Species that contain: Sphyraena and sphyraena [ 89 ] records

acus, Sphyraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] (ex Plumier) 1803:325, 327, Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Martinique Island or West Indies, western Atlantic. No types known. Type catalog: Collette et al. 1997:23 [ref. 22813]. Based on a Plumier drawing. Placed on Official Index in Opinion 900 [ref. 13280] (1970); suppressed for purpose of priority but not for homonymy. This name would then be regarded as a synonym of Tylosurus imperialis (Rafinesque 1810) following ICZN Opinion 900, but that has not been followed by subsequent authors since 1965; in the interest of stability, continued usage of acus was recommended (see Collette & 2003:10 [ref. 27306]). But Opinion 2169 (in 2007) reinstated acus as a valid name -- see Collette & Parin 2005:232 [ref. 28549]. Five subspecies are recognized following Collette & Parin 1970: T. a. acus (Lacepède 1803) in the western Atlantic, T. a. imperialis (Rafinesque 1810) in the Mediterranean Sea, T. a. rafale Collette and Parin 1970 in the Gulf of Guinea, T. a. melanotus (Bleeker 1850) throughout the Indo-west Pacific and extending into the eastern Pacific, and T. a. pacificus (Steindachner 1876) in the eastern Pacific; the latter was subsequently raised to species level by Collette & Banford (2001 [ref. 25982]). •Valid as Esox acus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Herrera 1896:31 [ref. 39336]). •Valid as Tylosurus acus subspecies acus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:166 [ref. 25013], Collette & Banford 2001:51 [ref. 25982], Collette et al. 2003:102 [ref. 26784], Collette 2003:1112 [ref. 26981], Collette 2003:9, 10 [ref. 27306], Paxton et al. 2006:718 [ref. 28995], Allen & Erdmann 2012:165 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:103 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:32 [ref. 33341], Psomadakis et al. 2015:176 [ref. 34104]). •Valid as Tylosurus acus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Collette & Berry 1965:391 [ref. 13367], Parin 1967:52 [ref. 10272], Collette & Parin 1970:41 [ref. 7415], Parin 1973:260 [ref. 7191], Dor 1984:65 [ref. 29757], Collette & Parin in Whitehead et al. 1986:608 [ref. 13676], Robins & Ray 1986:106 [ref. 23100], Paxton et al. 1989:343 [ref. 12442], Cervigón 1991:227 [ref. 24472], Boschung 1992:84 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:270 [ref. 23827], Paugy in Lévêque et al. 1992:584 [ref. 21590], Goren & Dor 1994:16 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:87 [ref. 22896], Santos et al. 1997:126 [ref. 23531], Larson & Williams 1997:350 [ref. 23967], De La Cruz Agüero et al. 1997:69 [ref. 24545], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:268 [ref. 24023], Arruda 1997:62 [ref. 24952], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:939 [ref. 23897], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:104 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:206 [ref. 24550], Johnson 1999:724 [ref. 25471], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:67 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:99 [ref. 27807], Golani 2005:29 [ref. 37112], Vaske et al. 2005:77 [ref. 36155], Randall 2007:138 [ref. 30952] with subspecies, Fricke 2008:22 [ref. 30182], Larson et al. 2013:65 [ref. 32988], Collette 2016:2126 [ref. 34601], Carneiro et al. 2019:199 [ref. 37250], Collette & Bemis 2019:42 [ref. 37342], Reiner 2019:131 [ref. 38139], Kovačić et al. 2020:30 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:336 [ref. 37272], Caires et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:319 [ref. 38945], Golani 2021:31 [ref. 38303], Collette 2022:379 [ref. 39718], Carvalho-Filho 2023:92 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40463], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:111 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:149 [ref. 40505], Allen & Erdmann 2024:182 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Tylosurus acus (Lacepède 1803). Belonidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical seas, except eastern Pacific. Some authors recognize 4 subspecies; acus acus occurs in the western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

acutipinnis, Sphyraena Day [F.] 1876:342, Pl. 79 (fig. 1) [The fishes of India Part 2; ref. 1081] Sind [Sindh], Pakistan, Arabian Sea, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): ZSI F1599. Type catalog: Whitehead & Talwar 1976:160 [ref. 23762]. Based on one specimen originally; specimen described by Talwar 1968:197 [ref. 26958]. Kottelat (2013) cites a freshwater record. •Valid as Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302], de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], Francis 1993:164 [ref. 25479], Francis & Randall 1993:132 [ref. 20996], Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896], Chen et al. 1997:35 [ref. 26476], Fricke 1999:555 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:123 [ref. 25868], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3689 [ref. 26303], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:373 [ref. 28072], Mundy 2005:498 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049], Fricke et al. 2009:110 [ref. 30213], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:117 [ref. 36167], Psomadakis et al. 2015:308 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2018:358 [ref. 35805], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Psomadakis et al. 2020:563 [ref. 37272], Morishita & Motomura 2020:564 [ref. 37508], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:246 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa and Madagascar east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan, south to Kermadec Islands. Habitat: marine.

affinis, Sphyraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:98 [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Syntypes: SMF 2802 (1, dry), 2805 (1); •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:193 [ref. 29757], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

afra, Sphyraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1844:32 [Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1844; ref. 13442] St. Paolo de Loanda [Luanda], Angola. No types known. •Valid as Sphyraena afra Peters 1844 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], de Sylva 1990:860 [ref. 19190], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:790 [ref. 21590], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:167 [ref. 25472], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2868 [ref. 34618], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Fermon et al. 2022:229 [ref. 39448]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena afra Peters 1844. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Namibia. Habitat: marine.

africana, Sphyraena Gilchrist [J. D. F.] & Thompson [W. W.] 1909:256 [Annals of the South African Museum v. 6 (pt 3, no. 5); ref. 1650] Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAM 10149. •Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203], de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896], Senou 2001:3689 [ref. 26303]). •Valid as Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson 1909 -- (Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:642 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1337 [ref. 25182], Nakabo 2002:1337 [ref. 26193], Fricke et al. 2018:358 [ref. 35805], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Morishita & Motomura 2020:564 [ref. 37508], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson 1909. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) and East Africa east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

agam, Sphyraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:99, Pl. 25 (fig. 2) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea. Syntypes: SMF 2818 (1, dry) and SMF 17529 (2, skeletons). •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [= Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Mundy 2005:497 [ref. 28379], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

akerstromi, Sphyraena Whitley [G. P.] 1947:131, Pl. 11 (fig. 1) [Australian Zoologist v. 11 (pt 2); ref. 4708] Lowendal Island, between Barrow Island and the Monte Bello Group, Western Australia. Holotype: apparently not saved. Paratypes: (3) apparently not saved. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:85 [ref. 6302], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

altipinnis, Sphyraena Ogilby [J. D.] 1910:8 [Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland v. 23; ref. 3288] Aru Islands, north of Australia. Holotype (unique): AFAQ 1066 (apparently lost). •Questionably a synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870 or Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:85-86 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829 -- (Bray & Hoese 2006:1751 [ref. 29049], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989] with question). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

arabiansis, Sphyraena Abdussamad [E. M.] & Retheesh [T. B.] in Abdussamad et al. 2015:2, Figs. 1-5 [Indian Journal of Fisheries v. 62 (no. 2); ref. 33861] Lakshadweep Islands, south-eastern Arabian Sea, India. Holotype: CMFRI GB 31.143.2.1. Paratypes: CMFRI GB 31.143.2.1.1 (1), CMFRI GB 31.143.2.1.2 (1). Plus additional specimens not retained. •Valid as Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad & Retheesh 2015 -- (Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Morishita et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37447], Murase et al. 2023:43 [ref. 40935]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena arabiansis Abdussamad & Retheesh 2015. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-West Pacific: Lakshadweep Islands (India); southern Japan. Habitat: marine.

argentea, Sphyraena Girard [C. F.] 1854:144 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 5769] San Diego, California, U.S.A. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Sphyraena argentea Girard 1854 -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:235 [ref. 9277], McAllister 1990:155 [ref. 14674], Sommer in Fischer et al. 1995:1620 [ref. 22830], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:460 [ref. 24550], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:124 [ref. 25206], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:803 [ref. 25968], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:164 [ref. 37547], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Fourriére et al. 2016:458 [ref. 34668], Pietsch & Orr 2015:67 [ref. 34694], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:611 [ref. 34923], Kells et al. 2016:310 [ref. 35888], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Burton & Lea 2019:91 [ref. 37205], Love et al. 2021:209 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena argentea Girard 1854. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southeastern Alaska (U.S.A.) south to Pacific coast of southern Baja California Sur (Mexico), including southwestern Gulf of California (Mexico) and Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

argentinum, Goniosoma Costa [O. G.] 1844:Goniosoma, p. 2, Pl. 36 [Fauna del regno di Napoli Part 1; ref. 976] [Napoli] Naples, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Published 15 May 1844. Unneeded replacement name for Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:109 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Habitat: marine.

aureoflammea, Sphyraena Seale [A.] 1910:502 [The Philippine Journal of Science Section A v. 4 (no. 6) (for 1909); ref. 4000] Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippines. Holotype: BSMP 4138 (apparently destroyed). Paratypes: (4) BSMP •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:446 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

aureoviridis, Sphyraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:325, 327, Pl. 9 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Martinique Island, West Indies. No types known. Type catalog: Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:101 [ref. 12478]. •Questionably a synonym of Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch 1792) -- (Rivas 1986:582 [ref. 5210], Figueiredo-Filho et al. 2021:318 [ref. 38206]). Current status: Uncertain as Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch 1792). Centropomidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

barracuda, Esox Edwards [M.] in Catesby 1771:1 [The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands; ref. 774] Bahamas, Western Atlantic. Catesby 1771 is a rejected work, and unavailable (Opinions 89 and 259) but the appendix by Edwards is available. This species should date to authorship as above and not to Walbaum 1792. Kottelat (2013) treats as a marine and an inland record. •Valid as Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771) -- (Herrera 1896:42 [ref. 39336] with authors as Cuvier & Valenciennes, Russell 2003:1810 [ref. 27114], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:749 [ref. 28815], Vaske et al. 2005:78 [ref. 36155], Matamoros et al. 2009:26 [ref. 31241], Wirtz et al. 2007:40 [ref. 30263], Randall 2007:441 [ref. 30952], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Fricke 2008:56 [ref. 30182], Fricke et al. 2009:110 [ref. 30213], García-Hernández et al. 2009:94 [ref. 37265], Matamoros et al. 2009:26 [ref. 31241], Motomura et al. 2010:229 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1037 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Fricke et al. 2013:272 [ref. 32706], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:82 [ref. 33341], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Wirtz et al. 2014:10 [ref. 33516], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Fricke et al. 2014:187 [ref. 33932], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:309 [ref. 34104], Pinheiro et al. 2015:32 [ref. 34324] with author as Walbaum, Miesen et al. 2016:95 [ref. 34492], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2869 [ref. 34618], Robertson et al. 2016:148 [ref. 34961], Koeda et al. 2016:105 [ref. 35333], Fricke et al. 2018:358 [ref. 35805] with author as Catesby [ex Edwards], Golani & Fricke 2018:120 [ref. 36273], Spier et al. 2018:16 [ref. 36103], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Carneiro et al. 2019:295 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:115 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:306 [ref. 36673], Reiner 2019:270 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:99 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Morishita et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37447], Psomadakis et al. 2020:564 [ref. 37272], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Sonoyama et al. 2020:111 [ref. 37637], Caires et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:367 [ref. 38945], Durville et al. 2021:315 [ref. 38802], Eduardo et al. 2021:4 [ref. 38817], Escobar-Sierra et al. 2021:76 [ref. 38844], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160], Fermon et al. 2022:229 [ref. 39448], Zajonz et al. 2022:238 [ref. 40522], Carvalho-Filho 2023:201 [ref. 40480], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505], Barcelos et al. 2024:[2] [ref. 40782]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and warm temperate seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Sea of Japan), except for eastern Pacific (waifs reaching Galápagos Archipelago). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

barracuda, Esox Walbaum [J. J.] 1792:94 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] West Indies. No types known. See Esox barracuda Edwards in Catesby 1771. •Treated as valid as Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Kyushin et al. 1977:56 [ref. 19756], Dor 1984:193 [ref. 29757], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203], de Sylva & Williams 1986:723 [ref. 6301], Robins & Ray 1986:214 [ref. 23100], Allen & Swainston 1988:110 [ref. 25477], Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:465 [ref. 25598], Winterbottom et al. 1989:51 [ref. 13251], de Sylva 1990:861 [ref. 19190], Randall et al. 1990:291 [ref. 15987], Boschung 1992:153 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:444 [ref. 23827], Senou 1992:2 [ref. 24321], Kottelat et al. 1993:126 [ref. 23448], Cervigón 1993:390 [ref. 24474], Francis 1993:164 [ref. 25479], Randall et al. 1994:229 [ref. 21645], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:195 [ref. 27969], Matsuura & Suzuki 1997:369 [ref. 23360], Carpenter et al. 1997:220 [ref. 23922], Takahashi et al. 1997:49 [ref. 24971], Randall et al. 1997:291 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:276 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:555 [ref. 24106], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:459 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:323 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:79 [ref. 25466], Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:642 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1334 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:336 [ref. 25191], Matsuura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:296 [ref. 27511], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:270 [ref. 25480], Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187 [ref. 25703], Randall & Earle 2000:20 [ref. 25806], Allen 2000:123 [ref. 25868], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:168 [ref. 27754], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1646 [ref. 25634], Sakai et al. 2001:122 [ref. 25693], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:992 [ref. 25909], Senou 2001:3690 [ref. 26303], Nakabo 2002:1334 [ref. 26193], Alvarez-León 2002:228 [ref. 26373], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Collette et al. 2003:125 [ref. 26784], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:101 [ref. 27192], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:208 [ref. 27510], Lobel & Lobel 2004:77 [ref. 27576], Smith et al. 2003:67 [ref. 27621], Randall et al. 2004:30 [ref. 27624], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Heemstra et al. 2004:3327 [ref. 27945], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:372 [ref. 28072], Mundy 2005:497 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049], Matsuura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:308 [ref. 31170], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:194 [ref. 30957], Wirtz et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32972], Larson et al. 2013:214 [ref. 32988], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:69 [ref. 39585]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

becuna, Sphyraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:325, 327, Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] No locality [Martinique Island, West Indies]. No types known. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:721 [ref. 21541]. Based on Plumier drawing and manuscript. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

bleekeri, Sphyraena Williams [F.] 1959:122, Pl. 2d [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 13) v. 2 (no. 14); ref. 12038] Msuka Bay, North Pemba, 4°53.5'S, 39°43'E, depth 7 fathoms. Holotype: BMNH 1958.12.8.1. Paratypes: (2) BMNH 1958.12.8.2 (1). •Valid as Sphyraena bleekeri Williams 1959 -- (de Sylva 1975:85 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905 -- (Dor 1984:195 [ref. 29757], de Sylva & Williams 1986:725 [ref. 6301] as putnamiae, Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122] as putnamiae, Senou 2001:3696 [ref. 26303], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:354 [ref. 28867], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:251 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

bocagei, Sphyraena Osório [B.] 1891:114 [Jornal de Sciências Mathemáticas, Physicas e Naturaes, Lisboa (Ser. 2) v. 2 (no. 6); ref. 14502] São Thomé and Rolhos Islands, West Africa. No types known. •Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (de Sylva 1990:863 [ref. 19190], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2871 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

borealis, Sphyraena DeKay [J. E.] 1842:39, Pl. 60 (fig. 196) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] New York harbor, New York, U.S.A. Holotype or syntypes: New York State coll. (whereabouts unknown). •Valid as Sphyraena borealis DeKay 1842 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:214 [ref. 23100], Scott & Scott 1988:401 [ref. 25518], McAllister 1990:155 [ref. 14674], Boschung 1992:153 [ref. 23239], Murdy et al. 1997:189 [ref. 23144], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:323 [ref. 25013], Rountree in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:506 [ref. 26158], Russell 2003:1810 [ref. 27114], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:750 [ref. 28815], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:82 [ref. 33341], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Robertson et al. 2020:163 [ref. 38098], Caires et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:368 [ref. 38945], Carvalho-Filho 2023:202 [ref. 40480], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena borealis DeKay 1842. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Florida (U.S.A.) south to northern Brazil, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

brachygnathos, Sphyraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:368 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 16937] Batjan; Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Syntypes: (3) RMNH 6024 (2, poor condition). Original as Sphijraena brachijgnathos, the Dutch ij equivalent to y in Latin. Günther 1860:340 emended the name to brachygnathus. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

branneri, Sphyraena Miranda Ribeiro [A. de] 1915:Sphyraenidae p. 4 [Arquivos do Museu Nacional de Rio de Janeiro v. 17; ref. 3711] Pernambuco, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNRJ 1742. Type catalog: Miranda Ribeiro 1955:407 [ref. 12732]. On p. 64 when continuously paginated. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

chinensis, Sphyraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:324, 327, Pl. 10 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] China. •Possibly a senior synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302]). •Regarded as a nomen dubium -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:148 [ref. 28229]). Nomen Dubium. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

chrysotaenia, Sphyraena Klunzinger [C. B.] 1884:128, 129, Pl. 9 (fig. 3) [Die Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 2625] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Syntypes: SMNS 2073 (4) Kosseir; NMW 77364 (3); ZMB 10577 and 10578 (2). Type catalog: Fricke 1992:18 [ref. 20296]. Fricke 2005:60 [ref. 29864] •Valid as Sphyraenella chrysotaenia (Klunzinger 1884) -- (Dutt & Seshagiri Rao 1967:239 [ref. 41046]). •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Senou 2001:3691 [ref. 26303], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:374 [ref. 28072], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049]). •Questionably a synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Parin 2003:S25 [ref. 28536]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Bray & Hoese 2006:1751 [ref. 29049]). •Valid as Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger 1884 -- (Tortonese 1973:566 [ref. 7192], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1194 [ref. 13677], de Sylva & Williams 1986:723 [ref. 6301], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Larson & Williams 1997:365 [ref. 23967], Golani 1998:97 [ref. 27567], Corsini & Economidis 1999:197 [ref. 24060], Massutí et al. 2001:98 [ref. 26220], Pallaoro & Dulčić 2001:180 [ref. 41068], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:138 [ref. 26753], Kara & Bourehail 2003:59 [ref. 27026], Golani 2005:58 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:109 [ref. 29533], Pastore 2009:1299 [ref. 30405], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:68 [ref. 36649], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[22] 260 [ref. 36492], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:142 [ref. 37515], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Golani 2021:81 [ref. 38303], Dimitriadis et al. 2023:2 [ref. 40076]). •Synonym of Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:145 [ref. 28229], Parin et al. 2014:507 [ref. 33547], Golani & Fricke 2018:121 [ref. 36273], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; western Indian Ocean: East Africa, South Africa, Persian Gulf and Madagascar east to western India; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant) (if valid). Habitat: marine.

commersonii, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:352 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Indian Seas. Syntypes: MNHN A-8414 (1, dry). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:676 [ref. 21541]. On Lacepède 1803:pl. 8 (fig. 3) [ref. 4930]. •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Fricke 1999:556 [ref. 24106]). •Not in Sphyraena obtusata group -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:149 [ref. 28229]). •See Randall 2005:606 [ref. 28239]. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792) [= Edwards1771] -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], de Sylva & Williams 1986:723 [ref. 6301], Mundy 2005:497 [ref. 28379], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cuvieri, Argentina Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1848:413 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 21; ref. 1013] Malta; Malaga, Spain; Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-3667 (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1940:307 [ref. 293]. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:109 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Habitat: marine.

diazi, Chirostoma Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1899:137, Fig. 15 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 [1899]; ref. 2501] Market at Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (said to come from Laguna de Chapala). Holotype: CAS-SU 6157. Paratypes: CAS-SU 6200 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:66 [ref. 12291]. •Questionably the same as Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900 -- (Dyer in Reis et al. 2003:519 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Uncertain as Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900. Atherinopsidae: Menidiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

dubia, Sphyraena Bleeker [P.] 1863:70, Pl. 15 (fig. 2) [Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 18 (1862); ref. 395] Ashantee, Guinea. Holotype (unique): RMNH 454. Holotype figured by Boeseman 1963:Pl. 1 (fig. 3) [ref. 21734]. •Valid as Sphyraena dubia Bleeker 1863 -- (Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1990:862 [ref. 19190], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:790 [ref. 21590], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2870 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

dussumieri, Sphyraena Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831:508 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 7; ref. 4881] Red Sea; Mauritius; Réunion, western Mascarenes, southwestern Indian Ocean. No types known. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:721 [ref. 21541]. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:193 [ref. 29757], de Sylva & Williams 1986:723 [ref. 6301], Fricke 1999:555 [ref. 24106], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:247 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

ensis, Sphyraena Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1882:106, footnote [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 2 (for 1882); ref. 18357] Mazatlán, Sinaloa, western Mexico. Syntypes: USNM 28210, 28297, 28373, 29223, 29536, 29611. Based on the description of Sphyraena forsteri (non Cuvier 1829) of Steindachner 1878:380 [4] [ref. 4226], from Cape St. Lucas (Baja California Sur, Mexico) to Panama. •Valid as Sphyraena ensis Jordan & Gilbert 1882 -- (Hiyama in Kumada 1937:29 [ref. 39147], Pequeño 1989:63 [ref. 14125], Allen & Robertson 1994:195 [ref. 22193], Sommer in Fischer et al. 1995:1620 [ref. 22830], Allen & Robertson 1997:833 [ref. 41086], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:193 [ref. 24555], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:460 [ref. 24550], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:124 [ref. 25206], Shane 2001:160 [ref. 25756], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:165 [ref. 37547], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Galván-Villa et al. 2016:150 [ref. 34871], Kells et al. 2016:310 [ref. 35888], Romero-Berny et al. 2018:92 [ref. 35859], González-Murcia et al. 2019:299 [ref. 36544], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Love et al. 2021:209 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:221 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena ensis Jordan & Gilbert 1882. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to northern Chile, including southern Gulf of California (Mexico), Clipperton Island (France) and Malpelo Island (Colombia). IUCN (2010): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

esocina, Sphyraena Schinz [H. R.] 1822:467 [Das Thierreich v. 2; ref. 3926] Based on Esox sphyraena of Bloch. •Objective synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Daget 1968:1059 [ref. 26392]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

flavicauda, Sphyraena Rüppell [W. P. E. S.] 1838:99, 100, Pl. 25 (fig. 3) [Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig. Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 3844] Massawa, Eritrea, Red Sea. Lectotype: SMF 506. Paralectotypes: SMF 6776 (1, dry), 8141-43 (3). Rüppell specimens: BMNH 1860.11.9.62-63 (2). Lectotype established by Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757] if not designated earlier. Also designated by Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:141 [ref. 28229] as SMF 6776 (invalid). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:250 [ref. 40160]). •Valid as Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Randall et al. 1990:291 [ref. 15987], Gomon et al. 1994:667 [ref. 22532], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896], Carpenter et al. 1997:220 [ref. 23922], Golani 1998:97 [ref. 27567], Myers 1999:276 [ref. 23965], Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471], Allen 2000:94 [ref. 37268], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1336 [ref. 25182], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:336 [ref. 25191], Allen 2000:123 [ref. 25868], Matsuura & Peristiwady in Matsuura & Peristiwady 2000:297 [ref. 27511], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3691 [ref. 26303], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:525 [ref. 26145], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:138 [ref. 26753], Nakabo 2002:1336 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Kara & Bourehail 2003:59 [ref. 27026], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:208 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:30 [ref. 27624], Golani 2005:59 [ref. 37112], Randall 2005:606 [ref. 28239], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049], Fricke et al. 2007:109 [ref. 29533], Pastore 2009:1299 [ref. 30405], Motomura et al. 2010:229 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1037 [ref. 31980], Ali et al. 2018:340 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:358 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:120 [ref. 36273], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027] with author as Rüppel, Elbaraasi et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36864], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:307 [ref. 36673], Kara & Bourehail 2020:364 [ref. 37740], Golani 2021:81 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:50 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Persian Gulf, Seychelles and Madagascar east to Philippines and New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), north to southern Japan, south to northern Australia; Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea immigrant). Habitat: marine.

forsteri, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:353 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] New Guinea. Neotype: MNHN A-3537. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:676, 721 [ref. 21541]. As Sphyraena forsteri? Originally based on a drawing of fish from Tahiti. Neotype designated by Klausewitz & Bauchot 1967:117 [ref. 20910]. •Valid as Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:80 [ref. 6302], Kyushin et al. 1977:60 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:47 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Winterbottom et al. 1989:51 [ref. 13251], Randall et al. 1990:292 [ref. 15987], Gomon et al. 1994:665 [ref. 22532], Krishnan & Mishra 1994:295 [ref. 24014], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:368 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:196 [ref. 27969], Carpenter et al. 1997:220 [ref. 23922], Randall et al. 1997:292 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:276 [ref. 23965], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1335 [ref. 25182], Randall & Earle 2000:20 [ref. 25806], Iwatsuki et al. 2000:103 [ref. 26368], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3692 [ref. 26303], Nakabo 2002:1335 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Matsuura et al. in Kimura & Matsuura 2003:208 [ref. 27510], Randall et al. 2004:30 [ref. 27624], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:41 [ref. 27712], Adrim et al. 2004:127 [ref. 27715], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:374 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:607 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:498 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1750 [ref. 29049], Gomon 2008:775 [ref. 30616], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1038 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:214 [ref. 32988], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:309 [ref. 34104], Motomura et al. 2017:208 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:340 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:358 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:120 [ref. 36273], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:226 [ref. 36460], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:307 [ref. 36673], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Morishita et al. 2020:[6] [ref. 37447], Psomadakis et al. 2020:564 [ref. 37272], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:248 [ref. 40160], Vilasri et al. 2023:93 [ref. 40764]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Perisan Gulf, Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar and Mascarenes east to Society Islands and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia and Tonga. Habitat: marine.

goodingi, Sphyraena Seale [A.] 1906:18, Fig. 4 [Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 3999] Nukuhiva, Marquesas Islands, southern Pacific. Holotype (unique): BPBM 2112. •Synonym of Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:81 [ref. 6302]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

grandisquamis, Sphyraena Steindachner [F.] 1866:51 [Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe v. 3 (no. 7); ref. 20460] Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): NMW 5479. Appeared first in the abstract as above, then in Steindachner 1866:446 [p. 23 of separate] [ref. 4210]. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

guachancho, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:342 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] No locality [likely Havana]. No types known. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:721 [ref. 21541]. Spelled guaguanche in Poey 1860:186 [ref. 3499]. •Valid as Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829 -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:395 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:214 [ref. 23100], de Sylva 1990:862 [ref. 19190], Boschung 1992:153 [ref. 23239], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:790 [ref. 21590], Cervigón 1992:444 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:391 [ref. 24474], Murdy et al. 1997:188 [ref. 23144], Matsuura & Suzuki 1997:369 [ref. 23360], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:460 [ref. 24550], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:323 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:86 [ref. 25466], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:168 [ref. 27754], Russell 2003:1811 [ref. 27114], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:101 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:751 [ref. 28815], Wirtz et al. 2007:22, 40 [ref. 30263], Matamoros et al. 2009:26 [ref. 31241], Mabragaña et al. 2011:table S2 [ref. 31800], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32972], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2870 [ref. 34618], Nión et al. 2016:52 [ref. 35565], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:346 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:16 [ref. 36103], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Carneiro et al. 2019:295 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:271 [ref. 38139], Ribeiro et al. 2019:6 [ref. 36717], Caires et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:369 [ref. 38945], Fermon et al. 2022:229 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:202 [ref. 40480], Gurgel-Lourenço et al. 2023:78 [ref. 41056], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Massachusetts (U.S.A.) south to northern Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Angola, including Madeira, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

guentheri, Sphyraena Haly [A.] 1875:270 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 15 (no. 88) (art. 35); ref. 18241] Colón, (Atlantic) Panama [BMNH binder says Venezuela, Sclater coll.]. Holotype (unique): BMNH 63.12.16.1. Original as güntheri. •Synonym of Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1990:862 [ref. 19190]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

hasselquistii, Mugil Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:xxxii (118-119) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. No types known. Latinized only on p. xxxii. Name available from index and reference to description on p. 119. See Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836:57-58 [ref. 1005] and Cestreus rondeletii Walbaum 1793. •Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (P. Parenti, pers. comm., 5/03). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

hebridicus, Osmerus Yarrell [W.] 1839:109 [Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science v. 7 (pt. 2) (for 1838); ref. 17750] Bay of Rothsay, Isle of Bute, Hebrides, depth 12 fathoms. No types known. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:109 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Habitat: marine.

helleri, Sphyraena Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:387, Fig. 1 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Holotype (unique): USNM 49692. See Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896]. •Status uncertain -- (de Sylva 1975:82 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], Anderson et al. 1998:28 [ref. 23611]). •Valid as Sphyraena helleri Jenkins 1901 -- (Pequeño 1989:63 [ref. 14125], Randall et al. 1990:292 [ref. 15987], Randall et al. 1997:292 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:276 [ref. 23965], Randall 1999:29 [ref. 25829], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1337 [ref. 25182], Randall & Earle 2000:20 [ref. 25806], Senou 2001:3693 [ref. 26303], Nakabo 2002:1337 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Randall 2005:607 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:498 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1750 [ref. 29049], Randall 2007:442 [ref. 30952], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1038 [ref. 31980], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Fricke et al. 2019:307 [ref. 36673], Morishita & Motomura 2020:546 [ref. 37508], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:248 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena helleri Jenkins 1901. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Central Pacific: Hawaiian Islands. Habitat: marine.

hupferi, Sphyraena Fischer [J. G.] 1885:70 [Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten v. 2; ref. 18083] Cameroon. Holotype (unique): ZMH H394 [ex ZMH 3869]. Type catalog: Ladiges et al. 1958:161 [ref. 19181], Wilkens & Dohse 1993:405 [ref. 21161]. •Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters 1844 -- (de Sylva 1990:860 [ref. 19190]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters 1844. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

iburiensis, Sphyraena Doiuchi [R.] & Nakabo [T.] 2005:133, Figs. 1, 2A, 3A-B [Ichthyological Research v. 52 (no. 2); ref. 28229] Iburi, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Holotype: FAKU 70514. Paratypes: FAKU 65254 (1), 65818 (1), 66400-01 (2), 66639-40 (1, 1), 66663 (1),66816 (1), 66821(1), 66917-18 (2), 68921-24 (4), 68926-29 (3), 68973 (1), 68975 (1), 69005 (1), 69014-16 (3), 69018-20 (3), 69022-23 (2), 69549 (1), 73468 (1), 87404 (1); KPM-NI 10405-16 (12). •Valid as Sphyraena iburiensis Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005 -- (Doiuchi et al. 2011:99 [ref. 31140], Golani & Fricke 2018:120 [ref. 36273], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:249 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena iburiensis Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; eastern Indian Ocean, northwestern Pacific: Andaman Sea; Japan. Habitat: marine.

idiastes, Sphyraena Heller [E.] & Snodgrass [R. E.] 1903:190, Pl. 2 [Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences v. 5; ref. 2089] Seymour Island, Galápagos Islands. Holotype: CAS-SU 12331. Paratypes: CAS-SU 12321 (1, not found). Non-types: a small specimen doubtfully included. Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291]. Appeared first without distinguishing features in Jenkins 1901:388 [ref. 2340] and attributed to Snodgrass & Heller. •Valid as Sphyraena idiastes Heller & Snodgrass 1903 -- (de Sylva 1975:87 [ref. 6302], Pequeño 1989:63 [ref. 14125] as idiasthes, Sommer in Fischer et al. 1995:1621 [ref. 22830], Franke & Acero P. 1996:768 [ref. 22923], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:571 [ref. 24023], McCosker et al. 1997:25 [ref. 22816], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:193 [ref. 24555], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:194 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Love et al. 2021:209 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505], Siccha-Ramirez et al. 2023:222 [ref. 40816]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena idiastes Heller & Snodgrass 1903. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

imperialis, Argentina Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:58, Pl. 5 (fig. 2) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:35 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Parenti 2019:100 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae.

imperialis, Esox Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:59, Pl. 9 (fig. 2) [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Palermo, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:34 [ref. 3595]. Sphyraena acus was placed on the Official Index and Esox imperialis on the Official List. See also Sphyraena acus Lacepède 1803 [note: because of changes, synonyms of T. imperialis may not be synonyms of Tylosurus imperialis imperialis] and a new petition will be submitted to preserve use of acus as in current literature. This subspecies occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. •Valid as Belone imperialis (Rafinesque 1810) -- (Mees 1962:38 [ref. 13277]). •Synonym of Tylosurus acus (Lacepède 1803) -- (Collette & Berry 1965:391 [ref. 13367]). •Synonym of Tylosurus acus (Lacepède 1803), but a valid subspecies imperialis -- (Parin 1973:260 [ref. 7191], Masuda et al. 1984 [ref. 6441], Collette & Parin in Whitehead et al. 1986:607 [ref. 13676], Collette & Parin 1990:596 [ref. 16473], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:154 [ref. 27754], Collette & Banford 2001:53 [ref. 25982], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:60 [ref. 26753], Collette 2003:9, 10 [ref. 27306], Paxton et al. 2006:719 [ref. 28995], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:34 [ref. 36649], Collette 2016:2121 [ref. 34601], Collette 2016:2126 [ref. 34601]). •Valid as Tylosurus imperialis (Rafinesque 1810) -- (Fricke et al. 2007:70 [ref. 29533], Wirtz et al. 2013:121 [ref. 32972], Parenti 2019:101 [ref. 37117], Bariche & Fricke 2020:42 [ref. 37515], Ketsilis-Rinis & Koutsidi in Bo et al. 2020:617 [ref. 37876], Michailidis in Gerovasileiou et al. 2020:355 [ref. 37890], Kovačić et al. 2021:52 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Tylosurus imperialis (Rafinesque 1810). Belonidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Morocco south to Cape Verde Islands. Habitat: marine.

intermedia, Sphyraena Pastore [M. A.] 2009:1300, Figs. 2 (upper), 3C, 5 (middle), 6B, 7 (=5B) [Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom v. 89 (no. 6); ref. 30405] Mar Grande, Gulf of Taranto, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, 40°23'54.82''N 17°10'56.63''E. Holotype: IAMC-CNR 3274. Paratypes: IAMC-CNR 3255 (1). Plus 17 additional non-type specimens. Permanently unavailable, primary homonym of the fossil taxon Sphyraena intermedia Bassani 1889 (see Ballen 2019:400 [ref. 37027]). Described as a "potential" new species, but considered as intentionally established (ICZN Art. 16.1). •Probably as synonym of S. sphyraena or S. viridensis -- (Psomadakis et al. 2012:18 [ref. 33457]). 1°Homonym. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

japonica, Sphyraena Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:110 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Japan. No types known. •Questionably the same as Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson 1909 -- (de Sylva 1975:82 [ref. 6302] with author as Cuvier). •Synonym of Sphyraena japonica Bloch & Schneider 1801, but with author as Cuvier -- (Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Machida in Okamura et al. 1985:453, 660 [ref. 8056], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1337 [ref. 25182], Nakabo 2002:1337 [ref. 26193]). •Unnecessary replacement name for Silurus inermis Houttuyn 1782 and declared a nomen oblitum -- (Kottelat 2013:317 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Inegocia japonica (Cuvier 1829). Platycephalidae. Habitat: marine.

japonica, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:354 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Japan. No types known. As Sphyraena japonica? Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Sphyraena japonica Bloch & Schneider 1801. Also based on Houttuyn, so Cuvier's name is also a synonym. •Incorrectly treated as valid as Sphyraena japonica Cuvier 1829 -- (Wu & Lu in Kuang et al. 1986:201 [ref. 26639], Choi et al. 2003:416, 670 [ref. 26218], Kim et al. 2020:179 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:111 [ref. 37637]). •Homonym and synonym of Sphyraena japonica Bloch & Schneider 1801. •Questionably a synonym of Sphryaena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

jello, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:349 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Vizagapatam, India. Surviving syntype: MNHN A-8411 (1, dry). Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:676-677 [ref. 21541] as holotype. Based on the 'Jellow' in description and illustration by Russell 1803:59, Pl. 174 [ref. 13862], and on a MNHN specimen from Vizagapatam (the surviving syntype), collected by Leschenault (Jean Baptiste Louis Claude Théodore Leschenault de la Tour, 1773-1826, French naturalist). •Valid as Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:86 [ref. 6302], Kyushin et al. 1977:58 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:46 [ref. 19754], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Allen & Swainston 1988:110 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:292 [ref. 15987], Senou 1992:4 [ref. 24321], Kottelat et al. 1993:126 [ref. 23448], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:368 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:197 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:176 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:221 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:36 [ref. 26476] with author and date as Cuvier & Valenciennes 1824, Randall et al. 1997:292 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:276 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:556 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:336 [ref. 25191], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:271 [ref. 25480], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3694 [ref. 26303], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Randall et al. 2004:30 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:374 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:608 [ref. 28239], Bray & Hoese 2006:1750 [ref. 29049], Fricke 2008:56 [ref. 30182], Pastore 2009:1302 [ref. 30405], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1038 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:214 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:201 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:187 [ref. 33932], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Psomadakis et al. 2015:309 [ref. 34104], Motomura et al. 2017:208 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:340 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:359 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:120 [ref. 36273], Suresh et al. 2018:305 [ref. 36495], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:308 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:99 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Morishita et al. 2020:[7] [ref. 37447], Psomadakis et al. 2020:564 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:111 [ref. 37637], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:249 [ref. 40160], Zajonz et al. 2022:239 [ref. 40522]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Fiji and Tonga, north to central Japan, south to Western Australia, New South Wales (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

junior, Argentina silus Risberg [G.] 1835:7 [Observationes ichthyologicae; ref. 18635] Christiana. No types known. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:109 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Habitat: marine.

kadanar, Sphyroena Thiollière [V. J. de l'I.] in Montrouzier 1857:427 [149] [Annales de la Société d'Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon (sér. 2) v. 8 (1856); ref. 17789] Woodlark Island, South Pacific. No types known. On p. 149 of reprint. As Sphyroena kadanar (Lucioperca? kadanar, mss.). •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302] as kadenar, Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

kenie, Sphyraena Klunzinger [C. B.] 1884:128, 129, Pl. 9 (figs. 2-2a) [Die Fische des Rothen Meeres; ref. 2625] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Holotype (unique): NMW 75385 or ZMB 13267 (poor condition). Unjustified emendation of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870:823 [ref. 2621]. •Synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870. Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

koehleri, Sphyraena Curtiss [A.] 1938:43 [A short zoology of Tahiti in the Society islands; ref. 18057] Lagoon near Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands. No types known. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

langsar, Sphyraena Bleeker [P.] 1855:367 [Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 7 (no. 3); ref. 16937] Batjan and Jakarta, Java, Indonesia. Lectotype: RMNH 6023 (smaller syntype). Paralectotypes: RMNH 6023 (1). Lectotype selected by Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:142 [ref. 28229]. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

lermae, Chirostoma Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1899:142, Fig. 19 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 [1899]; ref. 2501] Said to have come from Laguna de Chapala, obtained in market at Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Holotype: CAS-SU 6159. Paratypes: CAS-SU 6212 (3). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:66 [ref. 12291]. •Questionably the same as Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900 -- (Dyer in Reis et al. 2003:519 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900. Atherinopsidae: Menidiinae. Habitat: freshwater.

lineata, Sphyraena Stead [D. G.] 1908:47, Pl. 15 [The edible fishes of New South Wales; ref. 18743] New South Wales, Australia. Lectotype: QM I.1523. Paralectotypes: lost. Lectotype selected by Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:142 [ref. 28229]. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

lucasana, Sphyraena Gill [T. N.] 1863:86 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 15; ref. 1679] Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Holotype: USNM 6353. •Valid as Sphyraena lucasana Gill 1863 -- (Allen & Robertson 1994:195 [ref. 22193], Sommer in Fischer et al. 1995:1621 [ref. 22830], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:460 [ref. 24550], Lea & Rosenblatt 2000:125 [ref. 25206], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:165 [ref. 37547], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Love et al. 2021:209 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena lucasana Gill 1863. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: Pacific coast of central Baja California (Mexico) south to central mexico, including Gulf of California (Mexico). Habitat: marine.

megalolepis, Sphyraena Peters [W. (C. H.)] 1877:842 [Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1876; ref. 3454] Carteret Harbour, Lambom Island, near Cape Saint-George, southern New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific, ca. 4°48'S, 152°51'E. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302]). •Not in Sphyraena obtusata group -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:149 [ref. 28229]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

microps, Sphyraena Marshall [T. C.] 1953:54, Pl. 2 (fig. 2) [Ichthyological Notes, Department of Harbours and Marine, Queensland No. 2; ref. 12701] Off Comboyuro, inside entrance to Moreton Bay, and Cape Moreton, southern Queensland, Australia. Syntypes: (2) QM I.30811 [ex DHMB 1374] (head only), 1 other not saved. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:85 [ref. 6302], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

minor, Esox sphyraena var. Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xvi [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] No locality stated (Red Sea). No types known. Not available, a phrase. •In the synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829 -- (Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

natalensis, Sphyraena von Bonde [C.] 1923:10, Pl. 3 (fig. 2) [Report Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey, Union of South Africa Rep. 3 (art. 1); ref. 521] KwaZulu-Natal coast, 24°35'40"S, 31°21'17"E, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, Pickle station 299, depth 36 fathoms. Syntypes: (6) SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 82 (1). Type information: Winterbottom 1974:9 [ref. 19544]. •Synonym of Sphyraena africana Gilchrist & Thompson 1909 -- (de Sylva 1975:82 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:246 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

nigripinnis, Sphyraena Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.] 1843:34, Pl. 13 (fig. 1) [Fauna Japonica Parts 2-4; ref. 4371] Nagasaki, Japan. Holotype (unique): lost. Type catalog: Boeseman 1947:45 [ref. 12876]. •Questionably the same as the younger Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870 -- (de Sylva 1975:85 [ref. 6302]). •Questionably a synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870 -- (Senou 2001:3697 [ref. 26303]). •Valid as Sphyraena nigripinnis Temminck & Schlegel 1843 -- (Winterbottom et al. 1989:51 [ref. 13251], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027]). •Uncertain in genus Sphyraena -- (Miki et al. 2019:26 [ref. 40004]). Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

novaehollandiae, Sphyraena Günther [A.] 1860:335 [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 2; ref. 1963] Hobson's Bay, Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1847.6.17.37 (left half skin). Originally as novae Hollandiae. See Randall 1995:367 [ref. 22896]. •Valid as Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther 1860 -- (de Sylva 1975:81 [ref. 6302], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], de Sylva & Williams 1986:725 [ref. 6301], Paulin et al. 1989:206 [ref. 24556], Kuiter 1993:265 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:666 [ref. 22532], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Mundy 2005:499 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1751 [ref. 29049], Gomon 2008:775 [ref. 30616], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Hoschke et al. 2019:160 [ref. 36626], Morishita & Motomura 2020:547 [ref. 37508]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena novaehollandiae Günther 1860. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: South coast of Australia and Tasmania. Habitat: marine.

obtusata, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:350 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Puducherry, India. Lectotype: MNHN A-5486. Paralectotypes: MNHN 0000-9600 (2) Port Jackson, A-3530 (1) Réunion, A-3531 (1) Malabar, B-1878 (1) Réunion. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:677 [ref. 21541]. Lectotype selected by Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:141 [ref. 28229]. •Possible synonym (in part) of Sphyraena chrysotaenia Klunzinger 1884 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:723 [ref. 6301]). •Possible synonym (in part) of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377]). •Synonym in part of Sphyraena acutipinnis Day 1876 -- (Fricke 1999:555 [ref. 24106]). •Valid as Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Allen & Swainston 1988:110 [ref. 25477], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:230 [ref. 24016], Kuiter 1993:265 [ref. 23929], Gomon et al. 1994:667 [ref. 22532], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:368 [ref. 22896], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:197 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:176 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:221 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:36 [ref. 26476], Myers 1999:277 [ref. 23965], Fricke 1999:556 [ref. 24106], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:251 [ref. 24754], Mishra et al. 1999:87 [ref. 25315], Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3695 [ref. 26303], Choi et al. 2003:416, 670 [ref. 26218], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Parin 2003:S25 [ref. 28536], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:373 [ref. 28072], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Bray & Hoese 2006:1751 [ref. 29049], Vasil'eva 2007:175 [ref. 30517], Gomon 2008:774, 776 [ref. 30616], Fricke et al. 2009:110 [ref. 30213], Kimura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:309 [ref. 31170], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1039 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:214 [ref. 32988], Kottelat 2013:446 [ref. 32989], Yoshida et al. 2013:201 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:187 [ref. 33932], Psomadakis et al. 2015:310 [ref. 34104], Miesen et al. 2016:95 [ref. 34492], Motomura et al. 2017:208 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:340 [ref. 36183], Bogorodsky & Randall 2018:[22] 260 [ref. 36492], Fricke et al. 2018:359 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:121 [ref. 36273], Suresh et al. 2018:307 [ref. 36495], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:308 [ref. 36673], Zajonz et al. 2019:108 [ref. 36871] as cf. obtusata, Bogorodsky et al. 2020:533 [ref. 38001], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Psomadakis et al. 2020:565 [ref. 37272], Kovačić et al. 2021:51 [ref. 39014], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:250 [ref. 40160], Zajonz et al. 2022:240 [ref. 40522], Vilasri et al. 2023:93 [ref. 40764]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, South Africa, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar, Mascarenes and Persian Gulf east to Samoa, north to southern Japan and Korea, south to Lord Howe Islands and New Caledonia; eastern Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea migrant). Habitat: brackish, marine.

permisca, Sphyraena Smith [J. L. B.] 1956:45, Pl. 2 (fig. 8) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 3; ref. 4105] Bazaruto Island, Mozambique, western Indian Ocean. Holotype (unique): SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 83. •Synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:86 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:249 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

picuda, Sphyraena sphyraena var. Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:110, Pl. 29 (upper fig.) [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] South America. No types known. Described as a variety in text, as Sphyraena picuda in plate. •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:194 [ref. 29757], de Sylva 1990:861 [ref. 19190], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:323 [ref. 25013], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2869 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

picudilla, Sphyraena Poey [F.] 1860:162 [Memorias sobre la historia natural de la Isla de Cuba v. 2; ref. 3499] Havana, Cuba. Syntypes: MCZ 25967 (1). Type catalog: Howell Rivero 1938:185 [ref. 22926]. •Valid as Sphyraena picudilla Poey 1860 -- (Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:394 [ref. 14275], Robins & Ray 1986:214 [ref. 23100], Boschung 1992:154 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:444 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:393 [ref. 24474], Aguilera 1998:51 [ref. 24221], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:168 [ref. 27754], Nelson et al. 2004:175 [ref. 27807], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:752 [ref. 28815], Nión et al. 2016:52 [ref. 35565], Spier et al. 2018:16 [ref. 36103], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:69 [ref. 39585]). •Synonym of Sphyraena borealis DeKay 1842 -- (Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:323, 324 [ref. 25013], Russell 2003:1810 [ref. 27114]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena borealis DeKay 1842. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

pinguis, Sphyraena Günther [A.] 1874:157 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 13 (no. 74) (art. 23); ref. 14189] Yantai [Chefoo], Shantung Province, China, Western North Pacific. Syntypes: BMNH 1874.1.16.15-16 (2). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302]). •Valid as Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874 -- (Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441], Chen et al. 1997:36 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:239 [ref. 26385], Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:12 [ref. 24670], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Nakabo 2000:1336 [ref. 25182], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:272 [ref. 25480], Wang et al. 2001:202 [ref. 26566], Gavrenkov 2002:131 [ref. 25961], Nakabo 2002:1336 [ref. 26193], Choi et al. 2003:416, 670 [ref. 26218], Parin 2003:S25 [ref. 28536], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:143 [ref. 28229], Vasil'eva 2007:175 [ref. 30517], Gomon 2008:776 [ref. 30616], Motomura et al. 2010:229 [ref. 31256], Parin et al. 2014:507 [ref. 33547], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2015:85 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:310 [ref. 34104], Fricke et al. 2018:359 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:121 [ref. 36273], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:227 [ref. 36460], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Eagderi et al. 2019:116 [ref. 37020], Kim et al. 2020:179 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:565 [ref. 37272], Sonoyama et al. 2020:111 [ref. 37637], Kovačić et al. 2021:51 [ref. 39014], Sasaki in Motomura et al. 2021:76 [ref. 38121], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:250 [ref. 40160], Gus'kov et al. 2022:74 [ref. 39564], Balisco et al. 2023:5 [ref. 39932]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: South Africa, East Africa, Persian Gulf and Madagascar east to Philippines and New Guinea, north to Korea and central Japan, south to South Australia; eastern Mediterranean (Red Sea migrant). Habitat: marine.

piscatorum, Sphyraena Cadenat [J.] 1964:673, Figs. 1, 4, 8C, 10 [Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire (Sér A) Sciences Naturelles v. 26 (no. 2); ref. 17963] Gorée, Senegal. Holotype (unique): IFAN. Additional material: BMNH 1901.8.1.82 (1), RMNH 6025 (1) Guinea. •Valid as Sphyraena piscatorum Cadenat 1964 -- (Daget 1986:350 [ref. 6203]). •Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters 1844 -- (de Sylva & Williams 1986:722 [ref. 6301], de Sylva 1990:860 [ref. 19190], Daget in Lévêque et al. 1992:790 [ref. 21590], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2868 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena afra Peters 1844. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

plumieri, Mugil Bloch [M. E.] 1794:173, Pl. 396 [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 8; ref. 463] St. Vincent Island, West Indies. No types known. On p. 136 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 11 [ref. 21381]. •Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Okada 1961:628 [ref. 6363], Thomson 1997:484 [ref. 23428], Ross et al. 2001:347 [ref. 25978], Whitfield et al. 2012:xx [ref. 32710], Kottelat 2013:281 [ref. 32989]). •This was treated by de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302] as a sphyraenid and dating to Bloch & Schneider and placed in the synonymy of Sphyraena barracuda. •Possibly a synonym of Mugil liza Valenciennes 1836 -- (see Menezes et al. 2010:66 [ref. 30860]). Current status: Synonym of Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Mugilidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

putnamae, Sphyraena Jordan [D. S.] & Seale [A.] 1905:4, Pl. 13 [Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences (Iowa). v. 10; ref. 10645] Hong Kong [People's Republic of China, South China Sea, western Pacific]. Holotype: CAS-SU 9063 [also cataloged 9263]. Paratypes: CAS-SU 9339 (2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:64 [ref. 12291]. Spelled putnamae in Pl. 13, as putnamiae on pp. 1 and 4; named for Mrs. Putnam, so putnamae is correct; first reviser not researched; putnamae was selected by Eschmeyer 1998:1410 [ref. 23416]. •Valid as Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905 -- (Dor 1984:195 [ref. 29757] as putnamiae, Yoshino in Masuda et al. 1984:121 [ref. 6441] as putnamiae, de Sylva & Williams 1986:725 [ref. 6301] as putnamiae, Allen & Swainston 1988:110 [ref. 25477], Randall et al. 1990:292 [ref. 15987] as putnamiae, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:904 [ref. 20764] as putnamiae, Senou 1992:3 [ref. 24321] as putnamiae, Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356] as putnamiae, Mohsin & Ambak 1996:198 [ref. 27969] as putnamiae, Carpenter et al. 1997:221 [ref. 23922] as putnamiae, Myers 1999:277 [ref. 23965] as putnamiae, Johnson 1999:743 [ref. 25471] as putmaniae, Krupp et al. 2000:331 [ref. 25117] as putnamiae, Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122] as putnamiae, Nakabo 2000:1334 [ref. 25182], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:271 [ref. 25480] as putnamiae, Iwatsuki et al. 2000:104 [ref. 26368] as putnamiae, Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3696 [ref. 26303], Nakabo 2002:1334 [ref. 26193], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377] as putnamiae, Mishra & Krishnan 2003:41 [ref. 27712], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:374 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:608 [ref. 28239], Bray & Hoese 2006:1752 [ref. 29049], Pastore 2009:1302 [ref. 30405], Kimura in Matsuura & Kimura 2009:309 [ref. 31170], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1039 [ref. 31980], Larson et al. 2013:215 [ref. 32988], Bogorodsky et al. 2014:430 [ref. 33460], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2015:85 [ref. 34319], Psomadakis et al. 2015:310 [ref. 34104], Koeda et al. 2016:106 [ref. 35333], Ali et al. 2018:340 [ref. 36183] as putnamiae, Fricke et al. 2018:359 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:121 [ref. 36273], Jawad et al. 2018:122 [ref. 36262], Kimura in Kimura et al. 2018:227 [ref. 36460], Suresh et al. 2018:306 [ref. 36495], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Eagderi et al. 2019:117 [ref. 37020], Zajonz et al. 2019:99 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Morishita et al. 2020:[2] [ref. 37447], Psomadakis et al. 2020:565 [ref. 37272], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:251 [ref. 40160], Zajonz et al. 2022:241 [ref. 40522], Vilasri et al. 2023:95 [ref. 40764]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-West Pacific: East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen) and Madagascar east to Fiji and Tuvalu, north to southern Japan, south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia) and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

qenie, Sphyraena Klunzinger [C. B.] 1870:823 [Verhandlungen der K.-K. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien v. 20; ref. 2621] Al-Qusair, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt, Red Sea. Syntypes: NMW 75385 (1), ZMB 13267 (1). Emended to kenie by Klunzinger 1884:129 [ref. 2625]; also seen as genie. •Valid as Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870 -- (Dutt & Seshagiri Rao 1967:242 [ref. 41046], de Sylva 1975:85 [ref. 6302], Dor 1984:195 [ref. 29757], de Sylva & Williams 1986:726 [ref. 6301], Senou 1992:4 [ref. 24321], Goren & Dor 1994:52 [ref. 25356], Allen 1997:176 [ref. 23977], Carpenter et al. 1997:222 [ref. 23922], Randall et al. 1997:293 [ref. 25919], Myers 1999:277 [ref. 23965], Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:643 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:337 [ref. 25191], Randall & Earle 2000:20 [ref. 25806], Hutchins 2001:38 [ref. 25847], Senou 2001:3697 [ref. 26303], Allen & Adrim 2003:63 [ref. 26830], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S120 [ref. 27377], Myers & Donaldson 2003:648 [ref. 27495], Randall et al. 2004:30 [ref. 27624], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:375 [ref. 28072], Randall 2005:608 [ref. 28239], Mundy 2005:499 [ref. 28379], Bray & Hoese 2006:1750 [ref. 29049], Randall 2007:442 [ref. 30952], Béarez 2008:95 [ref. 30486], Pastore 2009:1302 [ref. 30405], Erisman 2011:39 [ref. 31460], Allen & Erdmann 2012:1039 [ref. 31980], Page et al. 2013:180 [ref. 32708], Larson et al. 2013:215 [ref. 32988], Fricke et al. 2014:187 [ref. 33932], Abdussamad et al. 2015:5 [ref. 33861], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:8 [ref. 33988], Psomadakis et al. 2015:311 [ref. 34104], Trnski 2015:1600 [ref. 34198], Fricke et al. 2018:359 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:121 [ref. 36273], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Eagderi et al. 2019:117 [ref. 37020], Fricke et al. 2019:309 [ref. 36673], Miki et al. 2019:24 [ref. 40004], Zajonz et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36871], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 17 [ref. 38321], Morishita et al. 2020:[2] [ref. 37447], Psomadakis et al. 2020:566 [ref. 37272], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:251 [ref. 40160], Zajonz et al. 2022:242 [ref. 40522], Page et al. 2023:127 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Red Sea; Indo-Pacific: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa), East Africa, Persian Gulf, Socotra (Yemen), Seychelles, Madagascar and Mascarenes (Mauritius) east to Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A.), Tuamotu Archipelago and Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia), north to Kagoshima Prefecture (Japan), south to Western Australia, Queensland (Australia), New Caledonia, Tonga, New Zealand and Rapa; eastern Pacific: Mexico south to Ecuador. Habitat: marine.

raghava, Sphyraena Chaudhuri [B. L.] 1917:500, Figs. 20-21 [Memoirs of the Indian Museum v. 5 (no. 6); ref. 15087] Satpara, outer channel of Chilka Lake, Orissa, India. Holotype (unique): ZSI F9453/1. Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:142 [ref. 20743]. •Questionably a synonym of Sphyraena idiastes Heller & Snodgrass 1903 -- (de Sylva 1975:87 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905 -- (Talwar & Jhingran 1991:905 [ref. 20764] as putnamiae, Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:251 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

rondeletii, Cestreus Walbaum [J. J.] 1793:20 [J. T. Kleinii ichthyologia enodata; ref. 12604] [Habitat in mari mediterraneo et Nilo] Mediterranean Sea; Nile River, Egypt. No types known. Brief description given with reference to a description for a variety of Mugil cephalus in Walbaum 1792:226 (letter "alpha") [ref. 4572], which was based on an earlier (pre-linnean) description by Hasselquist. See Mugil hasselquistii Bloch & Schneider 1801. •Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (P. Parenti, pers. comm., 5/03). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

sagittalis, Sphyraena Goldfuss [G. A.] 1820:33 [Handbuch der Zoologie 2 parts; ref. 1829] Mediterranean Sea; [West Sea] northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

schlegelii, Sphyraena Steindachner [F.] 1896:209 [Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 11; ref. 14618] Kobe, Japan. Syntypes: NMW 5499 (2). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:83 [ref. 6302]). •Synonym of Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:146 [ref. 28229]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena pinguis Günther 1874. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

snodgrassi, Sphyraena Jenkins [O. P.] 1901:388, Fig. 2 [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 19 (1899); ref. 2340] Honolulu, Oahu Island, Hawaiian Islands. Syntypes: USNM 49693 (5). •Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum 1792 [= Edwards 1771]) -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Mundy 2005:497 [ref. 28379], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

spet, Sphyraena Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1803:324, 326 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 5; ref. 4930] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Mention -- (de Sylva 1990:863 [ref. 19190]). •Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese 1973:566 [ref. 7192], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1195 [ref. 13677], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2871 [ref. 34618]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

sphyraena, Argentina Linnaeus [C.] 1758:315 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] "In Mari infero." No types known. Misspelled sphiraena by Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817:9 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:183 [ref. 30438]. •Valid as Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:108 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen in Whitehead et al. 1984:388 [ref. 13675], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206], Amaoka in Okamura et al. 1995:68 [ref. 22531], Santos et al. 1997:122 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:40 [ref. 24952], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:39 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:20 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:55 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:21 [ref. 36649], Hartel & Orrell 2016:1753 [ref. 34565], Martins & Carneiro 2018:32 [ref. 36550], Artüz & Fricke 2019:553 [ref. 36612], Carneiro et al. 2019:82 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:92 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:82 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:53 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:12 [ref. 37519], Bañón & Maño 2021:52 [ref. 38883], Golani 2021:22 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:23 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: Iceland and Norway south to Western Sahara, including São Tomé and Principe. Habitat: marine.

sphyraena, Chirostoma Boulenger [G. A.] 1900:55 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 7) v. 5 (no. 25) (art. 5); ref. 14717] Lake Chapala, Mexico. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1892.2.8.75. •Valid as Menidia sphyraena (Boulenger 1900) -- (Miller 2006:201 [ref. 28615]). •Valid as Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900 -- (Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:61 [ref. 22290], Dyer in Reis et al. 2003:519 [ref. 27061], Nelson et al. 2004:98 [ref. 27807], Scharpf 2007:8 [ref. 30398], Page et al. 2013:100 [ref. 32708], Betancourt-Resendes et al. 2019:14 [ref. 37138], Piñeros et al. 2022:3 [ref. 39643], Page et al. 2023:139 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Chirostoma sphyraena Boulenger 1900. Atherinopsidae: Menidiinae. Distribution: Southern North America: Lake Chapala basin and Lerma River basin (Mexico). Habitat: freshwater.

sphyraena, Esox Linnaeus [C.] 1758:313 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 3541 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:259 [ref. 20707]. Misspelled sphiraena in Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817:9 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:183 [ref. 30438]. •Valid as Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese 1973:566 [ref. 7192], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1195 [ref. 13677], de Sylva 1990:863 [ref. 19190], Relini & Orsi Relini 1997:216 [ref. 23099], Matsuura & Suzuki 1997:369 [ref. 23360], Arruda 1997:113 [ref. 24952], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:324 [ref. 25013], Afonso et al. 1999:79 [ref. 25466], Massutí et al. 2001:98 [ref. 26220], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:138 [ref. 26753], Feitoza et al. 2003:69 [ref. 26943], Kara & Bourehail 2003:59 [ref. 27026], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:101 [ref. 27192], Parin 2003:S25 [ref. 28536], Golani 2005:59 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:109 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:176 [ref. 30517], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:169 [ref. 31251], Pastore 2009:1299 [ref. 30405], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:68 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:508 [ref. 33547], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2871 [ref. 34618], Martins & Carneiro 2018:174 [ref. 36550], Almeida & Alves 2019:273 [ref. 37509], Artüz & Fricke 2019:560 [ref. 36612], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Carneiro et al. 2019:295 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36864], Reiner 2019:271 [ref. 38139], Bañón et al. 2020:3 [ref. 38888], Bariche & Fricke 2020:95 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Abliazov et al. 2021:12 [ref. 38576], Bañón & Maño 2021:93 [ref. 38887], Golani 2021:81 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:51 [ref. 39014], Fermon et al. 2022:229 [ref. 39448], Gus'kov et al. 2022:74 [ref. 39564], Carvalho-Filho 2023:202 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: Bermuda and Brazil; western-central Atlantic: Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (Brazil); Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Bay of Biscay south to Angola, including Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

stellata, Sphyraena Morishita [S.] & Motomura [H.] 2020:552, Figs. 2C, 7-9, 11C [Zootaxa 4772 (no. 3); ref. 37508] Off Okidomari Port, Okinoerabu-jima Island, Amami Islands, Japan, 27°24'16"N, 128°32'57"E, depth 20 meters. Holotype: KAUM-I. 122319. Paratypes: BMNH 1930.8.5.15 (1), BPBM, FRLM, KAUM-I., MNHN, NSMT, USNM. •Valid as Sphyraena stellata Morishita & Motomura 2020. Current status: Valid as Sphyraena stellata Morishita & Motomura 2020. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Indo-Pacific. Habitat: marine.

strenua, Sphyraena De Vis [C. W.] 1883:287 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales v. 8 (pt 2); ref. 1088] Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. Holotype (unique): QM I.1317. •Synonym of Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 -- (de Sylva 1975:84 [ref. 6302], Bray & Hoese 2006:1749 [ref. 29049]). •Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829 -- (Doiuchi & Nakabo 2005:137 [ref. 28229], Kottelat 2013:445 [ref. 32989]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

tessera, Sphyraena Smith [J. L. B.] 1956:43, Pl. 2 (fig. 6) [Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University No. 3; ref. 4105] Deep water near Assumption Island, 9°50'S, 46°20'E., Seychelles, western Indian Ocean. Holotype: SAIAB [formerly RUSI] 90. Paratypes: (1 head saved) not researched. •Synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870 -- (de Sylva 1975:86 [ref. 6302], de Sylva & Williams 1986:726 [ref. 6301], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:251 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena qenie Klunzinger 1870. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

tome, Sphyraena Fowler [H. W.] 1903:750, Pl. 46 (upper fig.) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55; ref. 1361] Sambaia [probably Brazil]. Holotype (unique): ANSP 11463. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:157 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Sphyraena tome Fowler 1903 -- (Matsuura & Suzuki 1997:369 [ref. 23360], Menezes & Figueiredo in Menezes et al. 2003:101 [ref. 27192], Spier et al. 2018:16 [ref. 36103], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Hoff et al. 2023:8 [ref. 40463], Carvalho-Filho 2023:202 [ref. 40480]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena tome Fowler 1903. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) south to northern Argentina. IUCN (2023): Not assessed. Habitat: marine.

toxeuma, Sphyraena Fowler [H. W.] 1904:502, Pl. 9 (middle fig.) [Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Second series. v. 12 (pt 4); ref. 1367] Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. Holotype (unique): ANSP 27470. Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:157 [ref. 13621]. •Synonym of Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829 -- (de Sylva 1975:81 [ref. 6302], de Sylva & Williams 1986:724 [ref. 6301], Gomon et al. 1994:666 [ref. 22532], Randall 1995:368 [ref. 22896], Doiuchi & Nakabo 2022:248 [ref. 40160]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena forsteri Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Habitat: marine.

viridensis, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:339 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] St. Jago, Cape Verde Islands. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-3561. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:678 [ref. 21541]. •Valid as Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier 1829 -- (Tortonese 1973:566 [ref. 7192], Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1196 [ref. 13677], de Sylva 1990:864 [ref. 19190], Relini & Orsi Relini 1997:216 [ref. 23099], Santos et al. 1997:104 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:113 [ref. 24952], Vacchi et al. 1999:325 [ref. 24369], Massutí et al. 2001:98 [ref. 26220], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:139 [ref. 26753], Kara & Bourehail 2003:59 [ref. 27026], Golani 2005:59 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:109 [ref. 29533], Pastore 2009:1299 [ref. 30405], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:68 [ref. 36649], Wirtz et al. 2013:134 [ref. 32972], Russell in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2872 [ref. 34618], Martins & Carneiro 2018:175 [ref. 36550], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Carneiro et al. 2019:296 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:100 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:95 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:43 [ref. 37519], Dulčić & Bragičević in Santín et al. 2021:208 [ref. 38223], Golani 2021:82 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:51 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena viridensis Cuvier 1829. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Portugal, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, possibly more widespread. Habitat: marine.

vulgaris, Sphyraena Cuvier [G.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1829:327 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 3; ref. 4879] Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Blanc & Hureau 1971:721, 728 [ref. 21541]. Substitute name for Esox sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 and Sphyraena spet Lacepède 1803 (de Sylva 1990:863 [ref. 19190]). •Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Tortonese 1973:566 [ref. 7192], de Sylva 1990:863 [ref. 19190], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:138 [ref. 26753]). Current status: Synonym of Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus 1758). Sphyraenidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

waitii, Sphyraena Ogilby [J. D.] 1908:29 [Annals of the Queensland Museum No. 9 (pt 1); ref. 3285] Port Jackson District, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype (unique): QM I.863 (on loan to Rose, perhaps lost). •Status uncertain -- (de Sylva 1975:82 [ref. 6302]). •Valid as Sphyraena waitii Ogilby 1908 -- (Gomon 2008:774 [ref. 30616], Ballen 2019:402 [ref. 37027], Morishita & Motomura 2020:564 [ref. 37508]). Current status: Valid as Sphyraena waitii Ogilby 1908. Sphyraenidae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Habitat: marine.

yarrelli, Argentina Valenciennes [A.] in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1848:418 [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 21; ref. 1013] Syntypes: MNHN A-7623 (2). Type catalog: Bertin 1940:307 [ref. 293]. Based in part on Osmerus hebridicus Yarrell 1839, but not regarded as a replacement as such. •Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758 -- (Cohen 1958:109 [ref. 878], Cohen 1973:152 [ref. 6589], Cohen 1990:235 [ref. 14206]). Current status: Synonym of Argentina sphyraena Linnaeus 1758. Argentinidae. Habitat: marine.