Species that contain: Achirus and achirus [ 59 ] records

abnormis, Achirus Weber [M.] & de Beaufort [L. F.] 1929:163 [Fishes Indo-Australian Archipelago v. 5; ref. 16063] Fish market, Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ZMA 109466. Type catalog: Nijssen et al. 1982:107 [ref. 19236]. •In Aserragodes Kaup 1858 based on placement of Beaufortella -- (see Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:192 [ref. 21500]). Soleidae. Habitat: marine.

achirus, Eustomias Parin [N. V.] & Pokhil'skaya [G. N.] 1974:340, Fig. 12 [Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Imeni P.P. Shirshova v. 96; ref. 7527] Off Port Douglas, Australia, 16°24'S, 149°11'E, Coral Sea, depth 200-0 meters. Holotype: ZIN 41532. Additional material: IOM (1). •Valid as Eustomias achirus Parin & Pokhil'skaya 1974 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:199 [ref. 12442], Gibbs & Barnett 1990:314 [ref. 14915], Clarke 1998:678 [ref. 23419], Harold 1999:1913 [ref. 24741], Harold 2003:911 [ref. 27001], Moore et al. 2003:188 [ref. 27076], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:17 [ref. 28815], Paxton et al. 2006:445 [ref. 28995], Harold 2016:1813 [ref. 34568], Sutton et al. 2020:100 [ref. 37832], Fermon et al. 2022:175 [ref. 39448], Page et al. 2023:87 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Eustomias achirus Parin & Pokhil'skaya 1974. Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae. Distribution: Circumglobal, except eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

achirus, Lampanyctus Andriashev [A. P.] 1962:256, Fig. 27 [Issledovanija fauny morej = Explorations of the fauna of the seas, Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Zoologiceskij Institut v. 1 (no. 9); ref. 9192] Pacific Antarctica, 64°36'S, 108°52'W, 1000 meters of wire out. Holotype: ZIN 36111 (124 mm). Paratypes: CAS 15646 (1), ZIN 36635-37 (1, 7, 3). Type catalog: Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:76 [ref. 37828]. •Valid as Nannobrachium achirus (Andriashev 1962) -- (Zahuranec 2000:37 [ref. 24618], Duhamel et al. 2005:216 [ref. 32059], Paxton et al. 2006:527 [ref. 28994], Paxton & Bray 2008:290 [ref. 30633], Robertson & Clements 2015:666 [ref. 34257], Hulley 2016:1918 [ref. 34576]). •Valid as Lampanyctus achirus Andriashev 1962 -- (Paxton 1979:14 [ref. 6440], Hulley 1986:306 [ref. 5672], Paxton et al. 1989:263 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:37 [ref. 14125], Hulley 1990:435 [ref. 15273], Hulley 1990:162 [ref. 21685], Paxton et al. in Fischer et al. 1995:1320 [ref. 22830], Hutchins 2001:20 [ref. 25847], Balushkin & Prirodina 2020:46 [ref. 37828], Sutton et al. 2020:198 [ref. 37832]). Current status: Valid as Lampanyctus achirus Andriashev 1962. Myctophidae: Lampanyctinae. Distribution: Southern circumglobal. Habitat: marine.

achirus, Photonectes Regan [C. T.] & Trewavas [E.] 1930:122, Fig. 116a [Danish Dana Expedition 1920-22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama, Oceanographical Reports. v. 2 (no. 6); ref. 3681] Caribbean Sea, western Atlantic. Syntypes: (4) BMNH 1929.7.6.176a (2?), ZMUC P202055-57. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:22 [ref. 9588]. •Valid as Photonectes achirus Regan & Trewavas 1930 -- (McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:533 [ref. 23897], Harold 2003:912 [ref. 27001], Mundy 2005:188 [ref. 28379], Klepadlo 2011:202 [ref. 31414] in subgenus Photonectes, Flynn & Klepadlo 2012:260, 265 [ref. 32343], Prokofiev 2016:489 [ref. 34688] may be conspecific with Photonectes caerulescens, Koeda & Ho 2019:183 [ref. 36650], Prokofiev & Klepadlo 2019:280 [ref. 36682], Prokofiev 2019:450 [ref. 36966], Eduardo et al. 2022:7 [ref. 39574], Villarins et al. 2022:58 [ref. 39442], Page et al. 2023:89 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Photonectes achirus Regan & Trewavas 1930. Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: eastern U.S.A. south to northern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; western and central Pacific. Habitat: marine.

achirus, Pleuronectes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:268 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Suriname. No types known. See Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061] for discussion of distribution. •Valid as Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:21 [ref. 9708], Cervigón 1992:438 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:15 [ref. 24489], Keith et al. 2000:248 [ref. 24547], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1929 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:106 [ref. 27192], Dennis et al. 2004:84 [ref. 31601], Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], Marceniuk et al. 2017:42 [ref. 35324], see DoNascimiento et al. 2017:[25] [ref. 35679], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:28 [ref. 39298], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:397 [ref. 38945], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Koerber et al. 2022:68 [ref. 39235], Carvalho-Filho 2023:265 [ref. 40480], Vieira et al. 2023:16 [ref. 40759]). Current status: Valid as Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Venezuela east to Trinidad and Tobago, then south to Paraíba (Brazil); also in freshwater, reaching Peru in Amazon River. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

achirus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:158 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] India orientali. No types known. Described independently of and preoccupied by Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus 1758; objectively invalid. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). 1°Homonym. Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

affinis, Achirus Steindachner [F.] 1915:346 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio Itacupim and Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Syntypes: (5) NMW. Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:573, Pls. 2-3 [ref. 15070]. •Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915). Current status: Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

apoda, Pleuronectes Mitchill [S. L.] 1818:244 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 2 (no. 4) (art. 1); ref. 17774] Straits of Bahamas, Atlantic. No types known. Achiridae. Habitat: marine.

austrinus, Achirus Chabanaud [P.] 1928:12 [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Guiana or Brazil, eastern coast of South America. Syntypes: (13) BMNH ? 1954.5.18.1 (1); NMW 8009 (1), 8089 (1), 8100 (2). 8101 (1); MNHN 0000-3099 (1), 0000-3317 (2). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:316 [ref. 25922] with syntypes. •Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915) -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:316 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

barbatus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:658, 660 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] No locality. •Synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Dor 1984:270 [ref. 29757], Randall & Johnson 2007:9 [ref. 29291], Golani & Fricke 2018:175 [ref. 36273]). Current status: Synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802). Soleidae. Habitat: marine.

barnharti, Achirus Jordan [D. S.] 1923:10, Pl. 1 [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 26 (no. 1); ref. 10539] Off Islas Coronados, Pacific side of Baja Califormia (Norte), Mexico, depth 400 feet. Holotype (unique): CAS-SU 23240. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:142 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner 1869) -- (J. McCosker, pers. comm. 4/2001). Current status: Synonym of Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner 1869). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

bilineatus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] 1787:29, Pl. 188 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 3; ref. 468] China Lectotype: ZMB 2432. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282], locality erroneously as Indian Ocean. On p. 21 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 6 [ref. 21381]. Lectotype selected by Paepke 1999:68 [ref. 24282]. Dor 1984:272, footnote [ref. 29757] incorrectly cited this name as preoccupied by Achirus bilineatus Lacepède 1802. Kottelat (2013:763 [ref. 32887]) determined that bilineata Bloch, "Cynoglossus bilineatus" and Paraplagusia blochii (replacement name) refer to the same organism; and, to avoid tautonymy, he renamed Paraplagusia bilineata as P. bleekeri. He did not consider the specimen ZMB 2432 as lectotype, and incorrectly synonymised the species with Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851). •Synonym of Cynoglossus quadrilineatus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Kottelat 2013:764 [ref. 32887]). •Valid as Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch 1787) -- (Dor 1984:273 [ref. 29757], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:355 [ref. 6441], Desoutter 1986:433 [ref. 6212], Heemstra 1986:867 [ref. 5660], Allen & Swainston 1988:146 [ref. 25477], Quéro & Maugé 1989:393 [ref. 19513], Ataur Rahman 1989:31 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1044 [ref. 20764], Chapleau & Renaud 1993:801 [ref. 21017], Kottelat et al. 1993:170 [ref. 23448], Krishnan & Mishra 1994:301 [ref. 24014], Poll & Gosse 1995:79 [ref. 24781], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Kottelat & Lim 1996:250 [ref. 23210], Li & Wang 1995:326 [ref. 16193], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:602 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:234 [ref. 23977], Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Fricke 1999:575 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:753 [ref. 25471], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1388 [ref. 25182], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:188 [ref. 25703], Matsuura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:303 [ref. 27511] dating to 1784, Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3901 [ref. 26314], Nakabo 2002:1388 [ref. 26193], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:46 [ref. 31338], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:436 [ref. 28072], Hoese & Bray 2006:1856 [ref. 29000], Ho et al. 2009:14 [ref. 31461], Ho & Shao 2011:62 [ref. 31432], Larson et al. 2013:229 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:468 [ref. 32989], Psomadakis et al. 2015:330 [ref. 34104], Voronina et al. 2016:405 [ref. 35064], Fricke et al. 2018:374 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:176 [ref. 36273], Jeong in Kimura et al. 2018:302 [ref. 36460], Eagderi et al. 2019:122 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:319 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36626], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:601 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:497 [ref. 39830], Munroe 2022:381 [ref. 40234], Hasan et al. 2023:2209 [ref. 40412], Fricke et al. 2023:22 [ref. 40708]). Current status: Valid as Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch 1787). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius, Rodrigues) east to Vietnam, the Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to Geographe Bay (Western Australia), Bateman's Bay (New South Wales, Australia) and Lord Howe Island. Habitat: brackish, marine.

brachialis, Baiostoma Bean [T. H.] in Goode & Bean 1882:413 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (no. 297); ref. 1840] Appalachicola Bay, Florida; southern Florida, U.S.A. Lectotype: USNM 30463 (1) s. Florida. Paralectotype: USNM 26605 (1) Appalachicola Bay. Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1940:89 [ref. 13166]. •Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

caerulescens, Photonectes Regan [C. T.] & Trewavas [E.] 1930:122, Pl. 12 (fig. 2); Fig. 116b [Danish Dana Expedition 1920-22 in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Panama, Oceanographical Reports. v. 2 (no. 6); ref. 3681] South of St. Croix Island, Caribbean Sea, western Atlantic, 17°13'N, 64°58'W, Dana station 1269, depth 1000 meters depth (2000 meters wire out). Holotype (unique): ZMUC P201919. Type catalog: Nielsen 1974:23 [ref. 9588]. •Valid as Photonectes caerulescens Regan & Trewavas 1930 -- (Paxton et al. 1989:202 [ref. 12442], Gibbs & Barnett 1990:333 [ref. 14915], Harold 1999:1913 [ref. 24741], Harold 2003:912 [ref. 27001], Mundy 2005:189 [ref. 28379], Paxton et al. 2006:451 [ref. 28995], Klepadlo 2011:202 [ref. 31414] in subgenus Photonectes, Flynn & Klepadlo 2012:260 [ref. 32343], Harold 2016:1815 [ref. 34568], Prokofiev 2016:489 [ref. 34688] may be conspecific with Photonectes achirus, Koeda & Ho 2019:185 [ref. 36650], Prokofiev & Klepadlo 2019:280 [ref. 36682], Prokofiev 2019:450 [ref. 36966], Sutton et al. 2020:124 [ref. 37832]). Current status: Valid as Photonectes caerulescens Regan & Trewavas 1930. Stomiidae: Melanostomiinae. Distribution: Circumglobal; scattered localities. Habitat: marine.

comifer, Achirus (Baeostoma) Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1884:31 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 7 (no. 402); ref. 12325] Key West, Florida, U.S.A. Syntypes: (4) CAS-SU 2403 (1), USNM 34973 (4, "typical specimens", now 3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:142 [ref. 12291]. •Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cynoglossus, Achirus Hamilton [F.] 1822:132, 373 [An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges; ref. 2031] Ganges River tidal mouths, India. Syntypes: ? BMNH 1860.3.19.434-435 (skins). Based on an unpublished drawing, reproduced by Hora 1929:Pl. 19 (figs. 2-3); also reproduced by Britz 2019:Pl. 77 [ref. 37532]. •Valid as Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Menon 1977:68 [ref. 7071], Ataur Rahman 1989:32 [ref. 24860], Talwar & Jhingran 1991:1041 [ref. 20764], Kottelat et al. 1993:169 [ref. 23448], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:600 [ref. 27969], Rainboth 1996:223 [ref. 22772], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Munroe 2001:3898 [ref. 26314], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S123 [ref. 27377], Ataur Rahman 2003:47 [ref. 31338], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:217 [ref. 27510], Khan 2003:11 [ref. 27710], Matsuura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:323 [ref. 31170], Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:222 [ref. 34464], Matsuura in Kimura et al. 2015:96 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:329 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2017:84 [ref. 35160], Motomura et al. 2017:227 [ref. 35490], Matsuura in Kimura et al. 2018:300 [ref. 36460], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 12 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:599 [ref. 37272], Taki et al. 2021:493 [ref. 39830], Allen & Erdmann 2024:1365 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Pakistan east to Philippines, north to northern Vietnam. Habitat: brackish, marine.

declivis, Achirus achirus Chabanaud [P.] 1940:89 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Gulf of Paria, between Trinidad Island, West Indies and Venezuela. Holotype: BMNH 1931.12.5.175. Paratypes: (23) BMNH 1845.2.21.29, 1847.4.24.24, 1862.1.30.45, 1862.11.23.38, 1869.2.25.9, 1871.11.20.28, 1891.7.13.1, 1892.6.8.8, 1909.2.26.11, 1931.12.5.176-178 (3), 1930.9.4.24-25 (2), 1932.2.8.44-45 (2); MNHN 0000-1303 (4), 0000-3332 (1), 0000-3345 (1), A.-8751 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:316 [ref. 25922] with 7 of 12 paratypes found at MNHN. •Valid as Achirus declivis Chabanaud 1940 -- (Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:249 [ref. 22947], Munroe 2003:1928 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:106 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:68 [ref. 27621], Dennis et al. 2004:83 [ref. 31601], Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], Costa et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35684], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Angulo 2021:11 [ref. 38913], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:398 [ref. 38945], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Carvalho-Filho 2023:265 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Achirus declivis Chabanaud 1940. Achiridae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Belize and Puerto Rico south to São Paulo (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

errans, Achirus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1915:Heterostoma p. 23 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Rio Jauru and Rio Paraguay. Syntypes: (2). On p. 661 when continuously paginated. •Species inquirenda in Achirus -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061]). •Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862) -- (Britski et al. 1999:154 [ref. 24147], Litz & Koerber 2014:36 [ref. 33622] with question, Mirande & Koerber 2015:59 [ref. 35117] with question, Koerber et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35267] with question). Current status: Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

fasciatus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:659, 662 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] North America. No types known. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:340 [ref. 25922] with not types at MNHN. •Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Lee et al. 1980:831 [ref. 22416], Smith 1986:458 [ref. 22186], Knight & Hastings 1994:150 [ref. 25560], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:490 [ref. 24550], Desoutter et al. 2001:340 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

fluviatilis, Achirus Meek [S. E.] & Hildebrand [S. F.] 1928:1002, Pl. 102 (fig. 2) [Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 15 (publ. 249); ref. 2964] Río Juan Díaz, Panama. Holotype: USNM 81667. Paratypes and non-types: FMNH 18204-09 (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), 18210-44 (total 45); USNM 81668 (now 18), 85768 (10, not found in 1980), 165536 (6); MNHN 1976-0405 [ex FMNH 18204] (1), ZIN 55534 (1, ex USNM 81668). Type catalog: Ibarra & Stewart 1987:5 [ref. 12367], Desoutter et al. 2001:316 [ref. 25922], Voronina & Volkova 2019:269 [ref. 37075]. •Valid as Achirus fluviatilis Meek & Hildebrand 1928 -- (Ortega & Vari 1986:21 [ref. 9708]). •Valid as Trinectes fluviatilis (Meek & Hildebrand 1928) -- (Krupp in Fischer et al. 1995:849 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:215 [ref. 24555], Walker & Bollinger 2001:182 [ref. 25782], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061], Duplain 2009:40 [ref. 40454], Duplain et al. 2012:541 [ref. 32201], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:392 [ref. 34894], Angulo 2021:10 [ref. 38913], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:249 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes fluviatilis (Meek & Hildebrand 1928). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to northern Peru. IUCN (2022): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

garmani, Achirus Jordan [D. S.] in Jordan & Goss 1889:314 [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 14 (for 1886) (art. 2); ref. 2482] Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Holotype: MCZ 11246. •Valid as Catathyridium garmani (Jordan 1889) -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27192], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Litz & Koerber 2014:36 [ref. 33622], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Carvalho-Filho 2023:267 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Catathyridium garmani (Jordan 1889). Achiridae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Espírito Santo (Brazil) south to Argentina. Habitat: brackish, marine.

gronovii, Solea Günther [A.] 1862:472 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Atlantic coast of tropical America. Lectotype: BMNH 2012.10.24.9 (1) Suriname. Paralectotypes: BMNH 1959.12.16.1 (1) West Indies, 1959.12.16.2 (1) and 1959.12.16.3 (1) Demerara. Based on literature sources and specimens. Lectotype selected by Chabanaud 1940:89 [ref. 13166] in synonymy of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

gunteri, Achirus maculipinnis Chabanaud [P.] 1940:90 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 12 (no. 2); ref. 13166] Matagorda Island, Texas, U.S.A. Holotype: MNHN 1939-0269. Paratypes: MNHN 1959-0610 (24), 1998-1313 (3) Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:316-317 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:316 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

haackeana, Solea (Achirus) Steindachner [F.] 1883:195 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse v. 20 (no. 22); ref. 20488] St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia. Syntypes: (several) NMW 14330-33 (1, 1, 1, 1). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1884:1104 [p. 40 of separate], Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [ref. 4234]. •Valid as Aseraggodes haackeanus (Steindachner 1883) -- (Randall & Meléndez 1987:104 [ref. 9173], Gomon et al. 1994:860 [ref. 22532], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Randall 2005:210 [ref. 28892], Hoese & Bray 2006:1842 [ref. 29000], Gomon 2008:817 [ref. 30616], Randall et al. 2013:4 [ref. 32941], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:119 [ref. 36167]). Current status: Valid as Aseraggodes haackeanus (Steindachner 1883). Soleidae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, southwestern Pacific: Western Australia; South Australia, Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

hamiltonii, Cynoglossus Günther [A.] 1862:504 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Unneeded replacement name for Achirus cynoglossus Hamilton 1822 (to avoid Strickland tautonymy). •Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822) -- (Kottelat 2013:466 [ref. 32989]). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Cynoglossus cynoglossus (Hamilton 1822). Cynoglossidae: Cynoglossinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

hartzfeldii, Achirus Bleeker [P.] 1853:123 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 16900] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Syntypes: (2) ?BMNH 1862.6.3.24 (1). •Valid as Heteromycteris hartzfeldii (Bleeker 1853) -- (Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Munroe 2001:3881 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1847 [ref. 29000], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1055 [ref. 31980], Motomura et al. 2017:223 [ref. 35490]). Current status: Valid as Heteromycteris hartzfeldii (Bleeker 1853). Soleidae. Distribution: Western Pacific: Indonesia and Philippines south to Papua New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

hasemani, Achirus Steindachner [F.] 1915:347 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse v. 52 (no. 27); ref. 20500] Rio Branco at Conceiçao, Brazil. Holotype (unique): NMW. Species illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1915:576, Pls. 4-5 [ref. 15070]. •Synonym of Hypoclinemus mentalis (Günther 1862) -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Hypoclinemus mentalis (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

inscriptus, Monochirus Gosse [P. H.] 1851:52, Pl. 1 (fig. 4) [A naturalist's sojourn in Jamaica; ref. 18149] Bluefields, Jamaica. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1846.10.28.24. •Valid as Achirus inscriptus (Gosse 1851) -- (González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960]). •Valid as Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse 1851) -- (Cervigón 1982;12 [ref. 23220], Robins & Ray 1986:296 [ref. 23100], Cervigón 1992:439 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:21 [ref. 24489], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Keith et al. 2000:252 [ref. 24547], Marín 2000:80 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Walker & Bollinger 2001:184 [ref. 25782], Munroe 2003:1932 [ref. 27118], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:870 [ref. 28815], Duplain 2009:57 [ref. 40454], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:85 [ref. 33341], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Carvalho-Filho 2023:266 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse 1851). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bahamas, Cuba and Quintana Roo (Mexico) south to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

japonicus, Achirus Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1846:186 [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Holotype (unique): RMNH 4832. Type information: Boeseman 1947:151 [ref. 12876]. •Valid as Heteromycteris japonica (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Ohashi & Motomura 2011:106 [ref. 32413], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). •Valid as Heteromycteris japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846) -- (Kyushin et al. 1982:266 [ref. 19754], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:354 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:188 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:300 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 1998:61 [ref. 23643], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1383 [ref. 25182], Shimizu 2001:45 [ref. 25799], Nakabo 2002:1383 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:440, 687 [ref. 26218], Voronina et al. 2016:398 [ref. 35064], Sonoyama et al. 2020:123 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Heteromycteris japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1846). Soleidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

jaubertensis, Achirus Rendahl [H.] 1921:16 [Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar, Stockholm v. 61 (no. 9); ref. 3700] 45 nautical miles west-southwest of Cape Jaubert, northwestern Australia, depth 72 feet. Holotype: NRM 9895. Paratypes: MNHN 1959-0612 (1), NRM 25900 (1). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:318 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Rendahlia jaubertensis (Rendahl 1921) -- (Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3881 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1849 [ref. 29000], Larson et al. 2013:228 [ref. 32988]). Current status: Valid as Rendahlia jaubertensis (Rendahl 1921). Soleidae. Distribution: Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: marine.

jenynsii, Solea Günther [A.] 1862:476 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Río de la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1917.7.25.3 (skin). Based on literature sources. •Valid as Achirus jenynsii (Günther 1862) -- (Gómez & Chebez 1996:66 [ref. 23791] as jenynsi). •Valid as Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862) -- (Sverlij et al. 1998:79 [ref. 27632] as jenynsi, Britski et al. 1999:154 [ref. 24147], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:79 [ref. 27366], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27192], Menni 2004:88 [ref. 28131] as jenynsi, Litz & Koerber 2014:36 [ref. 33622], Sarmiento et al. 2014:189 [ref. 35004], Mirande & Koerber 2015:59 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Koerber et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35267], Reis et al. 2020:471 [ref. 38364], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Loureiro et al. 2023:175 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: South America: Paraná and Uruguay River basins (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Habitat: freshwater.

klunzingeri, Solea Steindachner [F.] 1880:96 [44], Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. v. 42; ref. 14403] Guayaquil, Ecuador. Holotype (unique): NMW 8008. On p. 44 of separate. •Valid as Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner 1880) -- (Ovchynnyk 1967:43 [ref. 37559], Pequeño 1989:76 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:292 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:154 [ref. 23101], Krupp in Fischer et al. 1995:848 [ref. 22829], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:212 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:493 [ref. 24550] as kluzingeri, Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807] dating to 1879, Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708] dated 1879, Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:391 [ref. 34894], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:246 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner 1880). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

kobensis, Solea (Achirus) Steindachner [F.] 1896:218 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 11; ref. 14618] Kobe, Japan. Holotype (unique): NMW 14318. •Valid as Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner 1896) -- (Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:354 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:192 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:294 [ref. 16193], Chen et al. 1997:177 [ref. 26476], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:645 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1385 [ref. 25182], Shinohara et al. 2001:336 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:1385 [ref. 26193], Randall 2002:252 [ref. 26248], Choi et al. 2003:440, 687 [ref. 26218], Randall 2007:466 [ref. 30952], Ho et al. 2009:12 [ref. 31461], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:104 [ref. 32413], Randall et al. 2013:5 [ref. 32941], Yoshida et al. 2013:218 [ref. 34464], Motomura et al. 2017:222 [ref. 35490], Imamura in Kimura et al. 2018:296 [ref. 36460], Okamoto et al. 2019:992 [ref. 37093], Kim et al. 2020:195 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:123 [ref. 37637], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012]). Current status: Valid as Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner 1896). Soleidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Laccadives Islands; eastern Malaysia and Gulf of Thailand east to Philippines, north to Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

lineatus, Monochirus Quoy [J. R. C.] & Gaimard [J. P.] 1824:238 [Voyage autour du monde; ref. 3574] Rio de Janeiro Bay, Brazil. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-3320 (4). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:318 [ref. 25922]. See also Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- may need research. •Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:317 [ref. 25922]). •Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dennis et al. 2004:84 [ref. 31601], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103]). Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

lineatus, Pleuronectes Linnaeus [C.] 1758:268 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] America [Jamaica] No types known. Based on the 'Pleuronectes fuscus subrotundus glaber ...' of Browne 1756: 445 [ref. 30188] from Jamaica, the 'Passer lineis transversis notatus ...' of Sloane 1725:277, Pl. 246 (fg. 2) [ref. 30230] and the 'Passer Jamaycensis lineis transversis notatus ...' of Ray 1713:157 [ref. 30231]; concept of taxa changed in Linnaeus 1766; see Goode & Bean 1885:196 [ref. 1841], Wheeler 1985:71 [ref. 20705]. •Valid as Catathyridium lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Menni 2004:88 [ref. 28131]). •Valid as Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Herrera 1896:70 [ref. 39336], Robins & Ray 1986:296 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:178 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:438 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:16 [ref. 24489], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:249 [ref. 22947], González Bencomo et al. 1997:159 [ref. 24960], Evseenko 1998:60 [ref. 23643], Bussing 1998:434 [ref. 24179], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:493 [ref. 24550], Keith et al. 2000:250 [ref. 24547], Marín 2000:80 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1929 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:106 [ref. 27192], Smith et al. 2003:68 [ref. 27621], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:866 [ref. 28815], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], Matamoros et al. 2009:27 [ref. 31241], Valdez-Moreno 2010:668 [ref. 31032], Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:85 [ref. 33341], Schmidt & McMullin 2015:6 [ref. 36603], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565], Costa et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35684], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Robins et al. 2018:436 [ref. 35886], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:399 [ref. 38945], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Angulo et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:265 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: South Carolina (U.S.A.) south to northern Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

lorentzii, Achirus Weyenbergh [H.] 1877:13, Pl. 1 [Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Buenos Aires. v. 3 (no. 1); ref. 14248] Río Paraná, Santa Fe, Argentina; Uruguay. Syntypes: (several) MSNG. •Valid as Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh 1877) -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:36 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:60 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:426 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:55 [ref. 35565] with author as Weyerberg, Koerber et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Valid as Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh 1877). Achiridae. Distribution: Paraguay and Uruguay River basins: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Habitat: freshwater.

marmoratus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Commerson) 1802:658, 660, Pl. 12 ( fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. Neotype: BPBM 20092. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:340-341 [ref. 25922] Figured on Pl. 12 (fig. 3) of Lacepède 1801 [ref. 2710], but with vernacular name. Neotype designation by Fricke 1999:574 [ref. 24106] is invalid; see Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Neotype designated by Randall & Johnson 2007:9 [ref. 29291]. •Valid as Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Clark & George 1979:110 [ref. 6992], Dor 1984:270 [ref. 29757], Heemstra & Gon 1986:872 [ref. 5665], Quéro & Desoutter 1990:110 [ref. 15757], Goren & Dor 1994:72 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:361 [ref. 22896], Quéro 1997:323 [ref. 23236], Carpenter et al. 1997:233 [ref. 23922], Fricke 1999:573 [ref. 24106], Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S122 [ref. 27377], Heemstra et al. 2004:3331 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:437 [ref. 28072], Randall & Johnson 2007:11 [ref. 29291], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:433 [ref. 33460], Ali et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:372 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:175 [ref. 36273], Arndt & Fricke 2019:29 [ref. 36883], Eagderi et al. 2019:124 [ref. 37020], Zajonz et al. 2019:101 [ref. 36871], Desoutter-Meniger & Chapleau 2022:398 [ref. 40245]). Current status: Valid as Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802). Soleidae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Sri Lanka. Habitat: marine.

mazatlana, Solea Steindachner [F.] 1869:149 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 6 (no. 19) (for 15 July 1869); ref. 20467] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Syntypes: (several) NMW 8049-51 (3), 8085-86 (2). Species later illustrated and described in more detail in Steindachner 1870:312 [p. 23 of separate], Pl. 5, [ref. 4217]. •Valid as Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner 1869) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:61 [ref. 39147], Villa 1982:238 [ref. 36708], Lea et al. 1989:240 [ref. 21534], Allen & Robertson 1994:292 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:154 [ref. 23101], Krupp in Fischer et al. 1995:848 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:49 [ref. 24545], Evseenko 1998:60 [ref. 23643], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:212 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:494 [ref. 24550], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:177 [ref. 37547], Miller 2006:402 [ref. 28615], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:391 [ref. 34894], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Love et al. 2021:221 [ref. 39279], Angulo et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40676], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:247 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner 1869). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of northern Baja California (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

melanospilos, Achirus Bleeker [P.] 1854:257 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 2); ref. 345] Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): RMNH 6756. Correct spelling is melanospilos. •Valid as Aseraggodes melanospilos (Bleeker 1854) [commonly as melanospilus] -- (Allen & Swainston 1988:146 [ref. 25477], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Hoese & Bray 2006:1843 [ref. 29000]). •Valid as Liachirus melanospilos (Bleeker 1854) [commonly as melanospilus] -- (Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:354 [ref. 6441], Li & Wang 1995:297 [ref. 16193], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:597 [ref. 27969] as melanospilus, Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1384 [ref. 25182], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3881 [ref. 26314] as melanospilus, Nakabo 2002:1384 [ref. 26193] as melanospilus, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S122 [ref. 27377] as melanospilus, Ho et al. 2009:12 [ref. 31461] as melanospilus, Ohashi & Motomura 2011:107 [ref. 32413] as melanospilus, Allen & Erdmann 2012:1055 [ref. 31980], Yoshida et al. 2013:219 [ref. 34464], Voronina et al. 2016:398 [ref. 35064], Motomura et al. 2017:224 [ref. 35490] as melanospilus, Imamura in Kimura et al. 2018:296 [ref. 36460], Tashiro 2022:86 [ref. 39012] as melanospilus). Current status: Valid as Liachirus melanospilos (Bleeker 1854). Soleidae. Distribution: Southeastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia east to Philippines, north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia. Habitat: marine.

melanosticta, Solea (Achirus) Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1877:845 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876; ref. 3454] Bougainville Island, depth 40 fathoms. Holotype (unique): ZMB 9814. •Valid as Aseraggodes melanostictus (Peters 1877) -- (Allen 1997:234 [ref. 23977], Myers 1999:279 [ref. 23965], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Munroe 2001:3881 [ref. 26314] dated 1876, Randall 2002:252 [ref. 26248], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830] dated 1876, Myers & Donaldson 2003:649 [ref. 27495] dated 1876, Randall & Bartsch 2005:131 [ref. 28374], Randall 2005:204 [ref. 28892], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:355 [ref. 28867], Hoese & Bray 2006:1844 [ref. 29000], Randall & Allen 2007:111 [ref. 29913], Randall et al. 2013:5 [ref. 32941], Larson et al. 2013:225 [ref. 32988]). Current status: Valid as Aseraggodes melanostictus (Peters 1877). Soleidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific. Habitat: marine.

microphthalmus, Achirus Chabanaud [P.] 1928:16 [Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique (Monaco) No. 523; ref. 783] Bahia, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-3314. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:317 [ref. 25922]. •Valid as Trinectes microphthalmus (Chabanaud 1928) -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:317 [ref. 25922], Munroe 2003:1928 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27192], Duplain 2009:78 [ref. 40454], Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:402 [ref. 38945], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Carvalho-Filho 2023:267 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes microphthalmus (Chabanaud 1928). Achiridae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Trinidad and Tobago south to Santa Catarina (Brazil). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

mucuri, Achirus Ramos [R. T. C.], Ramos [T. P. A.] & Lopes [P. R. D.] 2009:56, Figs. 1, 2a, 2c, 3a-b, d-e, j, l [Zootaxa No. 2113; ref. 30194] Estuary of the Macuri River at Mucuri, ca. 18°05'15"S, 39°33'53"W, Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: UFPB 6101. Paratypes: LIUEFS 4456 (1), 4457 (1); MCZ 11440 (1); MZUSP 93253 (1), 93254 (1); UFPB 6102 (2), 6130 (3, 1 c&s), 6515 (1, c&s); USNM 389553 (1), 389554 (1). Plus non-type specimens. •Valid as Achirus mucuri Ramos, Ramos & Lopes 2009 -- (Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Carvalho-Filho 2023:265 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Achirus mucuri Ramos, Ramos & Lopes 2009. Achiridae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Mucuri River estuary (Bahia, Brazil) endemic. Habitat: brackish.

nigricans, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:158 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Coast of South America. Holotype (unique): ZMB 2428. Type catalog: Paepke 1999:41-42 [ref. 24282]. •Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Current status: Synonym of Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

novoae, Achirus Cervigón [F.] 1982:243, Fig. 20 [Los recursos pesqueros del Rio Orinoco y su explotacion; ref. 20509] La Lagunita Lake, near Bolívar, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Holotype: FCLR 644. Paratypes: BMNH 1983.2.22.8 (1); FCLR 645 60 648 (2, 1, 1, 1). •Valid as Achirus novoae Cervigón 1982 -- (Marín 2000:80 [ref. 26252], Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:667 [ref. 27061], Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], Phillip et al. 2013:25 [ref. 32896], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:96 [ref. 35633], Cortés Hernández et al. 2023:457 [ref. 40760]). Current status: Valid as Achirus novoae Cervigón 1982. Achiridae. Distribution: South America: Orinoco River basin (Colombia and Venezuela; Trinidad & Tobago). Habitat: freshwater.

opercularis, Achirus Nichols [J. T.] & Murphy [R. C.] 1944:258, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History v. 83 (art. 4); ref. 3189] Cuevita Bay, Colombia. Holotype (unique): AMNH 15958. •Valid as Trinectes opercularis (Nichols & Murphy 1944) -- (Krupp in Fischer et al. 1995:850 [ref. 22829], Walker & Bollinger 2001:182 [ref. 25782], Duplain 2009:86 [ref. 40454], Duplain et al. 2012:541 [ref. 32201]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes opercularis (Nichols & Murphy 1944). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Costa Rica south to Ecuador. IUCN (2022): Data Deficient. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

ornatus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:659, 663 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] No locality. Holotype (unique): apparently lost. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25922]. •Questionably a synonym of Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801) -- (Munroe 1991:256 [ref. 15142], Munroe 1998:136 [ref. 23285]). •Nomen dubium -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Uncertain as Symphurus plagusia (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Cynoglossidae: Symphurinae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

panamensis, Solea Steindachner [F.] 1876:58 [10], Pl. 2 [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4225] Panama. Holotype (unique): NMW 8023. On p. 10 of separate. •Valid as Achirus panamensis (Steindachner 1876) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:61 [ref. 39147]). •Synonym of Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther 1862) -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:491 [ref. 24550], Duplain et al. 2012:541 [ref. 32201]). Current status: Synonym of Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

paulistanus, Achirus Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1915:Heterostoma p. 25 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Santos, Sepetiba, Brazil. Holotype: MNRJ 1963. Paratypes: (should be 3) MNRJ 1918 (1). Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:406 [ref. 12732], Miranda Ribeiro 1959:4-5 [ref. 10393]. On p. 663 when continuously paginated. •Valid as Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915) -- (Bussing 1987:257 [ref. 22927], Cervigón 1992:439 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1996:22 [ref. 24489], Greenfield & Thomerson 1997:250 [ref. 22947], Bussing 1998:434 [ref. 24179], Aguilera 1998:53 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:489 [ref. 24550], Marín 2000:80 [ref. 26252], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:170 [ref. 27754], Walker & Bollinger 2001:184 [ref. 25782], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639], Munroe 2003:1933 [ref. 27118], Ramos in Menezes et al. 2003:107 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Miller 2006:404 [ref. 28615], Duplain 2009:93 [ref. 40454], Angulo et al. 2013:1010 [ref. 33194], Di Dario et al. 2013:264 [ref. 37503], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Phillip et al. 2013:24 [ref. 32896], Catelani et al. 2014:933 [ref. 37496], Ramos et al. 2014:5 [ref. 35321] as cf. paulistanus, Costa et al. 2017:46 [ref. 35684], Spier et al. 2018:18 [ref. 36103], Ribeiro et al. 2019:7 [ref. 36717], Rotundo et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:403 [ref. 38945], Bitencourt et al. 2022:4 [ref. 39848], Angulo et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40676], Carvalho-Filho 2023:266 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda Ribeiro 1915). Achiridae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Quintana Roo (Mexico) south to Santa Catarina (Brazil), including Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

pavoninus, Achirus Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:658, 660 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] No locality stated [probably Indonesia]. Holotype (unique): MNHN (whereabouts unknown). Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922]. •Objective synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus Lacepède 1802 -- (Fricke 1999:574 [ref. 24106]). •Valid as Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Clark & George 1979:113 [ref. 6992], Kyushin et al. 1982:267 [ref. 19754], Ochiai in Masuda et al. 1984:354 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:146 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:450 [ref. 15987], Kuiter 1993:390 [ref. 23929], Li & Wang 1995:291 [ref. 16193], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:597 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:234 [ref. 23977], Kuiter 1997:384 [ref. 25488], Randall et al. 1997:450 [ref. 25919] in Paradachirus, Anderson et al. 1998:29 [ref. 23611], Myers 1999:280 [ref. 23965], Munroe in Randall & Lim 2000:646 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1384 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:450 [ref. 25191], Sakai et al. 2001:123 [ref. 25693] in Paradachirus, Hutchins 2001:47 [ref. 25847], Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922], Munroe 2001:3886 [ref. 26314], Nakabo 2002:1384 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:64 [ref. 26830], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:216 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:31 [ref. 27624], Tan & Lim 2004:111 [ref. 27716], Randall 2005:617 [ref. 28239], Hoese & Bray 2006:1847 [ref. 29000], Randall & Johnson 2007:12 [ref. 29291], Fricke et al. 2009:115 [ref. 30213], Matsuura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:321 [ref. 31170], Motomura et al. 2010:231 [ref. 31256], Ohashi & Motomura 2011:107 [ref. 32413], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1055 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:227 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:465 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:219 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:190 [ref. 33932], Voronina et al. 2016:398 [ref. 35064], Motomura et al. 2017:224 [ref. 35490], Imamura in Kimura et al. 2018:297 [ref. 36460], Fricke et al. 2019:317 [ref. 36673], Psomadakis et al. 2020:597 [ref. 37272], Akaike et al. 2021:31 [ref. 38809], Ota et al. 2021:69 [ref. 38495], Desoutter-Meniger & Chapleau 2022:399 [ref. 40245], Vilasri et al. 2023:98 [ref. 40764], Kumar et al. 2024:5 [ref. 41064]). Current status: Valid as Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepède 1802). Soleidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Madagascar, Mascarenes, Sri Lanka and Myanmar east to Tonga, north to Kochi Prefecture (Japan), south to Onslow (Western Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

pellucidus, Achirus Bennett [F. D.] 1840:277 [Narrative of a whaling voyage round the globe v. 2; ref. 260] Pacific near surface, 27°N, 170°W and "about a day's sail from the Marquesas Group". Syntypes: (2). Achiridae.

plagusia, Achirus Basilewsky [S.] 1855:245 [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Tientsin and China seas, Beijing [Peking], China. Holotype or syntypes: ZIN 5885 (1, lost). Type catalog: Voronina & Volkova 2019:278 [ref. 37075]. Type specimen ZIN 5885 lost in flood in 1924; see Voronina & Volkova 2019:278 [ref. 37075]. Achiridae.

poropterus, Achirus Bleeker [P.] 1851:410 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 1 (no. 4); ref. 6831] Jakarta, Java, Indonesia; Padang, western Sumatra, Indonesia. Syntypes: (5). •Valid as Achirus poropterus Bleeker 1851 -- (Allen 1991:205 [ref. 21090], Miesen et al. 2016:97 [ref. 34492]). •Valid as Pardachirus poropterus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Clark & George 1979:114 [ref. 6992], Kottelat et al. 1993:170 [ref. 23448], Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967], Munroe 2001:3881 [ref. 26314], Hoese & Bray 2006:1848 [ref. 29000], Randall & Johnson 2007:14 [ref. 29291], Kottelat 2013:465 [ref. 32989], Fricke et al. 2014:190 [ref. 33932], Jamandre 2023:174 [ref. 40455]). Current status: Valid as Pardachirus poropterus (Bleeker 1851). Soleidae. Distribution: Eastern Indian Ocean, western Pacific: Indonesia east to New Guinea, north to Philippines, south to northern Australia. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

punctatus, Achirus Desjardins [J.] 1837:40 [Rapport Annuel sur les travaux de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Ile Maurice No. 8; ref. 20928] Mauritius, Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922]. Original not seen. Name given as Achirus punctulatus by Monod 1976:21 [ref. 30339]. For comments on authorship see Monod 1976:21 [ref. 30339]. •Synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Fricke 1999:573 [ref. 24106]). •Questionably a synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802) -- (Randall & Johnson 2007:9 [ref. 29291]). Current status: Synonym of Pardachirus marmoratus (Lacepède 1802). Soleidae. Habitat: marine.

punctifer, Monochir Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:80, Pl. 41 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-3319. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:317 [ref. 25922]. •Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:317 [ref. 25922]). Current status: Synonym of Achirus achirus (Linnaeus 1758). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

rautheri, Achirus Chabanaud [P.] 1931:95, Figs. 1-10 [Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 93 (nos 3/4); ref. 16265] Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, 12°28'S, 130°50'E. Holotype (unique): SMNS 2521. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922], Fricke 2005:59 [ref. 29864]. The holotype is also a syntype of Pardachirus klunzingeri Weber 1907. •Synonym of Pardachirus poropterus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Larson & Williams 1997:374 [ref. 23967]). •Synonym of Pardachirus hedleyi Ogilby 1916 -- (Clark & George 1979:115 [ref. 6992], Desoutter et al. 2001:341 [ref. 25922]). •Incertae sedis in Soleidae -- (Hoese & Bray 2006:1852 [ref. 29000]). •Valid as Pardachirus rautheri (Chabanau7 1931) -- (Randall & Johnson 2007:14 [ref. 29291], Morgan et al. 2011:20 [ref. 31262], Larson et al. 2013:227 [ref. 32988]). Current status: Valid as Pardachirus rautheri (Chabanaud 1931). Soleidae. Distribution: Australia and New Guinea. Habitat: brackish.

scutum, Solea Günther [A.] 1862:474 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Pacific coast of Central America. Syntypes: (orig. 5, "?f" not a type) BMNH 1848.3.18.185-187 (3) Gulf of Fonseca, 1860.6.16.22 (1) Panama. •Valid as Achirus scutum (Günther 1862) -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:61 [ref. 39147], Allen & Robertson 1994:293 [ref. 22193], Bussing & López S. 1994:154 [ref. 23101], Krupp in Fischer et al. 1995:848 [ref. 22829], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:49 [ref. 24545], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:212 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:495 [ref. 24550], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:177 [ref. 37547], Ramos et al. 2009:61 [ref. 30194], McMahan et al. 2013:454 [ref. 32422], Barriga Salazar 2014:119 [ref. 35745], Jiménez-Prado et al. 2015:391 [ref. 34894], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:93 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:248 [ref. 40816], Valenzuela et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40815]). Current status: Valid as Achirus scutum (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern tip of Baja California Sur (Mexico) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: brackish, marine.

thepassii, Achirus Bleeker [P.] 1854:500 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 6 (no. 3); ref. 344] Ambon Island, Molucca Islands, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Bleeker specimens: BMNH 1863.6.3.19 (1). •Synonym of Pardachirus poropterus (Bleeker 1851) -- (Clark & George 1979:114 [ref. 6992], Randall & Johnson 2007:14 [ref. 29291], Kottelat 2013:465 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Pardachirus poropterus (Bleeker 1851). Soleidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.

trichospilus, Achirus Berg [C.] 1895:130 [Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires v. 4; ref. 14575] Entre-Ríos, Argentina and Río Negro, Mercedes, Uruguay. Syntypes: MACN (2); MHNM. Type catalog: Loureiro et al. 2016:413 [ref. 35150]. Appeared as Achirus richospulus in Serrano 1929:6 [ref. 34188]. •Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862) -- (Ramos in Reis et al. 2003:668 [ref. 27061], Litz & Koerber 2014:36 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:59 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35267]). Current status: Synonym of Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther 1862). Achiridae. Habitat: freshwater.

zebrinus, Achirus Clark [H. W.] 1936:386 [Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 21 (no. 29); ref. 839] Gulf of Tehauntepec, Mexico, 15°40'N, 93°49'W. Holotype (unique): CAS 4448. •Valid as Achirus zebrinus Clark 1936 -- (Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:496 [ref. 24550], Nelson et al. 2004:182 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:188 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:134 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Achirus zebrinus Clark 1936. Achiridae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Central America. Habitat: marine.