pardalis, Hypostomus Castelnau [F. L.] 1855:42, Pl. 20 (fig. 3) [Animaux nouveaux or rares v. 2; ref. 766] Amazon River, Brazil. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-9574. Type catalog: Bertin & Estève 1950:69 [ref. 19575], Ferraris 2007:292 [ref. 29155]. •Valid as Liposarcus pardalis (Castelnau 1855) -- (Weber 1991:642 [ref. 19114], Weber 1992:10, 25 [ref. 19714], Chang & Ortega 1995:6 [ref. 24302], Burgess & Finley 1996:169 [ref. 22901], Scott & Crossman 1998:viii [ref. 24570], Isbrücker 2001:28, 29 [ref. 25653], Isbrücker 2002:20 [ref. 27178], Weber in Reis et al. 2003:365 [ref. 27061]). •Valid as Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855) -- (Isbrücker 1980:42 [ref. 2303], Ortega & Vari 1986:18 [ref. 9708], Burgess 1989:433 [ref. 12860], Fuller et al. 1999:226 [ref. 25838], Nelson et al. 2004:84 [ref. 27807], Chavez et al. 2006:59 [ref. 28577], Page & Robins 2006:455 [ref. 28913], Armbruster & Page 2006:403 [ref. 28898], Scharpf 2006:20 [ref. 30386], Ferraris 2007:292 [ref. 29155], Page & Burr 2011:370 [ref. 31215], Angulo et al. 2013:994 [ref. 33194], Kottelat 2013:216 [ref. 32989], Page et al. 2013:82 [ref. 32708], Barriga Salazar 2014:113 [ref. 35745], Sarmiento et al. 2014:192 [ref. 35004], DoNascimiento et al. 2017:82 [ref. 35633], Robins et al. 2018:147 [ref. 35886], Lorenzoni et al. 2019:253 [ref. 37108], Abesinghe et al. 2020:147 [ref. 37767], Agudelo-Zamora et al. 2020:106 [ref. 37968], Çiçek et al. 2020:254 [ref. 37644], Rodríguez-Barrera et al. 2020:45 [ref. 37800], Angulo 2021:15 [ref. 38913], Meza-Vargas et al. 2021:26 [ref. 39298], Stolbunov et al. 2021:266 [ref. 40479], Çiçek et al. 2023:462 [ref. 40601], Çiçek et al. 2023:23 [ref. 40616], Çiçek et al. 2023:417 [ref. 40625], Jamandre 2023:175 [ref. 40455], Page et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40505], Çiçek et al. 2024:270 [ref. 40789]). Current status: Valid as Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau 1855). Loricariidae: Hypostominae. Distribution: South America: Amazon River basin (Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru). Introduced in Italy, Turkey, Israel, Iraq and Asia; established in Florida and Puerto Rico (U.S.A.), Central America (Guatemala, Costa Rica), Colombia and Sri Lanka. Habitat: freshwater.
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