Please look in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes for authorships of sections, Families of Fishes (all), and related information.

Species in the genus Gnathophis: [ 45 ] records

andriashevi, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] 1990:769 [7], Fig. 1b [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 30 (no. 5); ref. 20148] Southeastern Pacific off Chile, 25°01'S, 97°28'W, depth 330-326 meters. Holotype: ZIN 49431. Paratypes: ZIN 49432 (1). On p. 7 of English translation. •Valid as Gnathophis andriashevi Karmovskaya 1990 -- (Pequeño 1997:80 [ref. 23536]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis andriashevi Karmovskaya 1990. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Chile. Habitat: marine.

asanoi, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] 2004:S18, Fig. 10 [Journal of Ichthyology v. 44 (suppl. 1); ref. 28053] Philippines, Sibuyan Sea, 13°08'N, 122°39'E, depth 440-280 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1998-0645. Paratypes: MNHN 1998-0650 (1). •Valid as Gnathophis asanoi Karmovskaya 2004 -- (Ho et al. 2015:147 [ref. 34130], Ho et al. 2018:235 [ref. 36049]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis asanoi Karmovskaya 2004. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Philippines and Taiwan. Habitat: marine.

australis, Congermuraena Barnard [K. H.] 1923:442 [Annals of the South African Museum v. 13 (pt 8, no. 14); ref. 191] Tristan da Cunha; False Bay, and off Cape Peninsula,South Africa; Namibia; depth 2-60 fathoms [4-110 meters]. Syntypes: BMNH 1927.12.6.7 [ex SAM] (1) False Bay; SAM 12779-82 (1, 1, 3, 1). •Synonym of Gnathophis capensis (Kaup 1857) -- (Castle 1986:164 [ref. 5644]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis capensis (Kaup 1857). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

bathytopos, Gnathophis Smith [D. G.] & Kanazawa [R. H.] 1977:535, Fig. 6 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 4036] Northwest of Dry Tortugas, Florida, U.S.A., 25°13'N, 84°15'W, Silver Bay station 1200, depth 100 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 190597. Paratypes: ANSP 127791 (1); UF 217085 [ex UMML 17085] (1), 222591 [ex UMML 22591] (1, c&s), 230226 [ex UMML 30226] (1); USNM 197113 (2), 213557-58 (1, 2). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:64 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:7 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gnathophis bathytopos Smith & Kanazawa 1977 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:59 [ref. 23100], Smith 1989:522 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:38 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:302 [ref. 23897], Smith 2003:750 [ref. 26989], Nelson et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:64 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:56 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis bathytopos Smith & Kanazawa 1977. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

bibroni, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] 1857:149, Pl. 17 (fig. 12) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] No locality (is evidently Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Syntypes: ?BMNH 1856.7.9.19 (1), ?ZMB 4047 (2) Messina. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

borelli, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:6, Pl. 4 (fig. 4) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

bracheatopos, Gnathophis Smith [D. G.] & Kanazawa [R. H.] 1977:534, Fig. 5 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 4036] Florida, U.S.A., 28°50'N, 85°06'W, Oregon station 896, depth 35 fathoms. Holotype: USNM 163523. Paratypes: ANSP 109602 (2), 123583 (1), 128389-93 (7, 2, 1, 1, 1), 130817 (1); UF 231019 [ex UMML 31019] (1), 232627 [ex UMML 32627] (1, c&s); USNM 163485 (2), 197128 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:64 [ref. 13621], Smith 1994:7-8 [ref. 21917]. •Valid as Gnathophis bracheatopos Smith & Kanazawa 1977 -- (Robins & Ray 1986:58 [ref. 23100], Smith 1989:523 [ref. 13285], Boschung 1992:38 [ref. 23239], McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:303 [ref. 23897], Smith 2003:750 [ref. 26989], Nelson et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27807], Page et al. 2013:64 [ref. 32708], Page et al. 2023:56 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis bracheatopos Smith & Kanazawa 1977. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

capensis, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] (ex Lalande) 1857:153 [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. Holotype: MNHN B-3165 (poor condition). Type catalog: Bertin 1935:100 [ref. 21550], Bauchot et al. 1993:120 [ref. 20810]. •Valid as Gnathophis capensis (Kaup 1857) -- (Castle 1986:164 [ref. 5644], Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Andrew et al. 1995:11 [ref. 38009], Smith & Heemstra 2022:92 [ref. 39685]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis capensis (Kaup 1857). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southern-central Atlantic: Tristan da Cunha Island; southeastern Atlantic, southwestern Indian Ocean: Orange River east to Plettenberg bay (South Africa). Habitat: marine.

castlei, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S9, Fig. 5a [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] Off Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 26°30'S, 153°30'E, depth 366 meters. Holotype: AMS I.15551-012. Paratypes: AMS I.22873-001 (1); QM I.21097 (1), I.23923 (1). Plus non-type material. •Valid as Gnathophis castlei Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Karmovskaya 2004:S13 [ref. 28053], Hoese & Gates 2006:293 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis castlei Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

catalinensis, Rhynchocymba Wade [C. B.] 1946:194, Pl. 26 (figs. 1-3) [Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition 1932-40, Los Angeles v. 9 (no. 7); ref. 4542] White Cove, Santa Catalina Island, southern California, U.S.A., depth 5 fathoms. Holotype (unique): LACM 21553 [ex AHF 871]. •Valid as Gnathophis catalinensis (Wade 1946) -- (Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:64 [ref. 9277], Raju 1985:11 [ref. 5287], Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285]). •See also Pequeño 1989:25 [ref. 14125]. •Synonym of Gnathophis cinctus (Garman 1899) -- (Grove & Lavenberg 1997:179 [ref. 24023]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis cinctus (Garman 1899). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

cinctus, Atopichthys Garman [S.] 1899:329, Pl. 66 (figs. 2-2a) [Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24; ref. 1540] West of Isla Marchena (Bindloe), Galápagos Islands, 0°l9'N, 90°34'W, Albatross station 3410, depth over 33l fathoms. Holotype (unique): MCZ 28428. •Valid as Gnathophis cinctus (Garman 1899) -- (Smith in Fischer et al. 1995:1034 [ref. 22829], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:179 [ref. 24023], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:131 [ref. 24555], Nelson et al. 2004:64 [ref. 27807], Love et al. 2005:22 [ref. 37547], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:188 [ref. 30957], Page et al. 2013:64 [ref. 32708], Love et al. 2021:38 [ref. 39279], Page et al. 2023:56 [ref. 40505]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis cinctus (Garman 1899). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific: southern California (U.S.A.) south to Peru, including Gulf of California (Mexico) and Galápagos Islands (Ecuador). Habitat: marine.

codoniphorus, Gnathophis Maul [G. E.] 1972:1 [Bocagiana. Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural) No. 31; ref. 7628] Meteor Seamount, northeastern Atlantic, Meteor station 171b, 29°50.2'N, 28°23.8'W, depth 300-304 meters. Holotype: MMF 22876. Paratypes: MMF 22545 (1 + 1 c&s). •Probably a synonym of Gnathophis mystax (De la Roche 1800) -- (Bauchot & Saldanha in Whitehead et al. 1986:570 [ref. 13676]). •Valid as Gnathophis codoniphorus Maul 1972 -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Uiblein et al. 1999:61 [ref. 24045], Smith 2016:1691 [ref. 34556], Carneiro et al. 2019:67 [ref. 37250]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis codoniphorus Maul 1972. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Northeastern Atlantic: Meteor Seamount (Portugal EEZ) endemic. Habitat: marine.

gegenbauri, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] 1857:149, Pl. 17 (fig. 11) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Possible types: BMNH 1856.7.9.18 (1). •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

ginanago, Rhynchocymba nystromi Asano [H.] 1958:197 [English p. 200], Fig. 1 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 67 (no. 7); ref. 12046] Off Owashi, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Holotype: FAKU 21440. Paratypes: FAKU 2045-47 (3), 2110 (1), 7701 (1), 19019 (1), 19030 (1), 19843 (1), 14989-91 (3), 15078-80 (3), 15082-84 (3), 21439 (1), 21443 (1), 23903-07 (5), 24675 (1). Based on Hatooka in Nakabo 2013. •Synonym of Gnathophis nystromi (Jordan & Snyder 1901), but a valid subspecies as described -- (Asano in Masuda et al. 1984:28 [ref. 6441], Nakabo 2000:230 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2001:294 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:230 [ref. 26001], Shinohara et al. 2005:401 [ref. 28370]). •Possibly a synonym of Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858) -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285]). •Synonym of Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858) -- (Karmovskaya 2004:S15 [ref. 28053]). •Valid as Gnathopis ginanago (Asano 1958) -- (Shinohara et al. 2014:237 [ref. 33330], Ho et al. 2018:237 [ref. 36049]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis ginanago (Asano 1958). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

grahami, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S8, Fig. 1d [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] New Castle, New South Wales, eastern Australia, 33°01'S, 152°02'E, depth 121 meters. Holotype: AMS I.34447-002. Paratypes: AMS I.34447-001 (1), I.34448-002 (1), I.34448-003 (1), I.33448-004 (2); CSIRO H 1102-03 (1), H 1103-03 (1), H 1550-02 (1); NMV A.4134 (1); QM I.12999 (1), I.19155 (1), I.21095 (2); ZMMU 20665 (1). Plus additional non-type material. Type information from Paxton, 9/30/2003 (pers. comm.). •Valid as Gnathophis grahami Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Hoese & Gates 2006:293 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis grahami Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Australia. Habitat: marine.

gutturosus, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:8, Pl. 4 (fig. 7) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

habenatus, Congrus Richardson [J.] 1848:109, Pl. 50 (figs. 1-5) [Ichthyology of the voyage of H. M. S. Erebus & Terror v. 2 (2); ref. 3740] Cook Strait, New Zealand. Holotype (unique): BMNH [ex Royal Coll. Surgeons] 1982.5.7.1. •Valid as Gnathophis habenatus (Richardson 1848) -- (Castle 1986:165 [ref. 5644], Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Paulin et al. 1989:75 [ref. 24556], Gomon et al. 1994:213 [ref. 22532], Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000:S12 [ref. 25768], Fricke et al. 2011:354 [ref. 31242], Smith & Stewart 2015:278 [ref. 34234]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis habenatus (Richardson 1848). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Pacific Ocean. Habitat: marine.

heterognathos, Myrophis Bleeker [P.] 1858:9, Pl. 3 (fig. 1) [Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae v. 5 (art. 9); ref. 16963] Nagasaki, Japan. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1867.11.28.305. Spelled two ways originally, heterognathos in text (p. 3, 9) and in caption to Pl. 3, as heterognathus in legend on p. 12; latter regarded as a misspelling. •Valid as Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858) -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Karmovskaya 2004:S15 [ref. 28053], Ho et al. 2015:147 [ref. 34130], Ho et al. 2018:237 [ref. 36049] as heterognathus, Kim et al. 2020:57 [ref. 39118], Sonoyama et al. 2020:19 [ref. 37637]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Northwestern Pacific: Taiwan to Korea and Japan. Habitat: marine.

heterolinea, Lemkea Kotthaus [A.] 1968:33, Figs. 131-133, 152 [Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie No. 3; ref. 2669] Off Mombasa, 1°18'S, 41°56'E to 1°19.8'S, 41°53'E, depth 243-177 meters. Holotype (unique): ZMH 4959 [ex IOES 57]. Type catalog: Wilkens & Dohse 1993:414 [ref. 21161]. •Valid as Gnathophis heterolinea (Kotthaus 1968) -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Fricke et al. 2018:50 [ref. 35805], Smith & Heemstra 2022:92 [ref. 39685]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis heterolinea (Kotthaus 1968). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) north to Kenya, east to Madagascar. Habitat: marine.

incognitus, Gnathophis Castle [P. H. J.] 1963:37, Fig. 7 (A-H) [Zoological Publications from Victoria University of Wellington No. 34; ref. 17976] Kaikoura coast, New Zealand, depth 40-50 fathoms. Holotype: NMNZ P.3073. Paratypes: NMNZ P.530 (1), P.1926 (1), P.1983 (1), P.2612 (1). Type catalog: Hardy 1990:7 [ref. 18942]. •Synonym of Gnathophis umbrellabius (Whitley 1948) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:142 [ref. 12442], Gomon et al. 1994:214 [ref. 22532], Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000:S5 [ref. 25768], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:319 [ref. 28867], Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis umbrellabius (Whitley 1948). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

kaupii, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1882:185, Fig. 3 [Naturalista Siciliano [Il Naturalista Siciliano, Giornale di scienze naturali] v. 1; ref. 18077] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared as new in Facciolà 1885:185 [ref.26076]. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

koellikeri, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] 1857:148, Pl. 17 (fig. 10) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Possible types: ZMB 4070 (2) Messina. Originally as köllikeri. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

leptosomatus, Gnathophis Karrer [C.] 1983:24, Figs. 6 A-B [Faune Tropicale v. 23 (for 1982); ref. 5679] Northwest of Madagascar, 12°52'S, 48°10'E, depth 420-428 meters. Holotype (unique): MNHN 1979-0041. Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:115 [ref. 20810]. •Valid as Gnathophis leptosomatus Karrer 1983 -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285] dated 1982, Fricke et al. 2018:50 [ref. 35805]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis leptosomatus Karrer 1983. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Indian Ocean: off northwestern Madagascar. Habitat: marine.

longicauda, Congromuraena Ramsay [E. P.] & Ogilby [J. D.] 1888:1022 [Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 2 (pt 4); ref. 18601] Parramatta River, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype: AMS I.1618. Gnathophis is masculine so the combination should be Gnathophis longicaudus. •Synonym of Gnathophis habenatus (Richardson 1848), but questionably valid as a subspecies -- (Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000:S25 [ref. 25768]). •Synonym of Gnathophis habenatus (Richardson 1848) -- (Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:318 [ref. 28867]). •Valid as Gnathophis longicauda (Ramsay & Ogilby 1888) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:142 [ref. 12442], Hutchins 2001:17 [ref. 25847], Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000:S2 [ref. 25768], Hoese & Gates 2006:293 [ref. 28997], Smith 2008:177 [ref. 30621], Smith & Stewart 2015:279 [ref. 34234]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis longicauda (Ramsay & Ogilby 1888). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and New Zealand. Habitat: marine.

macroporis, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S6, Fig. 1c [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] Cape Everard, Victoria, Australia, western Pacific, 37°48'S, 149°16'E, depth 164 meters. Holotype: AMS I.34699-001. Paratypes: AMS E.5492 (1), I.27676-005 (1); NMV A.13987-89 (1, 1, 1). Plus additonal material. •Valid as Gnathophis macroporis Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997], Smith 2008:178 [ref. 30621]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis macroporis Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southeastern Australia. Habitat: marine.

maurolici, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:7, Pl. 4 (fig. 6) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Syntypes: MZUF 5688-89 (2). Type catalog: Vanni 1991:220 [ref. 20099]. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

melanocoelus, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S12, Fig. 5d [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 32°00'S, 115°16'E, depth 156 meters. Holotype: WAM P.7435-001. Paratypes: AMS I.40431-001 (1), WAM P.7436-001 (1), 7437-001 (1), 7438-001 (1), ZMUU 20667 (1). Type catalog: Moore et al. 2008:5 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Gnathophis melanocoelus Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis melanocoelus Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

microps, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S10, Fig. 5b [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] Northwestern Shelf, Western Australia, 18°16'S, 118°12'E, depth 320 meters. Holotype: AMS I.22821-022. Paratypes: AMS I.22821-054 (5), WAM P.28056-005 (1). Type catalog: Moore et al. 2008:5 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Gnathophis microps Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis microps Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

musteliceps, Congromuraena Alcock [A. W.] 1894:133 [19], Pl. 7 (fig. 5) [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal v. 63 (pt 2); ref. 90] Bay of Bengal, 13°51'12"N, 80°28'12"E, Investigator station 162, depth 265-457 meters. Lectotype: ZSI F13698. Paralectotypes: ZSI F13699-13702 (4). Type catalog: Menon & Yazdani 1968:132 [ref. 20743] as holotype and paratypes, Menon & Rama-Rao 1975:36 [ref. 22148]. On p. 19 of separate. Figured in Alcock 1895: Pl. 15 (fig. 7) [ref. 20532]. ZSI F13701 apparently lost. Reasons for loss of ZSI type specimens during WWII see Chopra 1947:349-350 [ref. 33077]. Lectotype selected by Castle 1995:717 [ref. 22123]. •Valid as Gnathophis musteliceps (Alcock 1894) -- (Castle 1995:713 [ref. 22123]). •Valid as "Congromuraena" musteliceps Alcock 1894 -- (Smith et al. 2017:37 [ref. 36260], Psomadakis et al. 2020:284 [ref. 37272]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis musteliceps (Alcock 1894). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Northern Indian Ocean: Oman east to Myanmar. Habitat: marine.

mystax, Muraena Delaroche [F. E.] 1809:328 [42], Pl. 23 (fig. 10) [Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris v. 13; ref. 17380] Barcelona, Spain, western Mediterranean Sea. Holotype: MNHN 0000-8438. Paratypes: MNHN B-3157 (1). Type catalog: Bauchot et al. 1993:116 [ref. 20810]. On p. 42 and Pl. 4 of separate. •Valid as Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185], Bauchot & Saldanha in Whitehead et al. 1986:570 [ref. 13676], Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Smith 1990:161 [ref. 13454], Andreata & Séret 1996:582 [ref. 16204] as "sp. aff. mystax", Uiblein et al. 1999:61 [ref. 24045], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:33 [ref. 26753], Menezes et al. in Menezes et al. 2003:37 [ref. 27192], Golani 2005:18 [ref. 37112], Fricke et al. 2007:24 [ref. 29533], Figueroa & Ehrlich 2006:234 [ref. 29812] as De la Roche, Lipej & Dulčić 2010:19 [ref. 36649], Bañón et al. 2011:262 [ref. 31676], Smith 2016:1688 [ref. 34556], Nión et al. 2016:25 [ref. 35565] as Gnatophis, Carneiro et al. 2019:67 [ref. 37250], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:92 [ref. 36864], Bariche & Fricke 2020:32 [ref. 37515], Kovačić et al. 2020:10 [ref. 37519], Golani 2021:17 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:19 [ref. 39014]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southwestern Atlantic; Mediterranean Sea; eastern Atlantic: southern Portugal south to Morocco, including Azores and Madeira. Habitat: marine.

nasutus, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] & Paxton [J. R.] 2000:S11, Fig. 5c [Journal of Ichthyology v. 40 (suppl. 1); ref. 25768] Nothwest of Dampier, 19°44'S, 116°01'E, Western Australia, depth 100 meters. Holotype: AMS I.26944-001. Paratypes: AMS I.22875-001 (orig. 5, now 3); CSIRO CA 2720 (1), C 2751 (1), C 2752 (1); WAM P.31739-001(1); ZMUU 20666 (1). Plus non-type material. Type catalog: Moore et al. 2009:5 [ref. 30117]. •Valid as Gnathophis nasutus Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000 -- (Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis nasutus Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Australia: Western Australia. Habitat: marine.

nebulosus, Echelus Rafinesque [C. S.] 1810:64 [Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia; ref. 3594] Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. Also appeared in Rafinesque 1810:42 [ref. 3595]. •Questionable synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Parenti 2019:110 [ref. 37117]). Current status: Uncertain as Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

neocaledoniensis, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] 2004:S17, Fig. 9 [Journal of Ichthyology v. 44 (suppl. 1); ref. 28053] New Caledonia, 18°56'S, 163°12'E, depth 520 meters. Holotype: MNHN 1995-0393. Paratypes: MNHN 2000-5646 (1), 2002-3733 (2). •Valid as Gnathophis neocaledoniensis Karmovskaya 2004 -- (Fricke et al. 2011:354 [ref. 31242]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis neocaledoniensis Karmovskaya 2004. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific: Chesterfield Islands and north of New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

nystromi, Leptocephalus Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.] 1901:853, Fig. 5 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1239); ref. 2508] Nagasaki, Japan. Holotype: CAS-SU 6469. Additional material or paratypes: ANSP 26215-16 (2), BMNH 1903.5.14.140 (1), CAS-SU 6969 (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1953:48 [ref. 12291], Böhlke 1984:65 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Gnathophis nystromi (Jordan & Snyder 1901) -- (Asano in Masuda et al. 1984:28 [ref. 6441], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:170 [ref. 27969], Smith in Randall & Lim 2000:586 [ref. 25122], Choi et al. 2003:146, 494 [ref. 26218], Zhang et al. 2010:206 [ref. 31511]). •Possibly a synonym of Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858) -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285]). •Valid as Gnathophis nystromi (Jordan & Snyder 1901), subspecies nystromi -- (Lee & Joo 1999:27 [ref. 25724], Nakabo 2000:230 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2001:294 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:230 [ref. 26001], Mundy 2005:141 [ref. 28379], Shinohara et al. 2011:39 [ref. 31715], Shinohara et al. 2014:237 [ref. 33330]). •Synonym of Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858) -- (Karmovskaya 2004:S15 [ref. 28053], Ho et al. 2015:147 [ref. 34130]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis heterognathos (Bleeker 1858). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific and central Pacific (Hawaii Ridge) [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

parini, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] 1990:764 [2], Figa. 1a, 2a [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 30 (no. 5); ref. 20148] Eastern Pacific, 25°34'S, 89°09'W, depth 540-560 meters. Holotype: ZIN 49426. Paratypes: ZIN 49427 (2, damaged). Misspelled parihi once on p. 764. On p. 2 of English translation. •Valid as Gnathophis parini Karmovskaya 1990 -- (Pequeño 1997:80 [ref. 23536], Dyer & Westneat 2010:596 [ref. 31446]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis parini Karmovskaya 1990. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southeastern Pacific: Nazca and Sala-y-Gomez ridges, Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile). Habitat: marine.

peloritanus, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:9, Pl. 4 (fig. 8) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

prestandreae, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:10, Pl. 4 (fig. 11) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

sicanus, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:5, Pl. 4 (fig. 3) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

smithi, Gnathophis Karmovskaya [E. S.] 1990:767 [4], Fig. 2b [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 30 (no. 5); ref. 20148] Eastern Pacific, 25°43'S, 85°22'W, depth 200-185 meters. Holotype: ZIN 49428. Paratypes: AMS [not 16858-001] (1), I.28703-001 (2); IOM uncat. (1, 1, 1, 1); ZMMU P-18045-48 (4, 1, 1, 1); ZIN 49429-30 (11, 1). Type catalog: Vasil'eva et al. 2001:16-17[ref. 25714]. On p. 4 of English translation. •Valid as Gnathophis smithi Karmovskaya 1990 -- (Pequeño 1997:80 [ref. 23536]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis smithi Karmovskaya 1990. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Chile. Habitat: marine.

tenuirostris, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:10, Pl. 4 (fig. 10) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

tritos, Gnathophis Smith [D. G.] & Kanazawa [R. H.] 1977:536, Fig. 7 [Bulletin of Marine Science v. 27 (no. 3); ref. 4036] Straits of Florida, 23°25'N, 79°24'W to 23°34'N, 79°20'W, depth 516-521 meters. Holotype: ANSP 126972. Paratypes: UF 215758 [ex UMML 15758] (1), 229613 [ex UMML 29613] (1). Type catalog: Böhlke 1984:65 [ref. 13621]. •Valid as Gnathophis tritos Smith & Kanazawa 1977 -- (Smith 1989:524 [ref. 13285], Smith 2003:750 [ref. 26989]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis tritos Smith & Kanazawa 1977. Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

umbrellabia, Fimbriceps Whitley [G. P.] 1948:70, Fig. 1 [Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (no. 1); ref. 4710] Three miles off Broughton Island, New South Wales, Australia. Holotype: AMS IA.6895 (larger specimen). Paratypes: AMS IA.6895 (smaller specimen). Appeared first in Whitley 1946:64, figs. [ref, 9300] but without a description. •Valid as Gnathophis umbrellabius (Whitley 1948) -- (Paxton et al. 1989:142 [ref. 12442], Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Paulin et al. 1989:75 [ref. 24556], Francis 1993:158 [ref. 25479], Gomon et al. 1994:214 [ref. 22532], Karmovskaya & Paxton 2000:S5 [ref. 25768], Fricke & Kulbicki 2006:319 [ref. 28867], Hoese & Gates 2006:294 [ref. 28997], Smith 2008:178 [ref. 30621], Fricke et al. 2011:354 [ref. 31242], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:108 [ref. 36167], Smith & Stewart 2015:280 [ref. 34234]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis umbrellabius (Whitley 1948). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Southwestern Pacific; Australia, New Zealand, Kermadec Islands and New Caledonia. Habitat: marine.

xenica, Arisoma nystromi Matsubara [K.] & Ochiai [A.] 1951:8, Fig. 6 [Memoirs of the College of Agriculture Kyoto University No. 59; ref. 12898] Choshi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Holotype: FAKU M7593. Paratypes: FAKU M2192 (1), M7903 (1). Original genus should have been Ariosoma. •Valid as Gnathophis xenica (Matsubara & Ochiai 1951) -- (Smith 1989:521 [ref. 13285], Asano in Masuda et al. 1984:28 [ref. 6441], Nakabo 2000:230 [ref. 25086], Shinohara et al. 2001:294 [ref. 25995], Nakabo 2002:230 [ref. 26001], Ho et al. 2018:237 [ref. 36049]). Current status: Valid as Gnathophis xenica (Matsubara & Ochiai 1951). Congridae: Congrinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific: Japan. Habitat: marine.

yarrellii, Leptocephalus Kaup [J. J.] 1857:149, Pl 18 (fig. 13) [Catalogue of the apodal fish in the collection of the British Museum; ref. 2573] Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. Holotype (unique): BMNH 1856.7.9.16. Spelled yarellii on p. 149, as yarrellii on p. 163; the latter correctly formed. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.

zancleus, Leptocephalus Facciolà [L.] 1883:9, Pl. 4 (fig. 9) [Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali. Memorié v. 6 (pt 1); ref. 17476] Straits of Messina, Sicily, Italy, Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809) -- (Blache et al. 1973:242 [ref. 7185]). Current status: Synonym of Gnathophis mystax (Delaroche 1809). Congridae: Congrinae. Habitat: marine.