Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Raja: [ 53 ] records

abredonensis, Hieroptera Fleming [J.] 1841:238, Pl. 4 [The Edinburgh new philosophical journal; exhibiting a view of the progressive discoveries and improvements in the sciences and the arts. v. 31 (no. 62); ref. 1340] Aberdeen Bay, Scotland. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Apparently based on an abnormal specimen of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

africana, Raja Capapé [C.] 1977:69, Figs. 1-3 [Bulletin de la Société des sciences naturelles de Tunisie. v. 12; ref. 19485] Between Cap Blanc and Cap Vert off Mauritania, depth 200 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1977-0206. Paratypes: (4) whereabouts unknown. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Raja africana Bloch & Schneider 1801. Replaced by Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke 2021. •Valid as Raja africana Capapé 1977 -- (Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:183 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:37 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], McEachran & Dunn 1998:285 [ref. 23312], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Psomadakis et al. 2012:15 [ref. 33457], Weigmann 2016:116 [ref. 34211], Séret 2016:1345 [ref. 34545], McEachran & Séret 2016:1386 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941] with remarks, Last et al. 2016:317 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:148 [ref. 37302], Serena et al. 2020:513 [ref. 37963], Kovačić et al. 2021:15 [ref. 39014]). •Synonym of Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke 2021. 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke 2021. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

alba, Raja baracola Chiereghini [A. P.] in Nardo 1847:col. 111 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, appeared in synonymy of Dasybatis asterias of Bonaparte (= Raja asterias Delaroche 1809). Also unavailable in Ninni 1872:24 [ref. 17995] in which Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid by Ninni. •In the synonymy of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Nomen Nudum. Current status: Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

aspera, Raia Risso [A.] 1810:5 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Surviving syntype: MNHN B-0843 (1 dry). Type catalog: Bertin 1945:375 [ref. 21554], Séret & McEachran 1987:13 [ref. 9312] with holotype. •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

asterias, Raja Delaroche [F. E.] 1809:322 [37], Pl. 20 (fig. 1) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] Barcelona, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN 0000-1610. Type catalog: Bertin 1939:83 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:13 [ref. 9312]. On p. 37 and Pl. 1 of separate. •Valid as Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:58 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:184 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:37 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:113 [ref. 22055], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:22 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:18 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:13 [ref. 36649], Weigmann 2016:117 [ref. 34211], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:318 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:149 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:45 [ref. 37250], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:74 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:15 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:15 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39527], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:537 [ref. 41509], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:224 [ref. 42675], Kabasakal et al. 2025:3 [ref. 41941]). Current status: Valid as Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; ?Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: Spain and Portugal south to northern Morocco. IUCN (2024): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

atra, Raja Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] 1841:134, [Pl. 46] [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Sicilien [Sicily, Italy]. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-1588 (1), ZMB 4603 [not 4063] (1). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:83 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:14 [ref. 9312], Paepke & Schmidt 1988:173 [ref. 21041]. Stehmann 1982:29 [ref. 21485] reidentified MNHN as a different species (a subjective decision) and said the ZMB specimen was therefore the holotype; that is contrary to the code; once a type of a species always a type of that species, so there are 2 syntypes; Stehmann did not select a lectotype, but that would have been appropriate. •Valid as Raja atra Müller & Henle 1841 -- (Stehmann 1973:67 [ref. 7168], Capapé & Desoutter 1979:72 [ref. 20630]). •Synonym of Raja radula Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1982:29 [ref. 21485], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:190 [ref. 13675] [largest type]). •Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802 -- (Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:196 [ref. 13675] [smallest type]). Current status: Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

biocularis, Raya Geoffroy St. Hilaire [E.] 1817:no page number, Pl. 27 (fig. 2) [Poissons du Nil v. 1 (part 1); ref. 4184] Egypt. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]. Original as bi-ocularis; genus should have been Raja. •Questionably a synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Séret & McEachran 1986:31 [ref. 9312]). Current status: Uncertain as Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

bispecularis, Raia Bennett [E. T.] 1831:148 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 5778] Atlantic coast of North Africa. Holotype: BMNH [ex ZSL] (lost). •Status uncertain -- (Stehmann 1990:49 [ref. 19316]). Current status: Uncertain. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

blanda, Raia Holt [E. W. L.] 1894:181 [Journal of the Marine Biological Association (Ser. 2) v. 3; ref. 14554] North Sea. Also in Holt & Calderwood 1895:395-402, Pl. 44 (not researched). •Synonym of Raja brachyura Lafont 1873 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja brachyura Lafont 1873. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

bonaespeiensis, Raja Fowler [H. W.] 1910:468 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 62; ref. 1379] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-1333 (1); RMNH D2492 (1 stuffed), D2493 (1, stuffed), D2507 (1, stuffed). Originally as bonae-speiensis. Replacement name for Raja capensis Müller and Henle 1841, preoccupied by Raja capensis Gmelin 1789. •Synonym of Raja (Raja) cf. clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Compagno et al. 1991:98 [ref. 21083]). •Mention -- (Compagno & Ebert 2007:141 [ref. 30471] as bonaespaensis). Replacement Name. Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

brachyura, Raia Lafont [A.] 1873:503, Pl. 25 [Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux v. 28 (v. 8 in Ser. 3) (for 1871-1873); ref. 17484] Gironde estuary, France, Northeastern Atlantic. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]. •Valid as Raja brachyura Lafont 1873 -- (Aloncle 1966:51 [ref. 41010], Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:184 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:38 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], Santos et al. 1997:14 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:22 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:173 [ref. 26753], Bottaro et al. 2008:1 [ref. 41478], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Weigmann 2016:118 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1398 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Gordon et al. 2016:263 [ref. 34661], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:319 [ref. 35000], Biscoito et al. 2018:478 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:147 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:45 [ref. 37250], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:76 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39527], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Artüz & Fricke 2024:537 [ref. 41509], Hemida et al. 2024:217 [ref. 41775], Turan et al. 2024:129 [ref. 41374], Delaval et al. 2025:3 [ref. 42389], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:229 [ref. 42675]). Current status: Valid as Raja brachyura Lafont 1873. Rajidae. Distribution: North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: southern Norway south to Western Sahara, including Madeira and Canary Islands. IUCN (2024): Near Threatened. Habitat: marine.

capensis, Raja Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] 1841:151 [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Syntypes: (4) MNHN 0000-1333 (1); RMNH D2492 (1, dry), D2493 (1, dry), D2507 (1, dry). Type catalog: Bertin 1939:84 [ref. 20739], Séret & McEachran 1987:14 [ref. 9312]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Raja capensis Gmelin 1789, replaced by Raja bonaespeiensis Fowler 1910. •Valid as Raja capensis Müller & Henle 1841 -- (Capapé & Desoutter 1981:32 [ref. 20635]). •Synonym of Raja cf. clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Compagno et al. 1991:98 [ref. 21083]). •Mention -- (Compagno & Ebert 2007:141 [ref. 30471]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168], Hulley 1986:120 [ref. 5672]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

clavata, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:232 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic [original: "in Oceano Europæo"]; localities include Germany, North Sea; Marseille, France; Italy; Greece, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: NRM 9072 (1). Lectotype or neotype fixation needed. Neotype designated by Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101], but withdrawn in Fricke 2000:639 [ref. 24537]. Originally based on multiple species and at least 29 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:71 [ref. 30578], Artedi 1738:103 [ref. 30529] and Artedi 1738:99 [ref. 30349] as Raja aculeata, dentibus tuberculosis; Rondeletius 1554:353, 354 [ref. 30354] as Raia clauata and Raia clauata altera, Willughby 1686:74[ref. 30164] and Ray 1713:26 [ref. 30231] as Raia clavata. •See also Compagno et al. 1991:98 [ref. 21083]. •Valid as Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). •Valid as Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Herrera 1896:14 [ref. 39336] with genus as Raia and author as Rondelet, Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168], Capapé & Desoutter 1981:23 [ref. 20635], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:184 [ref. 13675], Hulley 1986:120 [ref. 5672], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:38 [ref. 19316], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:92 [ref. 25472], Santos et al. 1997:15 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:22 [ref. 24952], Fricke 1999:30 [ref. 24106], Capapé et al. 1999:52 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Fricke 1999:17 [ref. 24101], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:23 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:18 [ref. 29533], Vasil'eva 2007:20 [ref. 30517], Ninua & Japoshvili 2008:163 [ref. 31251], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Parin et al. 2014:37 [ref. 33547], Ball et al. 2016:567 [ref. 36106], Gordon et al. 2016:267 [ref. 34661], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:320 [ref. 35000], McEachran & Séret 2016:1399 [ref. 34551], Weigmann 2016:118 [ref. 34211], Biscoito et al. 2018:478 [ref. 37562], Fricke et al. 2018:24 [ref. 35805], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:150 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:45 [ref. 37250], Bariche & Fricke 2020:26 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:7 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Abliazov et al. 2021:8 [ref. 38576], Arroyo Martínez 2021:78 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:50 [ref. 39527], Dyldin et al. 2022:[8] [ref. 39193], Fermon et al. 2022:104 [ref. 39448], Niță et al. 2022:127 [ref. 40471], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:537 [ref. 41509], Delaval et al. 2025:3 [ref. 42389], Iftime & Oţel 2025:6 [ref. 42600], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:224 [ref. 42675], Kabasakal et al. 2025:3 [ref. 41941]). Current status: Valid as Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Distribution: Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; Black Sea; eastern Atlantic: Iceland and central Norway south to South Africa, including Madeira; southwestern Indian Ocean: South Africa, Madagascar and Mauritius (Mascarenes). IUCN (2024): Near Threatened. Habitat: brackish, marine.

clavata, Raja Stephan [C. F.] 1779:21 [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2010:65 [ref. 30995]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

cuculus, Raja Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:668, 672 [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Coast of Cherbourg, near mouth of Seine River, France. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]. Also appeared in Sonnini 1802:71, 144 [ref. 30461]. •Unidentifiable -- (Séret & McEachran 1986:31 [ref. 9312]). Current status: Uncertain. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

cyanoplax, Raja Koerber [S.] & Kast [S.] 2023:60 [Historia Natural, Tercera Serie v. 13 (no. 2); ref. 40432] Punta Arenas, Strait of Magellan, Chile. Syntypes: (2) NMW 2070 (1), ZMB 16287 (1). Replacement name for Raja magellanica Steindachner 1903. •Valid as Raja cyanoplax Koerber & Kast 2023. Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Raja cyanoplax Koerber & Kast 2023. Rajidae. Distribution: Strait of Magellan, Chile. Habitat: marine.

fenestrata, Raja Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:15 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:47 [ref. 3595]. •Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802 -- (Stehmann 1973:68 [ref. 7168], Parenti 2019:103 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

herwigi, Raja Krefft [G.] 1965:209, Figs. 1-2 [Archiv für Fischereiwissenschaft v. 15 (no. 3); ref. 9221] Southeast of Boavista Island, Cape Verde Islands, 15°59'N, 22°41'W, depth 57-60 [or 50-70] meters. Holotype (unique): ZMH 25257 [ex ISH 240-1964]. Type catalog: Thiel et al. 2009:24 [ref. 30918]. •Valid as Raja herwigi Krefft 1965 -- (Stehmann 1990:39 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:107 [ref. 22055], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Wirtz et al. 2013:116 [ref. 32972], Weigmann 2016:119 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1399 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:321 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:145 [ref. 37302]). Current status: Valid as Raja herwigi Krefft 1965. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde Islands endemic. Habitat: marine.

jojenia, Raja Cocco [A.] 1834:85 [1], Pl. [Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania v. 11; ref. 18011] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. On p. 1 of separate. Spelled jojenia in text, joenia on plate, with common name Razza Gioenia in text; first reviser not researched. •Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

karagea, Raja Tanaka [S.] 1927:784 [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 40; ref. 14923] Off Toba, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Holotype: ZUMT 13853. Paratypes: ZUMT 14570 (1). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:203 [ref. 39648]. New name for Raja tobae Tanaka 1927, preoccupied by Raja tobae Tanaka 1916. •Valid as Raja karagea Tanaka 1927. Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Raja karagea Tanaka 1927. Rajidae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

leiobatos, Raja Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:10 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] European seas. Syntypes: BMNH 1853.11.12.201 [Gronovius coll.] (1, skin). Type catalog: Wheeler 1958:206 [ref. 13434] but as holotype. Based on literature sources and specimen(s). •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Wheeler 1958:206 [ref. 13434]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maculata, Raia Montagu [G.] 1818:426 [Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh v. 2 (Pt. 2, art. 27); ref. 17785] Southern coast of Devonshire, Devon, England, English Channel, northeastern Atlantic. No types known. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Raja maculata Shaw 1804, replaced by Raja montagui Fowler 1910. •Objective synonym of Raja montagui Fowler 1910 -- (Stehmann 1973:61 [ref. 7168], Biscoito et al. 2018:479 [ref. 37562]). •Status uncertain -- (Stehmann 1990:49 [ref. 19316] but treated correctly on p. 41 as objective synonym of Raja montagui Fowler 1910). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Raja montagui Fowler 1910. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

maculatus, Cephaleutherus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:48, 61 [Indice d'ittiologia siciliana; ref. 3595] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Based on an abnormal specimen of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Parenti 2019:102 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

maderensis, Raia Lowe [R. T.] 1838:195 [Transactions of the Zoological Society of London v. 2 (pt 3, art. 14); ref. 2831] Off Madeira, eastern Atlantic. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. •Valid as Raja maderensis Lowe 1838 -- (Stehmann 1973:60 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:186 [ref. 13675], Stehmann 1990:39 [ref. 19316], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:138 [ref. 25472], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], Santos et al. 1997:15 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:23 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Ball et al. 2016:573 [ref. 36106] reporting lack of genetic distinctiveness from R. clavata, McEachran & Séret 2016:1400 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941] with remarks, Last et al. 2016:322 [ref. 35000], Weigmann 2016:119 [ref. 34211] see remarks, Biscoito et al. 2018:478 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:147 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:46 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Raja maderensis Lowe 1838. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands. Habitat: marine.

magellanica, Raja Steindachner [F.] 1903:212 [Zoologische Jahrbücher, Jena, Supplementband v. 6 (for 1905); ref. 15047] Punta Arenas, Strait of Magellan, Chile. Syntypes: (2) NMW 2070 (1), ZMB 16287 (1). Objectively invalid, preoccupied by Raja magellanica Philippi 1902; replaced by Raja cyanoplax Koerber & Kast 2023. •Wrongly treated as valid -- (Stehmann 1986:263 [ref. 6151], Menni & Stehmann 2000:85 [ref. 24909]). •Also see entries under Raja magellanica Philippi 1902 which may be this species. •Synonym of Raja cyanoplax Koerber & Kast 2023 -- (Koerber & Kast 2023:60 [ref. 40432]). 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Raja cyanoplax Koerber & Kast 2023. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

maroccana, Raja Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:367 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Morocco, eastern Atlantic. Holotype (unique): ZMB 7843 (stuffed). Type catalog: Paepke & Schmidt 1988:174 [ref. 21041], Paepke 1999:122 [ref. 24282]. •Status uncertain -- (Stehmann 1973:69 [ref. 7168], Stehmann 1990:50 [ref. 19316]). Current status: Uncertain. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

mauritaniensis, Raja White [W. T.] & Fricke [R.] 2021:399 [Zootaxa 4970 (no. 2); ref. 38324] Between Cap Blanc and Cap Vert off Mauritania, depth 200 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1977-0206. Paratypes: (4) whereabouts unknown. Replacement name for Raja africana Capapé 1977, preoccupied by Raja africana Bloch & Schneider 1801. •Valid as Raja africana Capapé 1977 -- (Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:183 [ref. 13675], Stehmann 1990:37 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], McEachran & Dunn 1998:285 [ref. 23312], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Psomadakis et al. 2012:15 [ref. 33457], Weigmann 2016:116 [ref. 34211], Séret 2016:1345 [ref. 34545], McEachran & Séret 2016:1386 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:22 [ref. 34941] with remarks, Last et al. 2016:317 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:148 [ref. 37302], Kovačić et al. 2021:15 [ref. 39014]). •Valid as Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke 2021 -- (Fermon et al. 2022:104 [ref. 39448] with question). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke 2021. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania; ?Gabon; records from Mediterranean Sea could not be confirmed [ref. 37963]. Habitat: marine.

microocellata, Raia Montagu [G.] 1818:430 [Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh v. 2 (Pt. 2, art. 27); ref. 17785] South coast of Devonshire, Devon, England, United Kingdom, English Channel, northeastern Atlantic. No types known. •Valid as Raja microocellata Montagu 1818 -- (Stehmann 1973:60 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:186 [ref. 13675], Stehmann 1990:40 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], Santos et al. 1997:119 [ref. 23531], Arruda 1997:23 [ref. 24952], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Weigmann 2016:119 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1400 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Gordon et al. 2016:268 [ref. 34661], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:323 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:146 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:47 [ref. 37250], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121]). Current status: Valid as Raja microocellata Montagu 1818. Rajidae. Distribution: Southern North Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Senegal. Habitat: marine.

miraletus, Raja Linnaeus [C.] 1758:231 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Mediterranean Sea [original: "in mari Mediterraneo"]; localities include Provence and Marseille, France; Venice, Italy. No types known. Lectotype or neotype fixation needed. Originally based on multiple species and at least 20 pre-Linnaean sources including Artedi 1738:72 [ref. 30578] and Artedi 1738:101 [ref. 30349] as Raja dorso ventreque glabris; Rondelet 1554:349 [ref. 30354] as Raja oculata & laeui, Gesner 1558:933 [ref. 30350] as Raia ocvlata et laevi, Salviani 1558:150 [ref. 30229] as Raia stellaris, Jonston 1649:Pl. 9 (fig. 4) [ref. 30579] as Raia oculata et leuis, Charleton 1668:130 [ref. 30580] as Raia oculata, Ray 1713:27 [ref. 30231] as Raia oculata levis. Misspelled miralaletus by Cabrera y Corro, Pérez & Hänseler 1817:12 [ref. 17319], see Graells 1887:186 [ref. 30438]. •Valid as Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Herrera 1896:14 [ref. 39336] with genus as Raia, Hulley 1969:138 [ref. 39090], Stehmann 1973:58 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:187 [ref. 13675], Hulley 1986:123 [ref. 5672], Stehmann 1990:40 [ref. 19316], Compagno et al. 1991:102 [ref. 21083], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:94 [ref. 25472], Stehmann 1995:106 [ref. 22055], Capapé et al. 1999:52 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:23 [ref. 26753], Falcón et al. 2003:144 [ref. 39343], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:81 [ref. 28072], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29533], Compagno & Ebert 2007:139 [ref. 30471], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Naylor et al. 2012:96 [ref. 32267] see remarks, Weigmann 2016:119 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1392 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:488 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:324 [ref. 35000], Biscoito et al. 2018:486 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:144 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:47 [ref. 37250], Reiner 2019:44 [ref. 38139], Bariche & Fricke 2020:26 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:80 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Tutman et al. 2021:143 [ref. 39168], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:104 [ref. 39448], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:537 [ref. 41509], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:224 [ref. 42675]). Current status: Valid as Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: Portugal south to Guinea, including Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and São Tomé and Principe. IUCN (2019): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.

montagui, Raja Fowler [H. W.] 1910:468 [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 62; ref. 1379] South coast of Devonshire, Devon, England, United Kingdom, English Channel, northeastern Atlantic. No types known. Replacement name for Raja maculata Montagu 1818, preoccupied by Raja maculata Shaw 1804. •Valid as Raja montagui Fowler 1910 -- (Stehmann 1973:60 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:188 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:41 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:113 [ref. 22055], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:23 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:13 [ref. 37112], Fricke 2007:25 [ref. 30577], Fricke et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29533], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Weigmann 2016:119 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1401 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Gordon et al. 2016:269 [ref. 34661], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:325 [ref. 35000], Biscoito et al. 2018:479 [ref. 37562], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:149 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:47 [ref. 37250], Bariche & Fricke 2020:27 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:82 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39527], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Delaval et al. 2025:3 [ref. 42389], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:224 [ref. 42675]). Replacement Name. Current status: Valid as Raja montagui Fowler 1910. Rajidae. Distribution: Baltic Sea; North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: Shetland Islands and southern Norway south to Mauritania, including Madeira and Canary Islands. IUCN (2024): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

mosaica, Raja Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:675, Pl. 16 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] France; England. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]. See account of Raja picta Lacepède 1802. •Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802 -- (Stehmann 1973:68 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

nigra, Raja Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:670, 674, Pl. 16 (fig. 1) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Seine River mouth, France. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]. Also appeared in Sonnini 1802:74, 295 [ref. 30461] with author as Lacepède. •Unidentifiable -- (Séret & McEachran 1987:31 [ref. 9312]). Current status: Uncertain. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

ocellifera, Raia Regan [C. T.] 1906:2, Pl. 2 [Annals of the Natal Government Museum v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 3628] Algoa Bay; northeast of Bird Island, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 40 fathoms. Syntypes: BMNH 1895.12.27.14 (1), 1905.6.8.13 (1). •Synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Hulley 1969:145 [ref. 39090], Hulley 1986:123 [ref. 5672], McEachran & Séret 2016:1392 [ref. 34551]). •Valid as Raja ocellifera Regan 1906 -- (Last & Séret 2016:485 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:326 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:144 [ref. 37302], Ebert et al. 2021:83 [ref. 38234], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:586 [ref. 39668], Leeney 2024:75 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Raja ocellifera Regan 1906. Rajidae. Distribution: Southeastern Atlantic, southwestern Indian Ocean: Angola south to Cape of Good Hope and Agulhas Bank (South Africa), then north to KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Habitat: brackish, marine.

oculata, Raia Stephan [C. F.] 1779:22 [De rajis, schediasma primum; ref. 18818] •Synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Kottelat 2010:65 [ref. 30995]). Current status: Synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae.

ornata, Raja Garman [S.] 1881:235 [Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 8 (no. 11); ref. 14294] Not an original species description as assumed by authors, but a subspecies description; see Raja ornata ackleyi Garman. Rajidae.

parva, Raja Last [P. R.] & Séret [B.] 2016:478, Figs. 1-7 [Zootaxa 4147 (no. 4); ref. 34640] Off Monrovia, Liberia, Eastern Atlantic, depth 27 meters. Holotype: USNM 193744. Paratype: USNM. •Valid as Raja parva Last & Séret 2016 -- (Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:327 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:143 [ref. 37302], Fermon et al. 2022:105 [ref. 39448], Leeney 2024:76 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Raja parva Last & Séret 2016. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic: Senegal south to Namibia. Habitat: marine.

picta, Raja Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:670, 675, Pl. 16 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] Shores of France; England. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:32 [ref. 9312]. Named Raja mosaica on p. 675; first reviser not researched. Also appeared as Raja picta in Sonnini 1802:75 [ref. 30461] with author as Lacepède, and as Raja mosaica on p. 297. •Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802 -- (Stehmann 1973:68 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:196 [ref. 13675], Stehmann 1990:48 [ref. 19316], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:24 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649]). Current status: Synonym of Raja undulata Lacepède 1802. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

pigara, Raja Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:15 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:47 [ref. 3595]. •Questionable synonym of Raja montagui Fowler 1910 -- (Parenti 2019:115 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Uncertain as Raja montagui Fowler 1910. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

polystigma, Raia Regan [C. T.] 1923:529 [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 9) v. 11 (no. 64) (art. 56); ref. 15425] Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: (4) BMNH 1888.11.29.111 [ex MSNM] (1); Nice, 1893.2.28.43 (1); Zara, 1893.9.21.11-12 (2). •Valid as Raja polystigma Regan 1923 -- (Stehmann 1973:67 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:189 [ref. 13675], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:24 [ref. 26753], Fricke et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Weigmann 2016:120 [ref. 34211], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:329 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:143 [ref. 37302], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:84 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Barone et al. 2022:51 [ref. 39527], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810]). Current status: Valid as Raja polystigma Regan 1923. Rajidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: possibly Portugal and Morocco. IUCN (2024): Least Concern. Habitat: marine.

pontica, Raja Pallas [P. S.] 1814:58 [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] [Littore Tauriae] Ukraine, Black Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

punctata, Raia Risso [A.] 1810:12 [Ichthyologie de Nice; ref. 3755] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:32 [ref. 9312]. •Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:58 [ref. 7168], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:22 [ref. 26753], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:13 [ref. 36649]). Current status: Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

quadrimaculata, Raia Risso [A.] 1827:150 [Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale v. 3; ref. 3757] Nice, France, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:32 [ref. 9312]. •Synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:58 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja miraletus Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

radula, Raja Delaroche [F. E.] 1809:321 [35] [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] [Iviça] Ibiza, Baleares Islands, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MNHN A-7512. Type catalog: Bertin 1939:83 [ref. 20739], Capapé & Desoutter 1979 [ref. 20630]. On p. 35 of separate. •Valid as Raja radula Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:67 [ref. 7168], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:190 [ref. 13675], Capapé & Desoutter 1979:72 [ref. 20630], Stehmann 1982:29 [ref. 21485], Capapé 1987:22 [ref. 39326], Stehmann 1990:42 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:107 [ref. 22055], Golani 1996:22 [ref. 22271], Capapé et al. 1999:53 [ref. 25276], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:24 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:14 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29533], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Ball et al. 2016:567 [ref. 36106], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Weigmann 2016:120 [ref. 34211], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:145 [ref. 37302], Kovačić et al. 2020:8 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Arroyo Martínez 2021:86 [ref. 38962], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Barone et al. 2022:52 [ref. 39527], Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Shakman et al. 2023:464 [ref. 40810], Artüz & Fricke 2024:537 [ref. 41509], Ergüden et al. 2025:9 [ref. 42195], Kabasakal & Karakulak 2025:224 [ref. 42675]). Current status: Valid as Raja radula Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Distribution: Mediterranean Sea; Sea of Marmara; eastern Atlantic: adjacent coast of Portugal and Morocco. IUCN (2016): Endangered. Habitat: marine.

rhizacanthus, Raia Regan [C. T.] 1906:3, Pl. 3 [Annals of the Natal Government Museum v. 1 (pt 1); ref. 3628] KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, southwestern Indian Ocean, depth 40 fathoms. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1905.6.8.13. •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:60 [ref. 7168], Hulley 1986:120 [ref. 5672]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

rouxi, Raja Capapé [C.] 1977:1024, Figs. 1-5 [Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 3: Zoologie) No. 339 (482); ref. 7237] West Africa. Syntypes: MNHN 1969-0203 (2), 1969-0214 (2), 1969-0227 (1). Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:16 [ref. 9312]. •Valid as Raja rouxi Capapé 1977 -- (Stehmann 1990:42 [ref. 19316], Séret 2016:1345 [ref. 34545], Fermon et al. 2022:105 [ref. 39448] with question). •Synonym of Raja straeleni Poll 1951 -- (Weigmann 2016:121 [ref. 34211]). Current status: Synonym of Raja straeleni Poll 1951. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (if valid). Habitat: marine.

rubus, Raia Bloch [M. E.] 1784:67, Pl. 84 [M. Marcus Elieser Bloch's ..., ausübenden Arztes zu Berlin, Oeconomische Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands v. 3; ref. 19645] Coast of America, western North Atlantic. Syntypes: ZMB 4591 (2), 33075 (1). Type catalog: Paepke 1999:122 [ref. 24282]. On p. 62 of Bloch's Ichthyologie, v. 3 [ref. 21381]. •Valid as Raja rubus Bloch 1784 -- (Herrera 1896:14 [ref. 39336] with genus as Raia and author as Linnaeus). •Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). •Synonym of Malacoraja clavata (Linnaeus 1758) -- (Dyldin 2015:71 [ref. 34524]). Current status: Synonym of Raja clavata Linnaeus 1758. Rajidae. Habitat: brackish, marine.

schultzii, Raja Müller [J.] & Henle [F. G. J.] 1841:138, 198, [Pl. 47 (left)] [Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen; ref. 3069] Mediterranean Sea. Lectotype: ZMB 4596. Paralectotypes: MNHN 0000-1604 (2), 00000-1605 (1), 0000-1606 (1), 0000-1608 (3), 0000-1612 (2), 0000-1801 (1), 1986-0522 (2); ZMB 4593-95 (1, 1, 1), 4635 (1). Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:16-17 [ref. 9312], Paepke & Schmidt 1988:174 [ref. 21041]. Lectotype was designated by Eschmeyer 1998:1524 [ref. 23416] to agree with use of "holotype" in current literature. •Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

speculum, Raia Blainville [H. de] 1825:29, Pl. 4 (fig. 1) [Faune Française; ou histoire naturelle Livr. 13 & 14; ref. 4991] Paris, France; Dieppe, northern France. Syntypes: whereabouts unknown. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:32 [ref. 9312]. Current status: Uncertain. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

stellata, Raia Garman [S.] 1913:321 [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 36; ref. 1545] Genoa, Italy, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): MCZ. Not intended as new, but validates a pre-Linnaean name. •Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 -- (Stehmann 1973:59 [ref. 7168]). Current status: Synonym of Raja asterias Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

straeleni, Raja Poll [M.] 1951:118, Fig. 54, Pls. 8 (fig. 3), 13 [Résultats Scientifiques. Expédition Océanographique Belge dans les Eaux Côtières Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948-1949). Bruxelles. v. 4 (no. 1); ref. 12797] West coast of Africa, 13°05'S, 12°46'E, depth 100-110 meters. Syntypes: IRSNB 99 (1), 100-107 (1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 9); MRAC 80327-32 (6). Type catalog: Walschaerts 1987:5-6 [ref. 20755] with IRSNB 99, the specimen illustrated in Fig. 54, as holotype, Derijst 1991:64 [ref. 21528]. •Valid as Raja straeleni Poll 1951 -- (Hulley 1986:126 [ref. 5672], Stehmann 1990:42 [ref. 19316], Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:95 [ref. 25472], Stehmann 1995:49 [ref. 22055], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:80 [ref. 28072], Compagno & Ebert 2007:141 [ref. 30471], Ball et al. 2016:567 [ref. 36106], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:331 [ref. 35000], McEachran & Séret 2016:1393 [ref. 34551], Weigmann 2016:121 [ref. 34211], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:148 [ref. 37302], Reiner 2019:45 [ref. 38139], Ebert et al. 2021:84 [ref. 38234], Aschliman & Ebert 2022:587 [ref. 39668], Fermon et al. 2022:105 [ref. 39448], Leeney 2024:77 [ref. 40985]). Current status: Valid as Raja straeleni Poll 1951. Rajidae. Distribution: Eastern Atlantic, southwestern Indian Ocean: Mauritania south to Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), including São Tomé and Principe, then to Eastern Cape (South Africa), ?Mozambique, ?Madagascar and ?Mauritius. Habitat: marine.

tobae, Raja Tanaka [S.] 1927:673, Figs. 434-436 [Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan v. 35; ref. 14918] Kesen, Province Rikuzen, Japan. Lectotype: ZUMT 7443. Paralectotype: ZUMT 7446 (1). Type catalog: Aizawa et al. 2022:207 [ref. 39648]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Raja tobae Tanaka 1916, replaced by Raja karagea Tanaka 1927. Lectotype selected by Tanaka 1917:455 [ref. 14909] -- see Aizawa et al. 2022:207 [ref. 39648]. •Objective synonym of Raja karagea Tanaka 1927. 1°Homonym. Current status: Synonym of Raja karagea Tanaka 1927. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.

undulata, Raja Lacepède [B. G. E.] 1802:670, 675, Pl. 14 (fig. 2) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Lacepède) v. 4; ref. 4929] La France et l'Angleterre [France and England, English Channel, Northeastern Atlantic]. No types known. Type catalog: Séret & McEachran 1987:32 [ref. 9312]. Also appeared in Sonnini 1802:75, 297 [ref. 30461] with author as Lacepède. •Valid as Raja undulata Lacepède 1802 -- (Stehmann 1973:68 [ref. 7168], Capapé & Desoutter 1979:72 [ref. 20630], Stehmann & Bürkel in Whitehead et al. 1984:196 [ref. 13675], Stehmann 1990:48 [ref. 19316], Stehmann 1995:112 [ref. 22055], Compagno 1999:492 [ref. 25589], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:24 [ref. 26753], Golani 2005:14 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:19 [ref. 29533], George 2009:57 [ref. 30539], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:14 [ref. 36649], Weigmann 2016:121 [ref. 34211], McEachran & Séret 2016:1401 [ref. 34551], Last & Séret 2016:477 [ref. 34640], Gordon et al. 2016:269 [ref. 34661], Last et al. 2016:23 [ref. 34941], Last et al. 2016:332 [ref. 35000], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:146 [ref. 37302], Carneiro et al. 2019:48 [ref. 37250], Kovačić et al. 2020:46 [ref. 37519], Serena et al. 2020:502 [ref. 37963], Giovos et al. 2021:6 [ref. 38895], Golani 2021:11 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:16 [ref. 39014], Bañón & Mano 2022:14 [ref. 40121], Barone et al. 2022:52 [ref. 39527], Fermon et al. 2022:105 [ref. 39448] with question, Balàka et al. 2023:6 [ref. 40410], Borg et al. 2023:11 [ref. 42080], Fitori et al. 2023:512 [ref. 40624], Hemida et al. 2024:38 [ref. 41259], Knorrn et al. 2025:150 [ref. 42334]). Current status: Valid as Raja undulata Lacepède 1802. Rajidae. Distribution: Southwestern North Sea; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: British Isles south to Senegal. IUCN (2024): Near Thrwatened. Habitat: marine.

virgata, Raja Geoffroy St. Hilaire [E.] 1817:223, Pl. 26 fig. 2 [Poissons du Nil v. 1 (part 1); ref. 4184] Egypt. Original not examined. Uncertain, needs research. Current status: Uncertain as Raja radula Delaroche 1809. Rajidae. Habitat: marine.