cataphractus, Gasteracanthus Pallas [P. S.] 1814:229 [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Kamchatka, Russia. •Valid as Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758, variety cataphractus Pallas 1814 -- (Herrera 1896:38 [ref. 39336] as cataphractos). •Synonym of Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758, subspecies aculeatus -- (Okada 1961:605 [ref. 6363]). •Synonym of Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Berg 1949:972 [ref. 20662], Monod 1973:281 [ref. 7193], Reshetnikov & Savvaitove 1998:111 [ref. 23593], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:333 [ref. 25968], Parin et al. 2014:203 [ref. 33547], Dyldin & Orlov 2017:56 [ref. 35138], Denys et al. 2022:396 [ref. 40085]). Current status: Synonym of Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758. Gasterosteidae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.