Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the family or subfamily Carapidae: [ 77 ] records

acus, Gymnotus Brünnich [M. T.] 1768:13 [Ichthyologia Massiliensis, sistens piscium descriptiones eorumque apud incolas nomina; ref. 17290] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Neotype: ZMUC Jour. no. 36. Neotype designated by Markle & Olney 1990:375 [ref. 18996]. •Valid as Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1173 [ref. 13677], Markle & Olney 1990:374 [ref. 18996], Santos et al. 1997:124 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:111 [ref. 24952], Parmentier et al. 1999:135 [ref. 23955], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:54 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:26 [ref. 37112], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Fricke et al. 2007:65 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:31 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:119 [ref. 32972], Wirtz et al. 2014:4 [ref. 33516], Nielsen 2016:1945 [ref. 34583], Artüz & Fricke 2019:554 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:159 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:94 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:110 [ref. 38139], Kovačić et al. 2020:21 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:61 [ref. 38883], Golani 2021:29 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39014], Ergüden & Turan 2022:115 [ref. 39385], Fermon et al. 2022:208 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Angola, including Azores and Madeira and São Tomé and Principe; southern-central Atlantic: Ascension Island. Habitat: marine.

affinis, Fierasfer Günther [A.] 1862:381 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1952.10.30.1. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

albometeori, Onuxodon Koeda [K.] 2019:7, Figs. 1-3 [Zootaxa 4702 (no. 1); ref. 37145] Off Kaohsiung, obtained at Ke-tzu-liao fish landing port, southwestern Taiwan, circa 22°43'N, 120°14'E. Holotype (unique): KAUM-I. 115161. •Valid as Onuxodon albometeori Koeda 2019. Current status: Valid as Onuxodon albometeori Koeda 2019. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Southwestern Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

anchipterus, Echiodon Williams [J. T.] 1984:415, Figs. 1A, 4 [Copeia 1984 (no. 2); ref. 6813] Visayan Sea, southwest of Caduruan Point, Philippines, 11°35'45"N, 123°55'32"E, depth 0-78.7 meters. Holotype (unique): USNM 258905. •Valid as Echiodon anchipterus Williams 1984 -- (Williams & Machida 1992:368 [ref. 18993], Nakabo 2000:446 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:446 [ref. 26001], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051]). •Synonym of Echiodon coheni Williams 1984 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:345 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon anchipterus Williams 1984. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

arenicola, Fierasfer Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:363 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 4 (no. 237); ref. 2470] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Holotype (unique): USNM 29244. •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Arnold 1956:270 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:163 [ref. 24550], Mundy 2005:240 [ref. 28379], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708]). •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (recent authors). Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

atopus, Echiodon Anderson [M. E.] 2005:2, Figs. 1-2 [Zootaxa No. 809; ref. 28024] North of Inaccessible Island, 37°16.1'S, 12°42.4'W to 37°16.6'S, 12°43.1'W, South Atlantic, Tristan da Cunha Group, depth 0-139 meters. Holotype (unique): USNM 380406. •Valid as Echiodon atopus Anderson 2005 -- (Anderson et al. 2005:29 [ref. 28396]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon atopus Anderson 2005. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Tristan de Cunha Group, South Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

bermudensis, Lefroyia Jones [J. M.] 1874:3838 [Zoologist (Ser. 2) v. 9; ref. 2362] Bermuda. Holotype (unique): USNM 23807. •Valid as Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874) -- (Arnold 1956:272 [ref. 5315], Robins & Ray 1986:101 [ref. 23100], Markle & Olney 1990:381 [ref. 18996], Cervigón 1991:174 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:77 [ref. 23239], Tyler et al. 1992:218 [ref. 21501], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:697 [ref. 23897], Aguilera 1998:47 [ref. 24221], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:154 [ref. 25013], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:152 [ref. 27754], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:58 [ref. 27192], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Smith et al. 2003:12 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:90 [ref. 27807], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Garrido-Linares & Acero P. 2006:291, 297 [ref. 28946], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Collette 2013:169 [ref. 32953], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:28 [ref. 33341], Pinheiro et al. 2015:9 [ref. 34324]). Current status: Valid as Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

birpex, Carapus Arnold [D. C.] 1956:265, Fig. 7 [captioned 8 on p. 266] [Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology v. 4 (no. 6); ref. 5315] Near Madeira. Holotype (unique): MMF 2739. •Valid as Carapas birpex Arnold 1956 -- (Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1174 [ref. 13677]). •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:374 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

boraborensis, Fierasfer Kaup [J. J.] 1856:99 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2574] Bora Bora Island [Society Islands, French Polynesia, South Pacific]. Syntypes: MNHN B-1265 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:34 [ref. 19576]. Also in Kaup 1856:160 [ref. 2573]. •Valid as Carapus boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Arnold 1956:279 [ref. 5315], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Parmentier & Bailly 2002:79 [ref. 26055], Heemstra 2022:255 [ref. 39704]). •Valid as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:352 [ref. 21953], Parmentier et al. 1999:135 [ref. 23955], Myers 1999:65 [ref. 23965] as boraboraensis, Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495] as borboraensis (Kaup 1865), Randall 2005:66 [ref. 28239], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Allen & Erdmann 2012:127 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36673]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Mozambique, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Society Islands (French Polynesia), north to Taiwan and Yaeyama Islands (Japan), south to Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.

bothrops, Snyderidia Robins [C. R.] & Nielsen [J. G.] 1970:287, Figs. 2-3 [Studies in Tropical Oceanography (Miami) No. 4 (pt 2); ref. 7778] Gulf of Guinea, eastern Atlantic, 5°38'N, 10°26'W, depth 600 meters. Holotype: USNM 201420. Paratypes: UF 215167 [ex UMML 15167] (1); USNM 201419 (3), 201421 (1); ZMUC P77458 [ex CPZM] (1). Additional material: UMML 22340 (2); ZMUC P77459 [ex CPZM] (1). Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:79 [ref. 9588]. •Valid as Snyderidia bothops Robins & Nielsen 1970 -- (Arai in Uyeno et al. 1983:237 [ref. 14275], Nielsen 1990:578 [ref. 16246]). •Synonym of Snyderidia canina Gilbert 1905 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:327 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:21 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Snyderidia canina Gilbert 1905. Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Habitat: marine.

brandesii, Oxybelus Bleeker [P.] 1851:278, Pl. (fig. 1) [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 12505] Banda Islands, Indonesia. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:17 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

canina, Snyderidia Gilbert [C. H.] 1905:655, Pl. 92 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Vicinity of Kauai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3810 [or 3989], depth 385-500 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 51646. •Valid as Snyderidia canina Gilbert 1905 -- (Gosline 1960:373 [ref. 21387], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556], Markle & Olney 1990:327 [ref. 18996], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:699 [ref. 23897], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:21 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:58 [ref. 27192], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Mundy 2005:242 [ref. 28379], Garrido-Linares & Acero P. 2006:291 [ref. 28946], Mincarone et al. 2008:47 [ref. 29626], Lins Oliveira et al. 2015:106 [ref. 37485], Nielsen 2016:1945 [ref. 34583], Fermon et al. 2022:208 [ref. 39448], Heemstra 2022:262 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Snyderidia canina Gilbert 1905. Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, except not in eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

caninus, Fierasfer Günther [A.] 1862:383 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] No locality. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1952.10.30.2. Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996] recommended suppression of this species name in favor of Fierasfer dubius Putnam 1874. •Valid as Carapus caninus (Günther 1862) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Senior synonym of Encheliophis dubius (Putnam 1874) but not treated as valid -- (Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (recent authors). Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

carolinensis, Rhizoiketicus Vaillant [L. L.] 1893:746 [1] [Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences v. 117 (no. 22) (for 27 Nov. 1893); ref. 4487] Mariana Islands; Caroline Islands, western Pacific. Syntypes: MNHN 1889-0009 (1), 1889-0010 (1). Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:34 [ref. 19576]. On p. 1 of separate. •Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:17 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

chardewalli, Encheliophis Parmentier [E.] 2004:62, Figs. 1, 3A, 4A, 5A [Copeia 2004 (no. 1); ref. 27501] West side of bay mouth of Opanohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia, depth 1 meter (coelomic cavity content of a holothuroid). Holotype (unique): USNM 372738 (cleared and stained). •Valid as Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier 2004. Current status: Valid as Encheliophis chardewalli Parmentier 2004. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: French Polynesia. Habitat: marine.

chavesi, Carapus Ancona López [A. A.] 1956:392, Fig. 2 [Papéis Avulsos do Departmento de Zoologia, Secretaría da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo. v. 12 (no. 20); ref. 12209] Praia da Piedade, off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): No types known. •Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:381 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

cinereus, Carapus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:409, Fig. 4 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Inhaca Island, Mozambique, 26°S, 33°E, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 309. If treated as valid (as by Williams and Machida 1992), the species is restricted to Japan. •Valid as Carapus cinereus Smith 1955 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Olney & Markle 1986:351 [ref. 5701]). •Valid as Echiodon cinereus (Smith 1955) -- (Williams 1984:413 [ref. 6813], Hoese et al. 2006:554 [ref. 29051]). •Valid as Eurypleuron cinereum (Smith 1955) -- (Williams & Machida 1992:372 [ref. 18993], Parmentier 2012:2 [ref. 32365]). •Synonym of Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara 1953) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:338 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:18 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara 1953). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

coheni, Echiodon Williams [J. T.] 1984:415, Figs. 1A, 3 [Copeia 1984 (no. 2); ref. 6813] Somalia coast, Indian Ocean, 11°24'N, 51°35'E, depth 75-175 meters. Holotype: ANSP 138804. Paratypes: ANSP 150530 (1). •Valid as Echiodon coheni Williams 1984 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:345 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:379 [ref. 18993], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S98 [ref. 27377], Fricke et al. 2011:365 [ref. 31242], Heemstra 2022:257 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon coheni Williams 1984. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Somalia; New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

cryomargarites, Echiodon Markle [D. F.], Williams [J. T.] & Olney [J. E.] 1983:647, Figs. 1a-b, 2-5 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 96 (no. 4); ref. 8310] Western Pacific off New Zealand, Eltanin station 1422, 56°19'-21'S, 158°29'E, depth 833-842 meters. Holotype: LACM 10985-6. Paratypes: ISH 300-1971 (2), 317-1971 (1), 334-1976 (1), 1108-1966 (4), 1229-1966 (1), 1554-1966 (1), 1580-1966 (3), 1818-1968 (2); LACM 10979-4 (1), 10984-3 (3), 10985-8 (3). Type catalog: Krefft 1987:81 [ref. 20751]. •Valid as Echiodon cryomargarites Markle, Williams & Olney 1983 -- (Williams 1984:421 [ref. 6813], Nakamura in Nakamura et al. 1986:150 [ref. 14235], Pequeño 1989:48 [ref. 14125], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556], Markle & Olney 1990:360 [ref. 18996], Meléndez C. & Markle 1990:208 [ref. 21690], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Trunov 1999:464 [ref. 24579], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:58 [ref. 27192], Anderson 2004:1 [ref. 28024], Anderson et al. 2005:29 [ref. 28396], Duhamel et al. 2005:278 [ref. 32059], Mincarone et al. 2008:47 [ref. 29626], Parmentier 2012:2 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:704 [ref. 34258], Koerber 2023:35 [ref. 40486]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon cryomargarites Markle, Williams & Olney 1983. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in Southern Hemisphere. Habitat: marine.

cuspis, Carapus Arnold [D. C.] 1956:267, Fig. 8 [captioned 7 on p. 266] [Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology v. 4 (no. 6); ref. 5315] Near Madeira, 33°02'N, 16°20'W, depth 100 meters. Holotype: MOM 0091-1723 (1 of 2). Paratypes: BMNH 1954.5.3.1 (1), MOM 0091-1723 (1 of 2). •Valid as Carapus cuspis Arnold 1956 -- (Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1174 [ref. 13677]). •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:374 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

dawsoni, Echiodon Williams [J. T.] & Shipp [R. L.] 1982:846, Fig. 2 [Copeia 1982 (no. 4); ref. 8393] Eastern Gulf of Mexico, 29°39'50"N, 87°16'12"W, depth 75.6 meters. Holotype: USNM 228600. Paratypes: AMNH 86006 (26, now 6); ANSP 147580 (2); BMNH 1981.10.7.1-2 (2); FMNH 83711 (2); GCRL 17435 (2); ISH 11-1981 (1), 12-1981 (1); LACM 42591-1 (2); MNHN 1981-1260 (2); MZUSP 16127-28 (1, 1); ROM 38069 (2); SIO 81-142 (2); TU 122841 (2); UF 30386-87 (1, 1), 30886 (1, c&s), 219762 [ex UMML 19762] (1), 233515 [ex UMML 33515] (2); USA 6006-08 (5, 4, 3), 6279 (1, c&s); USNM 228560-61 (3, 4); ZMUC P77718 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:34 [ref. 13621], Ibarra & Stewart 1987:33 [ref. 12367], Krefft 1987:82 [ref. 20751], Bart & Taylor 1993:66 [ref. 20906]. •Valid as Echiodon dawsoni Williams & Shipp 1982 -- (Williams 1984:420 [ref. 6813], Scott & Scott 1988:3065 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:136 [ref. 14674], Markle & Olney 1990:350 [ref. 18996], Boschung 1992:77 [ref. 23239], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:698 [ref. 23897], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:58 [ref. 27192], Olney 2003:964 [ref. 27007], Nelson et al. 2004:90 [ref. 27807], Garrido-Linares & Acero P. 2006:291 [ref. 28946], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708], Nielsen 2016:1945 [ref. 34583], Reiner 2019:111 [ref. 38139] as Echidion dawsoni). Current status: Valid as Echiodon dawsoni Williams & Shipp 1982. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

dellechiaje, Helmintosomus Cocco [A.] 1840:239 [Il Maurolico, Giornale di Scienze, Lettere e Arti v. 4 (fasc. 6); ref. 23130] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Original as delle Chiaje. An available name not in current use; apparently family Carapidae. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

dentatum, Ophidium Cuvier [G.] 1829:359 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: ?MNHN B-1268 (9). •Valid as Echiodon dentatus (Cuvier 1829) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:558 [ref. 7190], Williams 1984:420 [ref. 6813], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1175 [ref. 13677], Markle & Olney 1990:356 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Golani 1996:25 [ref. 22271], Uiblein et al. 1999:63 [ref. 24045], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:175 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:26 [ref. 37112], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:31 [ref. 36649], Nielsen 2016:1945 [ref. 34583], Carneiro et al. 2019:159 [ref. 37250], Kovačić et al. 2020:21 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:62 [ref. 38883], Golani 2021:29 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:33 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon dentatus (Cuvier 1829). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Galicia (Spain) and Portugal south to northern Morocco, including Azores and Madeira. Habitat: marine.

dephilippii, Vexillifer Gasco [F.] 1870:59, Pl. [Bolletino della'Associazione dei Naturalisti e Medici per la mutua istruzione. 1870; ref. 1547] [Napoli] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:13 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

drummondii, Echiodon Thompson [W.] 1837:55 [Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Part 5 (1837) (54); ref. 4388] Off Norway, 60°00'N, 3°00'E, Dana station 10674. Neotype: ZMUC. Described in more detail in Thompson 1839:208 [ref. 35323]. Neotype designated by Markle & Olney 1990:355 [ref. 18996]. •Valid as Echiodon drummondii Thompson 1837 [wrongly as drummondi] -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:558 [ref. 7190], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1176 [ref. 13677], Markle & Olney 1990:354 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Santos et al. 1997:52 [ref. 23531], Porteiro et al. 1999:41 [ref. 24203], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Psomadakis et al. 2012:16 [ref. 33457], Carneiro et al. 2019:160 [ref. 37250], Bañón & Maño 2021:61 [ref. 38883], Iglésias et al. 2021:173 [ref. 38818]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon drummondii Thompson 1837. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Northeastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

dubius, Fierasfer Putnam [F. W.] 1874:344 [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 16 (for 1873-1874); ref. 18579] Bay of Panama [eastern Pacific]. Lectotype: USNM 153621 [ex MCZ 34037]. Paralectotypes: from Pacific (4, missing): MCZ 12421 (2) and MCZ 34037 (now 0); MCZ 89510 (1, missing), 12424-27 (1, 1, 1, 1), 12430 (1); USNM 153621 [ex MCZ 34037] (1). Markle & Olney 1990:381 [ref. 18996] referred Atlantic syntypes to Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874) and designated a Pacific syntype as lectotype of dubius. •Valid as Encheliophis dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996] with suppression of Fierasfer caninus Günther 1862, Allen & Robertson 1994:76 [ref. 22193], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:94 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:217 [ref. 24023], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:163 [ref. 24550], Parmentier et al. 2000:29 [ref. 24936], Echeverry & Polanía 2001:31 [ref. 26212], Nelson et al. 2004:91 [ref. 27807], Randall 2007:121 [ref. 30952], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708], Palacios-Salgado et al. 2014:237 [ref. 36362]). •Valid as Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Parmentier & Bailly 2002:79 [ref. 26055], Mundy 2005:240 [ref. 28379], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:197 [ref. 28944], Glynn et al. 2008:593 [ref. 29778], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:189 [ref. 30957], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805] as "C. ?dubius", Heemstra 2022:256 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Central and eastern Pacific: Gulf of California (Mexico) south to Ecuador, reaching Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) as waif. Habitat: marine.

exsilium, Echiodon Rosenblatt [R. H.] 1961:207, Fig. 1 [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 74; ref. 9374] Estero de Tasiota (28°13.8' to 28°15'N, 111°46.7' to 111°48'W), Sonora, Gulf of California, Mexico, depth 35-41 fathoms. Holotype (unique): SIO 60-97-61A. •Valid as Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt 1961 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:347 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:93 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:217 [ref. 24023], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Nelson et al. 2004:91 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:49 [ref. 37547], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:197 [ref. 28944], Glynn et al. 2008:593 [ref. 29778] but spelled exilium, McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:189 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:81 [ref. 39279]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon exsilium Rosenblatt 1961. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Colombia, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galapagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

fierasfer, Gymnotus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1800:145, 178 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 2; ref. 2709] Around Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Sonnini 1803:386 (v. 5) [ref. 30473]. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (see Sonnini 1803:386 (v. 5) [ref. 30473]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

fierasfer, Ophidium Risso [A.] 1827:212 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No tyes known. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

fluviatilis, Disparichthys Herre [A. W. C. T.] 1935:384, Fig. 31 [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 18 (no. 12); ref. 2109] Brook at Marienberg, about 1/4 mile from Sepik River, New Guinea. Holotype (unique): FMNH 17192. Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:32 [ref. 12367]. •Larval form of a presumed Carapus -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). •Larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

fontanesii, Notopterus Risso [A.] 1810:82, Pl. 4 (fig. 11) [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

fowleri, Jordanicus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:403 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Kiritimati [formerly Christmas Island], Line Islands. Lectotype: BPBM 5001. Paralectotypes: whereabouts unknown (1). Based on Jordanicus caninus of Fowler 1927:30, Fig. 5 [ref. 15785]. Lectotype selected by Markle & Olney 1990:369 [ref. 18996]. •Valid as Onuxodon fowleri (Smith 1955) -- (Randall et al. 1990:52 [ref. 15987], Markle & Olney 1990:369 [ref. 18996], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Randall et al. 1997:52 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:66 [ref. 23965], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:19 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Randall 1999:8 [ref. 25829], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:123 [ref. 25191], Parmentier et al. 2000:29 [ref. 24936], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Randall & Earle 2000:9 [ref. 25806], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Randall 2005:67 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:241 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:554 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:122 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:128 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:109 [ref. 36167], Parmentier 2015:711 [ref. 34258], Fricke et al. 2018:83 [ref. 35805], Fricke et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Koeda 2019:8 [ref. 37145], Heemstra 2022:260 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Onuxodon fowleri (Smith 1955). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Madagascar and Socotra (Yemen) east to Hawaiian Islands (.S.A.), Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) and Pitcairn, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to New South Wales (Australia), New Caledonia and Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

frantii, Fierasfer Popta [C. M. L.] 1912:table of contents [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 34 (nos 3-4) (art. 34); ref. 14861] See Fierasfer trautii; correction. •Treated as a larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Kottelat 2013:272 [ref. 32989]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

gracilis, Oxybeles Bleeker [P.] 1856:105 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 11 (no. 1); ref. 16857] Banda, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1862.2.28.51 (1), NMV 46134 (1), ?QM I.3444 (1), RMNH 6714 (3). •Valid as Jordanicus gracilis (Bleeker 1856) -- (Shen & Yeh 1987:48 [ref. 6418]). •Valid as Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Dor 1984:59 [ref. 29757], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:353 [ref. 5701], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:14 [ref. 13251], Markle & Olney 1990:393 [ref. 18996], Goren & Dor 1994:15 [ref. 25356], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:352 [ref. 21953], Parmentier et al. 1999:135 [ref. 23955], Myers 1999:65 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:102 [ref. 24106], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:448 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Shinohara et al. 2001:307 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:448 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S99 [ref. 27377], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501], Randall 2005:67 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:241 [ref. 28379], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:121 [ref. 30952], Fricke et al. 2009:26 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:127 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33932], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:40 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:64 [ref. 36871], Heemstra 2022:258 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Aldabra, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Society Islands (French Polynesia), south to Queensland (Australia) to New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

hancocki, Encheliophiops Reid [E. D.] 1940:47, Pl. 6 [Report Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-1938 v. 9 (no. 2); ref. 3685] Gorgona Island, (Pacific) Colombia. Holotype: USNM 101789. Paratypes: USNM 101790 (1). •Valid as Encheliophis hancocki (Reid 1940) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:398 [ref. 18996], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:217 [ref. 24023], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

herrei, Disparichthys Schultz [L. P.] 1938:492 [Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 28 (no. 11); ref. 10128] Corrientes Bay anchorage, Cuba. Holotype (unique): USNM 107044. •Larval stage of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874) -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

homei, Oxybeles Richardson [J.] 1846:74, Pl. 44 (figs. 7-18) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Timor Island, southern Malay Archipelago or Tasmania, Australia [is Timor, Timor Sea, eastern Indian Ocean]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1952.10.30.3. •Valid as Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Dor 1984:59 [ref. 29757], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Shen & Yeh 1987:50 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Winterbottom et al. 1989:14 [ref. 13251], Kuiter 1993:63 [ref. 23929], Goren & Dor 1994:15 [ref. 25356], Fricke 1999:101 [ref. 24106], Parmentier & Bailly 2002:79 [ref. 26055], Randall et al. 2004:8 [ref. 27624] with date 1844, Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Heemstra 2022:256 [ref. 39704]). •Valid as Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:390 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:352 [ref. 21953], Parmentier et al. 1999:135 [ref. 23955], Myers 1999:65 [ref. 23965], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Hutchins 2001:23 [ref. 25847], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:67 [ref. 28239], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051], Fricke et al. 2009:27 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:127 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:251 [ref. 32706], Yoshida et al. 2013:50 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33932], Motomura et al. 2017:55 [ref. 35490], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:40 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36673]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Seychelles, Madagascar and western Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius) east to Society Islands and Gambier Islands (French Polynesia), north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

houlti, Fierasfer Ogilby [J. D.] 1922:301, Pl. 19 (fig. 1) [Memoirs of the Queensland Museum v. 7; ref. 15359] Off Double Island Point, southern Queensland, Australia, depth 36 fathoms. Syntypes: QM I.3444-45 (1, 1). •Valid as Carapus houlti (Ogilby 1922) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442]). •Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:393 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

imberbe, Ophidium Cuvier [G.] 1815:119 [Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (N. S.) (Série A) Zoologie v. 1; ref. 5017] Misidentification, not Ophidium imberbe of Linnaeus. •In the synonymy of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190], Trott & Olney in Whitehead et al. 1986:1173 [ref. 13677], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae.

jordani, Encheliophis Heller [E.] & Snodgrass [R. E.] 1903:220, Pl. 17 [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 5; ref. 2089] Tagus Cove, Albermarle Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 6345. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:103 [ref. 12291]. •Valid as Encheliophis jordani Heller & Snodgrass 1903 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842 -- (Markle & Olney 1990:398 [ref. 18996], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:217 [ref. 24023], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

kagoshimanus, Fierasfer Steindachner [F.] & Döderlein [L.] 1887:283 [27] [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 53 (1. abth.); ref. 4249] Kagoshima, Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW. •Valid as Carapus kagoshimanus (Steindachner & Döderlein 1887) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001]). •Possibly or probably a synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Uncertain as Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

lindas, Pyramodon Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:332, Figs. 53A-B [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Northwest Shelf, Australia, 18°59'S, 117°10'E, depth 300-326 meters. Holotype: AMS I.22825-011. Paratypes: AMS I.22825-029 (2), MCZ 70071 (1), QM I.18768 (1). •Valid as Pyramodon lindas Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Machida & Okamura 1993:153 [ref. 22280], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:20 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:445 [ref. 25086] as lindus, Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:23 [ref. 25847], Shinohara et al. 2001:307 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:445 [ref. 26001] as lindus, Hoese et al. 2006:555 [ref. 29051], Joshi et al. 2016:1 [ref. 34679], Bolshakova & Evseenko 2022:60 [ref. 39076]). Current status: Valid as Pyramodon lindas Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific. Habitat: marine.

linearis, Porobronchus Kaup [J. J.] 1860:272-273, Pl. 3 (fig. D) [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 3) v. 6 (no. 34) (art. 36); ref. 2582] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: BMNH 1860.9.1.1 (1). •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:13 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

lucillae, Disparichthys Fowler [H. W.] 1938:151, Pl. 12 (figs. 29-30) [Monographs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 2; ref. 1428] Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands. Holotype (unique): ANSP 68452. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:34 [ref. 13621]. •Larval form of an Encheliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

lumbricoides, Oxybeles Bleeker [P.] 1854:163 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 1); ref. 16940] Ceram, Indonesia. Original as lumbricoïdes. •Questionably a synonym of Carapus homei Richardson 1846 -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315]). •Regarded as a nomen dubium; probably in the synonymy of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:384 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

macrurus, Leptofierasfer Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1928:964, Pl. 99 (fig. 1) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Chame Point, (Pacific) Panama. Holotype: USNM 82685. Paratypes: USNM 82684 (2), 85769 (1). •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Arnold 1956:270 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:17 [ref. 24448]). •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (recent authors). Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

maculata, Fierasfer Swainson [W.] 1839:403, Fig. 130b [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

margaritiferae, Fierasfer Rendahl [H.] 1921:5, Fig. 2 [Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm v. 61 (no. 9); ref. 3700] 45 nautical miles west-southwest of Cape Jaubert, northwestern Australia, depth 70 feet. Holotype: NRM 9888. Paratypes: (53) NRM 9889-94 (6, 4, 10, 15, 2, 3), 15384-88 (2, 2, 2, 1, 4); ?ZMUC CN 11-12 (?2). •Valid as Carapus margaritiferae (Rendahl 1921) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl 1921) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:353 [ref. 5701], Shen & Yeh 1987:53 [ref. 6418], Allen & Swainston 1988:38 [ref. 25477], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:371 [ref. 18996], Allen 1997:62 [ref. 23977], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:19 [ref. 24448], Hutchins 2001:23 [ref. 25847], Randall 2005:67 [ref. 28239], Hoese et al. 2006:554 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:122 [ref. 30952], Larson et al. 2013:48 [ref. 32988]). Current status: Valid as Onuxodon margaritiferae (Rendahl 1921). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

mayottae, Carapus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:415, Fig. 8 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Vimont, Mayotte, Comores Islands, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-5107 [?= 1882-666]. •Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Machida 1989:363 [ref. 16609], Markle & Olney 1990:384 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:351 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

microdon, Fierasfer Gilbert [C. H.] 1905:655, Fig. 254 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 23 (pt 2) [for 1903]; ref. 1631] Between Maui Island and Lanai Island, Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station 3872, depth 32-43 fathoms. Holotype (unique): USNM 51600. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:274 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Encheliophis dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:388 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Mundy 2005:240 [ref. 28379]). •Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874) -- (recent authors). Current status: Synonym of Carapus dubius (Putnam 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

mourlani, Fierasfer Petit [G.] 1934:393, Fig. 1 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 6 (no. 4); ref. 16449] Cannonier's Point, Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean [original from Madagascar, lost]. Neotype: ZMUC. Neotype designated by Markle & Olney 1990:385 [ref. 18996]. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:274 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Machida 1989 [ref. 16609], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:351 [ref. 21953], Myers 1999:65 [ref. 23965], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:447 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Randall & Earle 2000:8 [ref. 25806], Nakabo 2002:447 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:613 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:66 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:240 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:121 [ref. 30952], Glynn et al. 2008:593 [ref. 29778], Fricke et al. 2011:365 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:126 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2014:32 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33988], Fricke et al. 2018:82 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:40 [ref. 36273], Matsunuma 2020:4 [ref. 38476], Chacón-Monge et al. 2021:S219 [ref. 38750], Heemstra 2022:257 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (La Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to Wakayama Prefecture (southern Japan), south to northern Australia and New Caledonia; eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Ecuador. Habitat: marine.

neglectum, Fierasfer Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1855:451 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855; ref. 3449] Ibo Island, Mozambique, 12°S. Also described as new in Peters 1855:260 [ref. 13448]. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:352 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). •Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis homei (Richardson 1846). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

neotes, Echiodon Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:351, Fig. 71 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Kermadec Trench, 35°16'S, 178°40'W, depth 8200-8300 meters. Holotype (unique): ZMUC. •Valid as Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Anderson 2004:4 [ref. 28024], Anderson et al. 2005:29 [ref. 28396], Fujii et al. 2010:512 [ref. 30881], Parmentier 2012:1 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:705 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon neotes Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Kermadec Trench. Habitat: marine.

owasianus, Carapus Matsubara [K.] 1953:29, Fig. 1 [Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 12702] Off Owasi, Mie Prefecture, Japan, depth 151.5 meters. Holotype (unique): FAKU 18871. If cinereum is treated as valid, then Eurypleuron owasianum is limited to the Southern Hemisphere. •Valid as Carapus owasianus Matsubara 1953 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441]). •Valid as Echiodon owasianus (Matsubara 1953) -- (Williams 1984:417 [ref. 6813], Shen & Yeh 1987:51 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556]). •Valid as Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara 1953) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:338 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:372 [ref. 18993], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:18 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:446 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:446 [ref. 26001], Parmentier 2012:2 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:710 [ref. 34258], Sonoyama et al. 2020:31 [ref. 37637], Heemstra 2022:260 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Eurypleuron owasianum (Matsubara 1953). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Circumglobal in warm temperate oceans. Habitat: marine.

parini, Pyramodon Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:333, Figs. 3, 8, 54 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] 25°40'S, 85°33'W, depth 185-230 meters. Holotype: USNM 231353. Paratypes: MCZ 70076 (1), USNM 298306 (6, 1 c&s), ZIN 45269 (4, not received at ZIN). Additional material: NMNZ P16526. •Valid as Pyramodon parini Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:20 [ref. 24448], Joshi et al. 2016:4 [ref. 34679]). Current status: Valid as Pyramodon parini Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

parvibrachium, Carapus Fowler [H. W.] 1927:31, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum No. 38; ref. 15785] In clam shell, Suva Bay [Viti Levu, Fiji, South Pacific]. Holotype: BPBM 3427. Paratypes: ANSP 91016 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:34 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Carapus parvibrachium Fowler 1927 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Onuxodon parvibrachium (Fowler 1927) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:353 [ref. 5701], Shen & Yeh 1987:52 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442] as parvibranchium, Markle & Olney 1990:367 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:353 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:19 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:446 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2002:446 [ref. 26001], Randall 2005:67 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:241 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:555 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:122 [ref. 30952], Motomura 2009:38 [ref. 30446], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:128 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2018:83 [ref. 35805], Heemstra 2022:261 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Onuxodon parvibrachium (Fowler 1927). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), Madagascar and Seychelles east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.) and Fiji, north to Ryukyu Islands (Japan), south to New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

parvipinnis, Fierasfer Kaup [J. J.] 1856:99 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (pt. 1); ref. 2574] Carteret Harbor, New Ireland [Carteret Harbour, Lambom Island, near Cape Saint-George, southern New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific, ca. 4°48'S, 152°51'E]. Syntypes: MNHN B-1264 (3). Also in Kaup 1856:160, Pl. 16 (fig. 2). •Valid as Carapus parvipinnis (Kaup 1856) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Shen & Yeh 1987:48 [ref. 6418], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Fricke 1999:102 [ref. 24106]). •Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:391 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:352 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Randall 2005:66 [ref. 28239], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis boraborensis (Kaup 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

pegasus, Echiodon Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:358, Fig. 79 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Holotype: NMNZ P16529. Paratypes: NMNZ P14550 (1), P16528 (1), P20999 (1). •Valid as Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Gomon 2008:351 [ref. 30616], Parmentier 2012:2 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:706 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon pegasus Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: New Zealand region. Habitat: marine.

pindae, Carapus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:412, Fig. 7 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Pinda, Mozambique, 14°10'S, 40°40'E, western Indian Ocean [in a holothurian]. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 334. •Valid as Carapus pindae Smith 1955 -- (Arnold 1956:277 [ref. 5315]). •Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:352 [ref. 5701], Machida 1989:363 [ref. 16609], Markle & Olney 1990:384 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:351 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

prionodon, Echiodon Parmentier [E.] 2012:3, Figs. 1-3 [European Journal of Taxonomy v. 31; ref. 32365] Off White Island, outer Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, 37°33.57"S, 176°59.1-58.8"E, depth 313 fathoms. Holotype: NMNZP.041833. Paratypes: NMNZ P.003281 (1), P.052493 (1); TAN 1105/137 (1). . •Valid as Echiodon prionodon Parmentier 2012 -- (Parmentier 2015:707 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon prionodon Parmentier 2012. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: North Island of New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

pukaki, Echiodon Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:343, Fig. 64 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Pukaki Rise, 48°45.03'-43.46'S, 170°25.66'-28.79'E, depth 857-860 meters. Holotype (unique): NMNZ P.16532. •Valid as Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Parmentier 2015:708 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon pukaki Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

punctatum, Cynophidium Regan [C. T.] 1914:16 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 13 (no. 73); ref. 3661] Cape North, New Zealand, depth 70 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1913.12.4.37. Also appeared as Pyramodon punctatus in Regan 1914:20, Pl. 12 (fig. 3) [ref. 3659]. •Valid as Pyramodon punctatus (Regan 1914) -- (Olney & Markle 1986:354 [ref. 5701], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556], Markle & Olney 1990:335 [ref. 18996], Heemstra in Smith & Heemstra 1995:354 [ref. 21953], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:20 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Hoese et al. 2006:555 [ref. 29051], Parmentier 2015:712 [ref. 34258], Joshi et al. 2016:4 [ref. 34679] as punctatum, Heemstra 2022:261 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Pyramodon punctatus (Regan 1914). Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Eastern Cape (South Africa); Australia, New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

punctatum, Ophidium Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:19, Pl. 15 (fig. 4) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:38 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Parenti 2019:113 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

punctatus, Fierasfer Fischer [J. G.] 1885:74 [Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten v. 2; ref. 18083] Mozambique. Holotype (unique): ZMH 3920. •Possible larval form of an Echeliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448]). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

recifensis, Carapus Ancona López [A. A.] 1956:390, Fig. 1 [Papéis Avulsos do Departmento de Zoologia, Secretaría da Agricultura, Indústria e Comércio, São Paulo. v. 12 (no. 20); ref. 12209] Praia da Piedade, off Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. No types known. •Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:381 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus bermudensis (Jones 1874). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

reedi, Carapus Smith [J. L. B.] 1955:410, Fig. 5 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12) v. 8 (no. 90) (art. 51); ref. 4099] Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 2 fathoms [in a clam]. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 296. •Valid as Carapus reedi Smith 1955 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Juvenile of Onuxodon -- (Markle & Olney 1990:365 [ref. 18996]). •Juvenile of O. fowleri or O. parvibrachium -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:19 [ref. 24448], Koeda 2019:9 [ref. 37145]). Current status: Synonym of Onuxodon. Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

rendahli, Carapus Whitley [G. P.] 1941:40, Fig. 27 [Australian Zoologist v. 10 (pt 1); ref. 4701] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype: AMS I.2411. Additional material: (several) AMS I.1958 (1), NRM (1). Only the holotype definitely included; larvae provisionally included and should not be regarded as types. •Valid, possibly belonging in Echiodon -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Echiodon rendahli (Whitley 1941) -- (Williams 1984:419 [ref. 6813], Paxton et al. 1989:320 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556], Markle & Olney 1990:361 [ref. 18996], Williams & Machida 1992:370 [ref. 18993], Kuiter 1993:62 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:374 [ref. 22532], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:14 [ref. 24448], Hutchins 2001:23 [ref. 25847], Anderson 2004:4 [ref. 28024], Hoese et al. 2006:552 [ref. 29051], Gomon 2008:351 [ref. 30616], Parmentier 2012:2 [ref. 32365], Parmentier 2015:709 [ref. 34258]). Current status: Valid as Echiodon rendahli (Whitley 1941). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

sagamianus, Carapus Tanaka [S.] 1908:40 [Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses v. 7 (pt 1); ref. 14424] Sagami Bay, Japan. Holotype: ZUMT 1951 [not 1751]. Paratypes: ZUMT 1952 [not 1752] (8, now 7). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:251 [ref. 39655]. •Valid as Jordanicus sagamianus (Tanaka 1908) -- (Shen & Yeh 1987:49 [ref. 6418]). •Valid as Encheliophis sagamianus (Tanaka 1908) -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Lindberg & Krasyukova 1975:195 [ref. 7348], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Markle & Olney 1990:393 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nakabo 2000:448 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Nakabo 2002:448 [ref. 26001], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Sonoyama et al. 2020:31 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis sagamianus (Tanaka 1908). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Taiwan and China to Japan, including Ogasawara Islands. Habitat: marine.

sluiteri, Fierasfer Weber [M.] 1905:iv [Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging (ser. 2) v. 9, (pt. 2, Verslagen); ref. 19256] Southeast of Timor Island, 8°39.1'S, 127°04.4'E, depth 34 meters. Holotype (unique): ZMA 112679. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:65 [ref. 19236]. Species is illustrated and described in more detail in Weber 1913:97, Pl. 9 (fig. 8) [ref. 4602]. •Synonym of Carapus homei (Richardson 1846) -- (Arnold 1956:274 [ref. 5315]). •Valid as Carapus sluiteri (Weber 1905) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:383 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Parmentier et al. 2006:122 [ref. 28668], Allen & Erdmann 2012:126 [ref. 31980]). Current status: Valid as Carapus sluiteri (Weber 1905). Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Timor [holotype]. Habitat: marine.

spilotus, Tetragondacnus Anderson [M. E.] & Satria [F.] 2007:76, Figs. 1-5 [Species Diversity v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 29406] Off northwestern Sumatra, 3°18.3'N, 95°03.1'E to 3°16.7'N, 95°05.2'E, Indonesia, depth 518-528 meters. Holotype (unique): HUMZ 194618. •Valid as Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria 2007. Current status: Valid as Tetragondacnus spilotus Anderson & Satria 2007. Carapidae: Tetragondacninae. Distribution: Off Sumatra, Indonesia. Habitat: marine.

tenuis, Encheliophis Putnam [F. W.] 1874:347, Fig. [Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History v. 16 (for 1873-1874); ref. 18579] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MCZ 12428 (poor condition). •Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Arnold 1956:263 [ref. 5315], Markle & Olney 1990:375 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

trautii, Fierasfer Popta [C. M. L.] 1912:185 [Notes from the Leyden Museum v. 34 (nos 3-4) (art. 34); ref. 14861] Muna Island, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): SMF 6499. In a footnote in the table of contents for v. 34 it is stated, "Correction. pp. 185 and 187: "Fierasfer frantii" read "Fierasfer trautii", the fish being named after Dr. Traut (Dr. Popta)." •Larval form of an Echeliophis -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448] but as frantii). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

umbratilis, Fierasfer Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.] 1903:206 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902); ref. 2450] Hilo, Hawaii Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype: USNM 50656. Paratypes: CAS-SU 7470 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:103 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:393 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Mundy 2005:241 [ref. 28379]). Current status: Synonym of Encheliophis gracilis (Bleeker 1856). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

variegatus, Carapus Fowler [H. W.] & Steinitz [H.] 1956:286, Fig. 23 [Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel v. 5B (no. 3-4); ref. 1478] Eilat, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Holotype: ANSP 72145. Paratypes: ANSP 72146 (1), 72147 (1, c&s); HUJ 2065/2 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:34 [ref. 13621], Golani 2006:23 [ref. 28840]. •Valid as Carapus variegatus Fowler & Steinitz 1956 -- (Dor 1984:59 [ref. 29757], Goren & Dor 1994:15 [ref. 25356]). •In part synonym of Carapus acus (Brünnich 1768) -- (Wheeler 1973:557 [ref. 7190]). •Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934) -- (Markle & Olney 1990:384 [ref. 18996], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:12 [ref. 24448]). Current status: Synonym of Carapus mourlani (Petit 1934). Carapidae: Carapinae. Habitat: marine.

ventralis, Pyramodon Smith [H. M.] & Radcliffe [L.] in Radcliffe 1913:175, Pl. 17 (fig. 3) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 44 (no. 1948); ref. 3579] Near Dowora Island, south of Halmahera, Molucca Islands, Indonesia, 0°50'00"S, 128°12'00"E, Albatross station 5629, depth 205 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 74155. •Valid as Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe 1913 -- (Cohen & Nielsen 1978:7 [ref. 881], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Paulin et al. 1989:132 [ref. 24556], Markle & Olney 1990:334 [ref. 18996], Machida & Okamura 1993:153 [ref. 22280], Nielsen 1997:53 [ref. 23255], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:20 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:445 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Shinohara et al. 2001:307 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:445 [ref. 26001], Mundy 2005:241 [ref. 28379], Hoese et al. 2006:555 [ref. 29051], Randall 2007:122 [ref. 30952], Nielsen & Møller 2008:22 [ref. 29803], Fricke et al. 2009:27 [ref. 30213], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Joshi et al. 2016:4 [ref. 34679], Psomadakis et al. 2020:327 [ref. 37272], Heemstra 2022:261 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Pyramodon ventralis Smith & Radcliffe 1913. Carapidae: Pyramodontinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa and western Mascarenes (La Réunion) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), north to southern Japan, south to Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

vermicularis, Encheliophis Müller [J. W. von] 1842:323 [Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie, und wissenschaftliche Medicin (J. Müller) v. 9 [1842]; ref. 19677] Calatagan Lagoon, Batangas, Philippines, 13°49'N, 120°37'E, depth 0-1 meter. Neotype: USNM 298307. Also appeared in Müller 1842:205 [ref. 3062], in Müller 1843:154, Pl. 4 [ref. 18466], and in Müller 1843:329 [ref. 3063]. Neotype designated by Markle & Olney 1990:398 [ref. 18996]. •Valid as Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842 -- (Arnold 1956:278 [ref. 5315], Machida in Masuda et al. 1984:99 [ref. 6441], Paxton et al. 1989:321 [ref. 12442], Markle & Olney 1990:398 [ref. 18996], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:216 [ref. 24023], Myers 1999:66 [ref. 23965], Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Nakabo 2000:448 [ref. 25086], Markle in Randall & Lim 2000:596 [ref. 25122], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Echeverry & Polanía 2001:31 [ref. 26212], Nakabo 2002:448 [ref. 26001], Allen & Adrim 2003:25 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S99 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:614 [ref. 27495], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501], Nelson et al. 2004:91 [ref. 27807], Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2006:197 [ref. 28944], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051], Glynn et al. 2008:593 [ref. 29778], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:189 [ref. 30957], Fricke et al. 2011:366 [ref. 31242], Allen & Erdmann 2012:127 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:94 [ref. 32708], Golani & Fricke 2018:41 [ref. 36273], Fricke et al. 2019:70 [ref. 36673], Heemstra 2022:259 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis vermicularis Müller 1842. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: East Africa east to eastern tropical Pacific (Gulf of California south to Galápagos Islands). Habitat: marine.

vermiops, Encheliophis Markle [D. F.] & Olney [J. E.] 1990:396, Figs. 34b, 112 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 47 (no. 2); ref. 18996] Sandbank towards wreck, Heron Island, Capricorn Group, Queensland, Australia (from inside a holothurian). Holotype: AMS IB.5245. Paratypes: AMS IB.5244 (1). Additional material: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 12196 (1). •Valid as Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney 1990 -- (Markle in Nielsen et al. 1999:16 [ref. 24448], Nielsen 1999:1978 [ref. 24753], Parmentier et al. 2000:295 [ref. 26179], Parmentier 2004:62 [ref. 27501], Hoese et al. 2006:553 [ref. 29051], Fricke et al. 2018:83 [ref. 35805], Heemstra 2022:259 [ref. 39704]). Current status: Valid as Encheliophis vermiops Markle & Olney 1990. Carapidae: Carapinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Mozambique, Madagascar; Queensland (Australia). Habitat: marine.