orinoco, Lithoxancistrus Isbrücker [I. J. H.], Nijssen [H.] & Cala [P.] 1988:14, Figs. 1-2 [Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpétologie v. 15 (no. 1); ref. 6409] Río Orinoco at the waterfall near Río Tuparro mouth, Vichada Province, Colombia. Holotype: ICNMHN 1200. Paratypes: ICNMHN 1201 (2), ZMA 119882 (1), ZMUL 972/3482 (1). Type catalog: Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Paratypes: ICN-MHN 17789. •Valid as Pseudancistrus orinoco (Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala 1988) -- (Armbruster 2004:5 [ref. 27844], Ferraris 2007:287 [ref. 29155], Willink et al. 2010:41 [ref. 30670], Silva et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33302]). •Valid as Lithoxancistrus orinoco Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala 1988 -- (Burgess 1989:436 [ref. 12860], Isbrücker 2001:29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:21 [ref. 27178], Fisch-Muller in Reis et al. 2003:389 [ref. 27061]. Silva et al. 2014:11 [ref. 33302], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:83 [ref. 35633]). Current status: Valid as Lithoxancistrus orinoco Isbrücker, Nijssen & Cala 1988. Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: Orinoco River basin: Colombia and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater.