allen et al. 2006:1873 [ref. 29098], Randall 2007:471 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:116 [ref. 30213], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:195 [ref. 30957] with author as Solander and dated 1844, Motomura et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1063 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:189 [ref. 32708], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Fourriére et al. 2016:451 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:612 [ref. 34923], Koeda et al. 2016:110 [ref. 35333], Koeda et al. 2016:18 [ref. 35354], Motomura et al. 2017:230 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2019:322 [ref. 36673], Parenti 2021:655 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:420 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Melichthys vidua (Richardson 1845). Balistidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific: South Africa, East Africa and western Mascarenes (La Réunion) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Line Islands (Kiribati), Marquesas Islands and Gambier Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands, south to Great Barrier Reef (Australia), New Caledonia and Tonga; eastern Pacific: Revillagigedo Archipelago (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

villosus, Balistes Cuvier [G.] 1816:153 [Le Règne Animal; ref. 993] Name only, not available; also as name only in Cuvier 1829:374 [ref. 995] -- but see Beaunier et al. 2008:293, 299 [ref. 28887]. •Nomen nudum, not available -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887], Parenti 2021:665 [ref. 38921]). Nomen Nudum. Balistidae.

villosus, Canthidermis Fedoryako [B. I.] 1979:985 [21], Fig. 1B-C [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 19 (no. 6) (art. 119); ref. 8721] Indian Ocean, 12°29'N, 44°23'E. Holotype: ZMMU P-15097. Paratypes: IOM (7). Type catalog: Vasil'eva et al. 2001:88 [ref. 25714]. On p. 21 of English translation. •Synonym of Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888) -- (Randall 1995:393 [ref. 22896], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948], Matsunuma et al. 2020:136 [ref. 37727], Parenti 2021:653 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:418 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis macrolepis (Boulenger 1888). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

villosus, Monocanthus Hollard [H. L. G. M.] (ex Ehrenberg) 1854:333, Pl. 12 (fig. 2) [Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris (Zoologie) (Sér. 4) v. 1; ref. 18300] Holotype: MNHN B-2033 or B-2034. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:293 [ref. 28887]. Based on Balistes villosus Cuvier 1816. •Status uncertain -- (Beaunier et al. 2009:293 [ref. 28887]). Balistidae.

vingens, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:472 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean and Simco. Corrected to ringens in corregenda and therefore refers to Balistes ringens Bloch and is not an original description; not available. Misspelling. Balistidae.

viola, Canthidermis Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1926:534, Pl. 1 [Philippine Journal of Science v. 31 (no. 4); ref. 2122] Manukan, Cagayan Islands, Sulu Sea, Philippines. Holotype (unique): BSMP (presumed destroyed). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:461 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1059 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) -- (Parenti 2021:654 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

virescens, Balistes Shaw [G.] 1804:408 [General zoology or systematic natural history; ref. 4015] Indian Seas. Based on "le Baliste verdatre" of Lacepède. Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

viridescens, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:477 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] [No locality stated] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Non-type: MNHN A-8516 (1, dry). Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887]. Holotype not MNHN A-8516. Based on the 'Baliste verdatre' of Lacepède 1798:378 [ref. 2708]. •Valid as Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:290 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:275 [ref. 29757], Matsuura in Masuda et al. 1984:357 [ref. 6441], Smith & Heemstra 1986:878 [ref. 5714], Allen & Swainston 1988:150 [ref. 25477], Winterbottom et al. 1989:67 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:453 [ref. 15987], Goren & Dor 1994:73 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:238 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:390 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:453 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:281 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:578 [ref. 24106], Randall 1999:30 [ref. 25829], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Matsuura in Randall & Lim 2000:647 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1398 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:455 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:22 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:124 [ref. 25868], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:105 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Matsuura 2001:3921 [ref. 26315], Nakabo 2002:1398 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:219 [ref. 27510], Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:442 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:622 [ref. 28239], Allen et al. 2006:1871 [ref. 29098], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Matsuura 2009:326 [ref. 31171], Motomura et al. 2010:232 [ref. 31256], Caratini & Soriano 2011:11 [ref. 39915], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1061 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Fricke et al. 2014:192 [ref. 33932], Matsuura 2014:7 [ref. 33576], Sahayak et al. 2014:20 [ref. 37751], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Koeda et al. 2016:110 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:377 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:177 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:11 [ref. 36883], Fricke et al. 2019:321 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36626], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Psomadakis et al. 2020:607 [ref. 37272], Ray & Mohapatra 2020:103 [ref. 37299], Parenti 2021:652 [ref. 38921], Furuhashi & Motomura 2022:17 [ref. 39607], Matsuura 2022:418 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Valid as Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Balistidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Mozambique Channel, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Wake Atoll and Pitcairn Group, north to southern Japan and Ogasawara Islands (Japan), south to Rottnest Island (Western Australia), Seal Rocks (New South Wales, Australia) and Tonga. Habitat: marine.

viridis, Balistes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:476 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Beaunier et al. 2009:299 [ref. 28887]. Based on Balistis pralin of Lacepède 1801:1:344 and 363. •Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Parenti 2021:659 [ref. 38921]). Current status: Synonym of Rhinecanthus verrucosus (Linnaeus 1758). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

viridis, Balistes aculeatus var. Bennett [J. W.] 1828:unnum. p., Pl. 10 [A selection from the most remarkable and interesting fishes found on the coast of Ceylon First Edition; ref. 16785] South coast of Sri Lanka. No types known. •Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797) -- (Pethiyagoda et al. 1994:44 [ref. 21456], Parenti 2021:649 [ref. 38921], Matsuura 2022:416 [ref. 40250]). Current status: Synonym of Balistapus undulatus (Park 1797). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.

willughbeii, Balistes Lay [G. T.] & Bennett [E. T.] 1839:68, Pl. 21 (fig. 2) [The zoology of Captain Beechey's voyage; ref. 2730] Acapulco (Guerrero, Mexico) [Eastern Pacific Ocean]. Holotype: Zool. Soc. London (whereabouts unknown). Paratypes: whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Balistes willughbeii Lay & Bennett 1839 -- (Fedoryako 1979:990 [ref. 8721], Gill & Randall et al. 1997:27 [ref. 22948], Parenti 2021:651 [ref. 38921]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch 1786) -- (Berry & Baldwin 1966:460 [ref. 20607], Moore 1967:695 [ref. 22820], Harmelin-Vivien & Quéro 1990:1058 [ref. 19527]). •Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Current status: Synonym of Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786). Balistidae. Habitat: marine.