hypostomus, Cephalopterus Bancroft [E. N.] 1831:134 [Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1); ref. 15966] Kingston, Jamaica. Holotype (unique): not preserved. Also appeared in Bancroft 1835:411 [ref. 15971], Suppl. Pl. 50. McEachran & Carvalho 2003:588 [ref. 26985] indicated that e. Atlantic specimens are M. rochebrunei. •Valid as Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft 1831) -- (Robins & Ray 1986:45 [ref. 23100], Notarbartolo-di-Sciara 1987:25 [ref. 9133], Boschung 1992:28 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:202 [ref. 23827], Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez 1996:61 [ref. 22793], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:195 [ref. 23897], Cervigón & Alcalá 1999:204 [ref. 24490], Compagno 1999:498 [ref. 25589], Díaz de Astarloa et al. 2000:401 [ref. 24427], Menni & Stehmann 2000:94 [ref. 24909], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:147 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:144 [ref. 27639] as hipostoma Robins & Ray 1986, McEachran & Carvalho 2003:588 [ref. 26985], Gadig et al. 2003:869 [ref. 27134], Gadig & Gomes in Menezes et al. 2003:31 [ref. 27192], Nelson et al. 2004:57 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:57 [ref. 32708], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:136 [ref. 34398], Last & Yearsley 2016:8 [ref. 34940], Weigmann 2016:145 [ref. 34211], White & Last 2016:744 [ref. 35016], Nión et al. 2016:24 [ref. 35565], Ehemann et al. 2018:27 [ref. 36194], Spier et al. 2018:5 [ref. 36103], Ehemann et al. 2019:[7] [ref. 36861], White et al. 2018:57 [ref. 37171], Almeida & Biscoito 2019:177 [ref. 37302], Jones et al. 2020:303 [ref. 37610], Haroon & Kibria 2021:129 [ref. 39241] misidentified, Blanco-Parra & Niño-Torres 2022:Correction, p. 6 [ref. 38986], Fermon et al. 2022:109 [ref. 39448], Carvalho-Filho 2023:325 [ref. 40480], Castillo Domínguez et al. 2023:7 [ref. 40663], Morales-Saldaña & Ehemann 2023:[2] 68 [ref. 40805], Page et al. 2023:48 [ref. 40505], Gadig et al. 2024:89 [ref. 40775]). Current status: Valid as Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft 1831). Mobulidae. Distribution: Western Atlantic: North Carolina (U.S.A.) south to Argentina, including Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; eastern Atlantic: Mauritania south to Angola. IUCN (2018): Endangered, Habitat: marine.
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