naucrates, Echeneis Linnaeus [C.] 1758:261 [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Indian Ocean; Mediterranean Sea (Italy). Syntypes: ?NRM 3688 (1), ZMUU Linn. Coll. 82 (1). Type catalog: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:241 [ref. 20707], Wheeler 1985:53 [ref. 20705], Lachner in Whitehead et al. 1986:1330 [ref. 13677], Wheeler 1991:171-172 [ref. 20102]. Originally spelled neucrates; regarded as a misprint and placed on Official Index (Opinion 242). Based on the “Echeneis naucrates” of Hasselquist 1757:324 (no. 68) [ref. 30181], and on a manuscript plate by A. Vallisneri. •Valid as Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 1758 -- (Lachner 1973:637 [ref. 7221], Kyushin et al. 1977:374 [ref. 19756], Kyushin et al. 1982:309 [ref. 19754], Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:203 [ref. 9277], Matsuura in Uyeno et al. 1983:326 [ref. 14275], Dor 1984:121 [ref. 29757], Okamura in Masuda et al. 1984:222 [ref. 6441], Heemstra 1986:662 [ref. 5660], Robins & Ray 1986:157 [ref. 23100], Smith 1986:423 [ref. 22186], Allen & Swainston 1988:76 [ref. 25477], Scott & Scott 1988:373 [ref. 25518], Paulin et al. 1989:182 [ref. 24556], Paxton et al. 1989:571 [ref. 12442], Pequeño 1989:60 [ref. 14125], Winterbottom et al. 1989:33 [ref. 13251], McAllister 1990:214 [ref. 14674], Lachner & Post 1990:725 [ref. 18541], Randall et al. 1990:155 [ref. 15987], Boschung 1992:129 [ref. 23239], Cervigón 1992:307 [ref. 23827], Cervigón 1993:48 [ref. 24474], Francis 1993:161 [ref. 25479], Krishnan & Mishra 1993:223 [ref. 24016], Kuiter 1993:168 [ref. 23929], Allen & Robertson 1994:125 [ref. 22193], Gomon et al. 1994:579 [ref. 22532], Goren & Dor 1994:32 [ref. 25356], Randall 1995:170 [ref. 22896], Schneider in Fischer et al. 1995:1061 [ref. 22829], Mohsin & Ambak 1996:603 [ref. 27969], Allen 1997:118 [ref. 23977], Arruda 1997:120 [ref. 24952], Carpenter et al. 1997:154 [ref. 23922], Chen et al. 1997:164 [ref. 26476], Cheng & Zhou 1997:398 [ref. 26385], Grove & Lavenberg 1997:355 [ref. 24023], Kuiter 1997:154 [ref. 25488], Larson & Williams 1997:358 [ref. 23967], Lindberg et al. 1997:21 [ref. 23547], Murdy et al. 1997:177 [ref. 23144], Randall et al. 1997:155 [ref. 25919], Santos et al. 1997:83 [ref. 23531], Aguilera 1998:49 [ref. 24221], Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:97 [ref. 24555], Myers 1999:135 [ref. 23965], Afonso et al. 1999:84 [ref. 25466], Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:272 [ref. 24550], Collette 1999:2654 [ref. 24785], Fricke 1999:241 [ref. 24106], Johnson 1999:733 [ref. 25471], Mishra & Srinivasan 1999:244 [ref. 24754], Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:231 [ref. 25013], Allen 2000:88 [ref. 37268], Allen 2000:102 [ref. 25868], Collette in Randall & Lim 2000:615 [ref. 25122], Laboute & Grandperrin 2000:223 [ref. 25191], Nakabo 2000:787 [ref. 25086], Sadovy & Cornish 2000:104 [ref. 25480], Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:159 [ref. 27754], Camargo & Isaac 2001:141 [ref. 27639], Gasparini & Floeter 2001:1644 [ref. 25634], Hutchins 2001:32 [ref. 25847], Rocha & Rosa 2001:990 [ref. 25909], Wang et al. 2001:327 [ref. 26566], Bilecenoğlu et al. 2002:82 [ref. 26753], Collette in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:406 [ref. 26158], Nakabo 2002:787 [ref. 26001], O'Toole 2002:616 [ref. 26411], Allen & Adrim 2003:37 [ref. 26830] with genus as Eceneis, Choi et al. 2003:325, 601 [ref. 26218], Collette et al. 2003:109 [ref. 26784], Collette 2003:1416 [ref. 27087], Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S106 [ref. 27377], Mishra & Krishnan 2003:29 [ref. 27712], Moura & Menezes in Menezes et al. 2003:79 [ref. 27192], Myers & Donaldson 2003:625 [ref. 27495], Parin 2003:S5 [ref. 28536], Smith et al. 2003:30 [ref. 27621], Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:319 [ref. 28072], Nelson et al. 2004:139 [ref. 27807], Randall et al. 2004:15 [ref. 27624], Schwartz 2004:2 [ref. 27806], Golani 2005:38 [ref. 37112], Love et al. 2005:115 [ref. 37547], McEachran & Fechhelm 2005:255 [ref. 28815], Mundy 2005:360 [ref. 28379], Randall 2005:219 [ref. 28239], Lee & Joo 2006:61 [ref. 28642], Paxton et al. 2006:1136 [ref. 28994], Fricke et al. 2007:83 [ref. 29533], Randall 2007:220 [ref. 30952], Vasil'eva 2007:90 [ref. 30517], Wirtz et al. 2007:31 [ref. 30263], Fricke 2008:31 [ref. 30182], Gomon 2008:573 [ref. 30616], Springer & Smith-Vaniz 2008:29 [ref. 31826], Fricke et al. 2009:54 [ref. 30213], Gray et al. 2009:190 [ref. 31117], Motomura 2009:114 [ref. 30446], Lipej & Dulčić 2010:43 [ref. 36649], McCosker & Rosenblatt 2010:192 [ref. 30957], Motomura et al. 2010:114 [ref. 31256], Allen & Erdmann 2012:425 [ref. 31980], Fricke et al. 2013:258 [ref. 32706], Larson et al. 2013:117 [ref. 32988], Page et al. 2013:146 [ref. 32708], Wirtz et al. 2013:123 [ref. 32972], Yoshida et al. 2013:113 [ref. 34464], Fricke et al. 2014:81 [ref. 33932], Parin et al. 2014:359 [ref. 33547], Smith-Vaniz & Jelks 2014:50 [ref. 33341], Wirtz et al. 2014:7 [ref. 33516], Delrieu-Trottin et al. 2015:6 [ref. 33988], Duffy & Ahyong 2015:113 [ref. 36167], Motomura in Kimura et al. 2015:42 [ref. 34319], Pinheiro et al. 2015:17 [ref. 34324], Psomadakis et al. 2015:213 [ref. 34104], Trnski 2015:1238 [ref. 34198], Collette in Carpenter & De Angelis 2016:2444 [ref. 34618], Fourriére et al. 2016:445 [ref. 34668], Del Moral-Flores et al. 2016:609 [ref. 34923], Kells et al. 2016:232 [ref. 35888], Nión et al. 2016:47 [ref. 35565], Motomura et al. 2017:102 [ref. 35490], Ali et al. 2018:321 [ref. 36183], Fricke et al. 2018:178 [ref. 35805], Golani & Fricke 2018:81 [ref. 36273], Raz-Guzmán et al. 2018:345 [ref. 36407], Spier et al. 2018:10 [ref. 36103], Suresh et al. 2018:197 [ref. 36495], Artüz & Fricke 2019:556 [ref. 36612], Brown et al. 2019:166 [ref. 36444], Carneiro et al. 2019:249 [ref. 37250], Eagderi et al. 2019:55 [ref. 37020], Elbaraasi et al. 2019:97 [ref. 36864], Fricke et al. 2019:143 [ref. 36673], Hoschke et al. 2019:156 [ref. 36626], Reiner 2019:184 [ref. 38139], Zajonz et al. 2019:75 [ref. 36871], Bariche & Fricke 2020:67 [ref. 37515], Habib & Islam 2020:Supplementary table p. 15 [ref. 38321], Kim et al. 2020:123 [ref. 39118], Kovačić et al. 2020:37 [ref. 37519], Psomadakis et al. 2020:415 [ref. 37272], Robertson et al. 2020:154 [ref. 38098], Sonoyama et al. 2020:61 [ref. 37637], Carvalho-Filho et al. in Marceniuk et al. 2021:332 [ref. 38945], Dyldin & Orlov 2021:833 [ref. 38925], Dyldin et al. 2021:47 [ref. 38804], Golani 2021:48 [ref. 38303], Kovačić et al. 2021:47 [ref. 39014], Love et al. 2021:156 [ref. 39279], Bennema & van Moorsel 2022:74 [ref. 39585], Fermon et al. 2022:242 [ref. 39448], Gloerfelt-Tarp & Kailola 2022:161 [ref. 41223], Grove et al. 2022:19 [ref. 41326], Heemstra 2022:70 [ref. 39885], Bagley et al. 2023:318 [ref. 41241], Carvalho-Filho 2023:135 [ref. 40480], Martínez-Servín et al. 2023:113 [ref. 40726], Page et al. 2023:128 [ref. 40505], Vilasri et al. 2023:80 [ref. 40764], Allen & Erdmann 2024:454 [ref. 40796]). Current status: Valid as Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 1758. Echeneidae. Distribution: Circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas (including Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Sea of Marmara, Black Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, South China Sea, Sea of Japan, Gulf of California/Mexico). IUCN (2015): Least Concern. Habitat: brackish, marine.