spiniger, Plecostomus Hensel [R.] 1870:73 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 36 (pt. 1); ref. 18277] Rio Cadea [Cadeia River], Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7444. Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155]. •Synonym of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes 1836 -- (Malabarba 1989:152 [ref. 14217], Reis et al. 1990:736 [ref. 16139], Isbrücker 2001:31 [ref. 25653], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:357 [ref. 27061], Ferraris 2007:252 [ref. 29155], Litz & Koerber 2014:25 [ref. 33622], Mirande & Koerber 2015:42 [ref. 35117], Koerber et al. 2017:61 [ref. 35267]). •Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870) -- (Isbrücker 1980:34 [ref. 2303], Burgess 1989:432 [ref. 12860], Armbruster 2004:80 [ref. 27644], Cardoso et al. 2019:[12] [ref. 36685], Koerber et al. 2019:8 [ref. 36736], Mirande & Koerber 2020:2 [ref. 37594], Giora & Wingert 2023:50 [ref. 41026], Loureiro et al. 2023:109 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Hypostomus spiniger (Hensel 1870). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Uruguay River and Dos Patos system (Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina). Habitat: freshwater.