caudimaculatus, Girardinus Hensel [R.] 1868:362 [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 34 (pt 1); ref. 14075] Costa da Serra, São Leopoldo, Brazil [Rio Cadeia drainage]. Lectotype: ZMB 7425. Paralectotypes: (41) ?BMNH 1894.5.18.60 (1); ZMB 7426 (5), 31496 (25), 33220 [ex 7425] (1). Type catalog: Paepke & Seegers 1986:173 [ref. 19981]. Misspelled caudomaculatus by Eigenmann 1907:427, 431 [ref. 1219]. Lectotype selected by Lucinda 2008:121 [ref. 20669]. See Lucinda 2008:124 for locality information. •Valid as Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel 1868) -- (Rosen & Bailey 1963:72 [ref. 7067], Paxton et al. 1989:347 [ref. 12442], Malabarba 1989:161 [ref. 14217], Skelton 1993:279 [ref. 24071], Gómez & Chebez 1996:67 [ref. 23791], Castro & Casatti 1997:342 [ref. 23333], Ghedotti 2000:38 [ref. 27228], Hutchins 2001:24 [ref. 25847], Casatti et al. 2001:5 [ref. 25929], Skelton 2001:279 [ref. 27406], Allen et al. 2002:365 [ref. 25930], Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:566 [ref. 27061], López et al. 2003:72 [ref. 27366], Casciotta et al. 2003:147 [ref. 28130] dated 1888, Menni 2004:86 [ref. 28131], Hoese & Gates 2006:743 [ref. 28997], Lucinda & Reis 2005:47 [ref. 29205], Lucinda 2008:121 [ref. 29669], Koerber & Litz 2009:2 [ref. 31159], Hammer et al. 2012:66 [ref. 32389], Larson et al. 2013:71 [ref. 32988], Litz & Koerber 2014:31 [ref. 33622], McDowall & Stewart 2015:972 [ref. 34275], Meyer 2015:180 [ref. 34698], Mirande & Koerber 2015:53 [ref. 35117], Bertaco et al. 2016:423 [ref. 34561], Nión et al. 2016:43 [ref. 35565], Huber 2019:87 [ref. 36941], Loureiro et al. 2023:174 [ref. 40506]). Current status: Valid as Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Hensel 1868). Poeciliidae: Poeciliinae. Distribution: South America: southeastern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. Introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater, brackish.